外源Pb在三种典型土壤中老化过程差异性研究
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摘要
为探究外源Pb在不同土壤中的老化过程,对外源添加Pb的土壤进行不同时间(1、3、9、30、100、360 d)的室内培养,并利用三种化学提取剂(0.01 mol·L~(-1)CaCl_2、0.05 mol·L~(-1)EDTA-2Na和0.43 mol·L~(-1)HNO_3)表征的有效态Pb的动态变化,研究了我国三种典型土壤(红壤、黑土和潮土)中有效态Pb的老化过程。结果表明,有效态Pb提取率受不同提取剂和土壤性质的显著影响,0.43mol·L~(-1)HNO_3(81%～99%)和0.05 mol·L~(-1)EDTA-2Na(66%～99%)对Pb的提取率远高于0.01 mol·L~(-1)CaCl_2(0.002%～13.8%),红壤中0.01 mol·L~(-1)CaCl_2提取率(7.2%～13.8%)远高于潮土和黑土(0.002%～0.037%)。三种土壤中0.05 mol·L~(-1)EDTA-2Na提取率排序为:黑土>红壤>潮土;三种土壤中0.43 mol·L~(-1)HNO_3提取率较高且随老化时间无显著变化,而0.01 mol·L~(-1)CaCl_2提取态Pb总体上均随老化时间显著降低后逐渐变缓。红壤和潮土中0.05 mol·L~(-1)EDTA提取态Pb的老化过程经过30 d的快速下降后逐渐变缓,到100～360 d后基本达到平衡,而黑土中变化相对缓慢。三种土壤适宜的老化时间分别为:100 d(红壤)、360 d(潮土)、>360 d(黑土)。外源Pb在三种土壤中的老化过程符合一阶指数衰减方程。EDTA提取态Pb老化速率与土壤pH、电导率(EC)呈极显著负相关,与铁铝氧化物含量呈显著正相关。
To investigate the aging of added lead(Pb)in different soils, three typical soils(red earth, black soil, and fluvo-aquic soil)were dosed with soluble Pb and stored for 1, 3, 9, 30, 100, and 360 days. Three extractants(0.01 mol·L~(-1) CaCl_2, 0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na, and0.43 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3)were used to extract available Pb after different incubation periods. The results indicated that the extraction efficiency of Pb added to soils was related to the type of extractant and the properties of soil. The extraction efficiencies of 0.43 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3(81%～99%)and 0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na(66%～99%)for Pb added to soils were much higher than that of 0.01 mol·L~(-1) CaCl_2(0.002%～13.8%),which was much higher in red earth(7.2%～13.8%)than in the other two soils(black soil and fluvo-aquic soil, 0.002%～0.037%). With0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na, the extraction efficiency followed the order of black soil>red earth>fluvo-aquic soil. The dynamic aging curves of Pb extracted using 0.01 mol·L~(-1) CaCl_2 and 0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na showed that aging occurred in the short-term in the three soils, then the aging rate decreased with time; however, there was no significant change in the extraction efficiency of 0.43 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3 over time.The concentrations of 0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na extractable Pb in red earth and fluvo-aquic soil initially decreased rapidly for 30 days, then changed slowly between 100 and 360 days to reach a pseudo-equilibrium. In black soil, the aging process was relatively slower; the times to reach a pseudo-equilibrium for red earth, fluvo-aquic soil, and black soil were 100 days, 360 days, and longer than 360 days, respectively. The aging curve of Pb in soil fitted well to a first order exponential decay equation. The aging rates of EDTA-extractable lead showed a highly significant negative correlation with soil pH and electrical conductivity, and a significant positive correlation with the content of iron-aluminum oxide in the soil.
To investigate the aging of added lead(Pb)in different soils, three typical soils(red earth, black soil, and fluvo-aquic soil)were dosed with soluble Pb and stored for 1, 3, 9, 30, 100, and 360 days. Three extractants(0.01 mol·L~(-1) CaCl_2, 0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na, and0.43 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3)were used to extract available Pb after different incubation periods. The results indicated that the extraction efficiency of Pb added to soils was related to the type of extractant and the properties of soil. The extraction efficiencies of 0.43 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3(81%～99%)and 0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na(66%～99%)for Pb added to soils were much higher than that of 0.01 mol·L~(-1) CaCl_2(0.002%～13.8%),which was much higher in red earth(7.2%～13.8%)than in the other two soils(black soil and fluvo-aquic soil, 0.002%～0.037%). With0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na, the extraction efficiency followed the order of black soil>red earth>fluvo-aquic soil. The dynamic aging curves of Pb extracted using 0.01 mol·L~(-1) CaCl_2 and 0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na showed that aging occurred in the short-term in the three soils, then the aging rate decreased with time; however, there was no significant change in the extraction efficiency of 0.43 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3 over time.The concentrations of 0.05 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-2 Na extractable Pb in red earth and fluvo-aquic soil initially decreased rapidly for 30 days, then changed slowly between 100 and 360 days to reach a pseudo-equilibrium. In black soil, the aging process was relatively slower; the times to reach a pseudo-equilibrium for red earth, fluvo-aquic soil, and black soil were 100 days, 360 days, and longer than 360 days, respectively. The aging curve of Pb in soil fitted well to a first order exponential decay equation. The aging rates of EDTA-extractable lead showed a highly significant negative correlation with soil pH and electrical conductivity, and a significant positive correlation with the content of iron-aluminum oxide in the soil.
引文
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[2]辛术贞,李花粉,苏德纯.我国灌溉污水中重金属含量特征及年代变化规律[J].农业环境科学学报, 2011, 30(11):2271-2278.XIN Shu-zhen, LI Hua-fen, SU De-chun. Concentration characteristics and historical changes of heavy metals in irrigation sewage in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2011, 30(11):2271-2278.
[3]黄锦孙.土壤铜镍植物毒害的室内和田间实验差异研究[D].北京：中国农业科学院, 2012.HUANG Jin-sun. Difference between laboratory and field tests for phytotoxicity of copper and nickel in soils[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 2012.
[4] Tuin, B J W, Tels M. Distribution of six heavy metals in contaminated clay soils before and after extractive cleaning[J]. Environmental Technology, 1990, 11:935-948.
[5] Yarlagadda P S, Matsumoto M R, VanBenschoten, J E, et al. Characteristics of heavy metals in contaminatd soils[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1995, 121(4):276-286.
[6]张厦,宋静,高慧,等.贵州铅锌冶炼区农田土壤镉铅有效性评价与预测模型研究[J].土壤, 2017, 49(2):328-336.ZHANG Sha, SONG Jing, GAO Hui, et al. Assessment and modeling of Cd and Pb availability in contaminated arable soils in mining area of Guizhou[J]. Soils, 2017, 49(2):328-336.
[7] Alexander M. Aging, bioavailability, and overestimation of risk form environmental pollutants[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2000, 34(20):4259-4265.
[8] Ma Y B, Lombi E, Nolan A L, et al. Short-time natural attenuation of copper in soils:Effects of time, temperature, and soil charactristics[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2006, 25(3):652-658.
[9] Ma Y B, Lombi E, Oliver I W, et al. Long-term aging of copper added to soils[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2006, 40(20):6310-6317.
[10]杨金燕,杨肖娥,何振立,等.土壤中铅的吸附-解吸行为研究进展[J].生态环境, 2015, 14(1):102-107.YANG Jin-yan, YANG Xiao-e, HE Zhen-li, et al. Advanced in the studies of Pb absorption and desorption in soils[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2015, 14(1):102-107.
[11]胡宁静,黄朋,骆永明,等. XAFS研究不同pH下土壤对于Pb的吸附[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2010, 30(12):3425-3429.HU Ning-jing, HUANG Peng, LUO Yong-ming, et al. X-Ray adsorption fine structure(XAFS)study of the effects of pH on Pb sorption by soil[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2010, 30(12):3425-3429.
[12]何振立.污染及有益元素的土壤化学平衡[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社, 1998:276-303.HE Zhen-li. Soil-chemical balances of pollution and beneficial elements[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 1998:276-303.
[13] Veeresh H, Tri Pathy S, Chaudhuri D, et al. Sorption and distribution of adsorbed metals in three soils of India[J]. Applied Geochemistry,2003, 18:1723-1731.
[14] Chip A, Lena M. Concentration, pH, and surface charge effects on cadmium and lead sorption in three tropical soils[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2002, 31(4):581-589.
[15] Basta N T, Tabatabai M A. Path-analysis of heavy metal adsorption by soil[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1993, 85(5):1054-1057.
[16]王丹丽,关子川,王恩德.腐殖质对重金属离子的吸附作用[J].黄金, 2003, 24(1):47-49.WANG Dan-li, GUAN Zi-chuan, WANG En-de. Adsorption of heavy metal ions onto humus[J]. Gold, 2003, 24(1):47-49.
[17]贺建群,许嘉琳,杨居荣,等.土壤中有效态Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb提取剂的选择[J].农业环境保护, 1994, 13(6):246-251.HE Jian-qun, XU Jia-lin, YANG Ju-rong, et al. Study of the extractents for available Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in soils[J]. Agro-environmental Protection, 1994, 13(6):246-251.
[18] R?mken P F, Guo H Y, Chu T S, et al. Characterization of soil heavy metal pools in paddy fields in Taiwan:Chemical extraction and soildsolution partitioning[J]. Soils Sediments, 2009(9):216-228.
[19]刘光崧,蒋能慧,张连第,等.土壤理化分析与剖面描述[M].北京：中国标准出版社, 1996:5-43.LIU Guang-song, JIANG Neng-hui, ZHANG Lian-di, et al. Soil physical and chemical analysis and description of soil profiles[M]. Beijing:Standard Press of China, 1996:5-43.
[20]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析[M].上海：上海科技出版社, 1978:278-283.Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Analysis of soil physico-chemical properties[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers, 1978:278-283.
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