A biomimetic experimental study of magnesium ion mineralization in Mg-enriched aragonite
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摘要
In this work, we test the hypothesis that the Mg~(2+)content in biogenic aragonite has a systematic relationship with biomolecules. A series of biomimetic experiments were conducted to show the dependence of Mg~(2+)in aragonite on the model organic molecules added to the mineralizing solution, including the concentration of various organics, mineralization temperature, Mg/Ca ratio and Mg~(2+)initial concentration. The mineralized products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES). High Mg~(2+)is detected in aragonite obtained in the presence of organics, whereas the lowest Mg~(2+)is measured in aragonite without organics. Moreover, the concentration of Mg~(2+)in aragonite increases gradually with the amended organics. Mg K-edge NEXAFS spectra show that the magnesium microenvironment in aragonite is similar to the organic-associated environment, indicating that the Mg~(2+)ions are not on the aragonite lattices, but adhere to the intracrystalline organics. Furthermore, the mineralization temperature, Mg/Ca ratio and Mg~(2+)content in mineralization medium significantly influence Mg~(2+)content in aragonite, reiterating the effect of the microenvironment on aragonite biomineralization.
In this work, we test the hypothesis that the Mg~(2+)content in biogenic aragonite has a systematic relationship with biomolecules. A series of biomimetic experiments were conducted to show the dependence of Mg~(2+)in aragonite on the model organic molecules added to the mineralizing solution, including the concentration of various organics, mineralization temperature, Mg/Ca ratio and Mg~(2+)initial concentration. The mineralized products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES). High Mg~(2+)is detected in aragonite obtained in the presence of organics, whereas the lowest Mg~(2+)is measured in aragonite without organics. Moreover, the concentration of Mg~(2+)in aragonite increases gradually with the amended organics. Mg K-edge NEXAFS spectra show that the magnesium microenvironment in aragonite is similar to the organic-associated environment, indicating that the Mg~(2+)ions are not on the aragonite lattices, but adhere to the intracrystalline organics. Furthermore, the mineralization temperature, Mg/Ca ratio and Mg~(2+)content in mineralization medium significantly influence Mg~(2+)content in aragonite, reiterating the effect of the microenvironment on aragonite biomineralization.
In this work, we test the hypothesis that the Mg~(2+)content in biogenic aragonite has a systematic relationship with biomolecules. A series of biomimetic experiments were conducted to show the dependence of Mg~(2+)in aragonite on the model organic molecules added to the mineralizing solution, including the concentration of various organics, mineralization temperature, Mg/Ca ratio and Mg~(2+)initial concentration. The mineralized products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES). High Mg~(2+)is detected in aragonite obtained in the presence of organics, whereas the lowest Mg~(2+)is measured in aragonite without organics. Moreover, the concentration of Mg~(2+)in aragonite increases gradually with the amended organics. Mg K-edge NEXAFS spectra show that the magnesium microenvironment in aragonite is similar to the organic-associated environment, indicating that the Mg~(2+)ions are not on the aragonite lattices, but adhere to the intracrystalline organics. Furthermore, the mineralization temperature, Mg/Ca ratio and Mg~(2+)content in mineralization medium significantly influence Mg~(2+)content in aragonite, reiterating the effect of the microenvironment on aragonite biomineralization.
引文
Addadi L,Joester D,Nudelman F,Weiner S.2006.Mollusk shell formation:A source of new concepts for understanding biomineralization processes.Chem-Eur J,12:980-987
Addadi L,Raz S,Weiner S.2003.Taking advantage of disorder:Amorphous calcium carbonate and its roles in biomineralization.Adv Mater,15:959-970
Albeck S,Weiner S,Addadi L.1996.Polysaccharides of intracrystalline glycoproteins modulate calcite crystal growth in vitro.Chem-Eur J,2:278-284
Allison N,Finch A A,Webster J M,Clague D A.2007.Palaeoenvironmental records from fossil corals:The effects of submarine diagenesis on temperature and climate estimates.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,71:4693-4703
Bentov S,Erez J.2006.Impact of biomineralization processes on the Mg content of foraminiferal shells:A biological perspective.Geochem Geophys Geosyst,7:Q01P08
Berner R A,Westrich J T,Graber R,Smith J,Martens C S.1978.Inhibition of aragonite precipitation from supersaturated seawater:A laboratory and field study.Am J Sci,278:816-837
Brown W A,Kose R,King D A.1998.Femtomole adsorption calorimetry on single-crystal surfaces.Chem Rev,98:797-832
Cuif J P,Dauphin Y,Gautret P.1999.Compositional diversity of soluble mineralizing matrices in some recent coral skeletons compared to finescale growth structures of fibres:Discussion of consequences for biomineralization and diagenesis.Int J Earth Sci,88:582-592
Cuif J P,Dauphin Y,Doucet J,Salome M,Susini J.2003.XANES mapping of organic sulfate in three scleractinian coral skeletons.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,67:75-83
Cusack M,Pérez-Huerta A,Janousch M,Finch A A.2008.Magnesium in the lattice of calcite-shelled brachiopods.Chem Geol,257:59-64
Davis K J,Dove P M,De Yoreo J J.2000.The role of Mg2+as an impurity in calcite growth.Science,290:1134-1137
De Carlo T M,Gaetani G A,Holcomb M,Cohen A L.2015.Experimental determination of factors controlling U/Ca of aragonite precipitated from seawater:Implications for interpreting coral skeleton.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,162:151-165
Denniston R F,González L A,Asmerom Y,Sharma R H,Reagan M K.2000.Speleothem evidence for changes in Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation over the last～2300 years.Quat Res,53:196-202
Dickson J A D.2002.Fossil echinoderms as monitor of the Mg/Ca ratio of Phanerozoic oceans.Science,298:1222-1224
Dietzel M,Gussone N,Eisenhauer A.2004.Co-precipitation of Sr2+and Ba2+with aragonite by membrane diffusion of CO2between 10 and50°C.Chem Geol,203:139-151
Farges F,Meibom A,Flank A M,Lagarde P,Janousch M,Stolarski J.2009.Speciation of Mg in biogenic Calcium carbonates.J Phys Conf Ser,190:012175
Finch A A,Allison N.2007.Coordination of Sr and Mg in calcite and aragonite.Mineral Mag,71:539-552
Finch A A,Allison N.2008.Mg structural state in coral aragonite and implications for the paleoenvironmental proxy.Geophys Res Lett,35:L08704
Folk R L.1974.Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks.Austin:Hemphill.177
Foster L C,Finch A A,Allison N,Andersson C,Clarke L J.2008.Mg in aragonitic bivalve shells:Seasonal variations and mode of incorporation in Arctica islandica.Chem Geol,254:113-119
Frisia S,Borsato A,Fairchild I J,Mc Dermott F,Selmo E M.2002.Aragonite-calcite relationships in speleothems(Grotte de Clamouse,France):Environment,fabrics,and carbonate geochemistry.J Sediment Res,72:687-699
Gaetani G A,Cohen A L,Wang Z,Crusius J.2011.Rayleigh-based,multielement coral thermometry:A biomineralization approach to developing climate proxies.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,75:1920-1932
Gayathri S,Lakshminarayanan R,Weaver J C,Morse D E,Kini R M,Valiyaveettil S.2007.In vitro study of magnesium-calcite biomineralization in the skeletal materials of the seastar Pisaster giganteus.Chem-Eur J,13:3262-3268
Harfouche M,Farges F,Crocombette J P,Flank A M.2005.XAFS and molecular dynamics study of natural minerals,analogues of ceramics for nuclear waste storage.Phys Scripta,T115:928-930
Holcomb M,Cohen A L,Gabitov R I,Hutter J L.2009.Compositional and morphological features of aragonite precipitated experimentally from seawater and biogenically by corals.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,73:4166-4179
Honisch B,Hemming N,Grottoli A,Amat A,Hanson G,Bijma J.2004.Assessing scleractinian corals as recorders for paleo-p H:Empirical calibration and vital effects.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,68:3675-3685
Kitano Y.1962.The behavior of various inorganic ions in the separation of calcium carbonate from a bicarbonate solution.B Chem Soc Jpn,35:1973-1980
Lea D W,Shen G T,Boyle E A.1989.Coralline barium records temporal variability in equatorial Pacific upwelling.Nature,340:373-376
Lippmann F.1973.Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals.New York:Springer
Long X,Ma Y,Qi L.2011.In vitro synthesis of high Mg calcite under ambient conditions and its implication for biomineralization process.Cryst Growth Des,11:2866-2873
Loste E,Wilson R M,Seshadri R,Meldrum F C.2003.The role of magnesium in stabilising amorphous calcium carbonate and controlling calcite morphologies.J Cryst Growth,254:206-218
Mc Culloch M,Fallon S,Wyndham T,Hendy E,Lough J,Barnes D.2003.Coral record of increased sediment flux to the inner Great Barrier Reef since European settlement.Nature,421:727-730
Meibom A,Cuif J P,Hillion F,Constantz B R,Juillet-Leclerc A,Dauphin Y,Watanabe T,Dunbar R B.2004.Distribution of magnesium in coral skeleton.Geophys Res Lett,31:L23360
Meibom A,Yurimoto H,Cuif J P,Domart-Coulon I,Houlbreque F,Constantz B,Dauphin Y,TambuttéE,TambuttéS,Allemand D,Wooden J,Dunbar R.2006.Vital effects in coral skeletal composition display strict three-dimensional control.Geophys Res Lett,33:L11608
Meibom A,Cuif J P,Houlbreque F,Mostefaoui S,Dauphin Y,Meibom KL,Dunbar R.2008.Compositional variations at ultra-structure length scales in coral skeleton.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,72:1555-1569
Muscatine L,Goiran C,Land L,Jaubert J,Cuif J P,Allemand D.2005.Stable isotopes(δ13C andδ15N)of organic matrix from coral skeleton.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,102:1525-1530
Min G R,Edwards R L,Taylor F W,Recy J,Gallup C D,Warren Beck J.1995.Annual cycles of in coral skeletons and thermometry.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,59:2025-2042
Mitsuguchi T,Matsumoto E,Abe O,Uchida T,Isdale P J.1996.Mg/Ca thermometry in coral skeletons.Science,274:961-963
Nishiyama R,Munemoto T,Fukushi K.2013.Formation condition of monohydrocalcite from Ca Cl2-Mg Cl2-Na2CO3solutions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,100:217-231
Oomori T,Kaneshima K,Nakamura Y,Kitano Y.1982.Seasonal variation of minor elements in coral skeletons.Galaxea,1:77-86
Porter S M.2007.Seawater chemistry and early carbonate biomineralization.Science,316:1302
Railsback L B,Brook G A,Chen J.1994.Environmental controls on the petrology of a late Holocene speleothem from Botswana with annual layers of aragonite and calcite.J Sediment Res,64:147-155
Raz S,Hamilton P C,Wilt F H,Weiner S,Addadi L.2003.The transient phase of amorphous calcium carbonate in sea urchin larval spicules:The involvement of proteins and magnesium ions in its formation and stabilization.Adv Funct Mater,13:480-486
Raz S,Weiner S,Addadi L.2000.Formation of high-Magnesian calcites via an amorphous precursor phase:Possible biological implications.Adv Mater,12:38-42
Repo E,Warcho?J K,Bhatnagar A,Sillanp??M.2011.Heavy metals adsorption by novel EDTA-modified chitosan-silica hybrid materials.JColloid Interf Sci,358:261-267
Ries J B.2004.Effect of ambient Mg/Ca ratio on Mg fractionation in calcareous marine invertebrates:A record of the oceanic Mg/Ca ratio over the Phanerozoic.Geology,32:981-984
Ries J B,Stanley S M,Hardie L A.2006.Scleractinian corals produce calcite,and grow more slowly,in artificial Cretaceous seawater.Geology,34:525
Robach J S,Stock S R,Veis A.2006.Mapping of magnesium and of different protein fragments in sea urchin teeth via secondary ion mass spectroscopy.J Struct Biol,155:87-95
Shi J Y,Wang Y Y,Yao Q Z,Zhou G T,Fu S Q.2013.Bio-inspired synthesis of silica ribbons with through-holes.Colloid Surface A,436:664-674
Sinclair D J,Kinsley L P J,Mc Culloch M T.1998.High resolution analysis of trace elements in corals by laser ablation ICP-MS.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,62:1889-1901
Stanley S M,Hardie L A.1998.Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,144:3-19
Stanley S M,Ries J B,Hardie L A.2002.Nonlinear partial differential equations and applications:From the Cover:Low-magnesium calcite produced by coralline algae in seawater of Late Cretaceous composition.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,99:15323-15326
Stanley S M,Ries J B,Hardie L A.2005.Seawater chemistry,coccolithophore population growth,and the origin of Cretaceous chalk.Geology,33:593
Stephenson A E,De Yoreo J J,Wu L,Wu K J,Hoyer J,Dove P M.2008.Peptides enhance magnesium signature in calcite:Insights into origins of vital effects.Science,322:724-727
Wang D,Wallace A F,De Yoreo J J,Dove P M.2009.Carboxylated molecules regulate magnesium content of amorphous calcium carbonates during calcification.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,106:21511-21516
Wang L,Sondi I,Matijevi?E.1999.Preparation of uniform needle-like aragonite particles by homogeneous precipitation.J Colloid Interf Sci,218:545-553
Wang Y Y,Yao Q Z,Li H,Zhou G T,Sheng Y M.2015.Formation of vaterite mesocrystals in biomineral-like structures and implication for biomineralization.Cryst Growth Des,15:1714-1725
Wang Z,Hu P,Gaetani G,Liu C,Saenger C,Cohen A,Hart S.2013.Experimental calibration of Mg isotope fractionation between aragonite and seawater.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,102:113-123
Weiner S,Levi-Kalisman Y,Raz S,Addadi L.2003.Biologically formed amorphous calcium carbonate.Connect Tissue Res,44:214-218
Wombacher F,Eisenhauer A,B?hm F,Gussone N,Regenberg M,Dullo WC,Rüggeberg A.2011.Magnesium stable isotope fractionation in marine biogenic calcite and aragonite.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,75:5797-5818
Yokoyama Y,Esat T M,Lambeck K.2001.Last glacial sea-level change deduced from uplifted coral terraces of Huon Peninsula,Papua New Guinea.Quat Int,83-85:275-283
Zhang F,Xu H,Konishi H,Shelobolina E S,Roden E E.2012.Polysaccharide-catalyzed nucleation and growth of disordered dolomite:Apotential precursor of sedimentary dolomite.Am Mineral,97:556-567
Zhou G T,Yao Q Z,Ni J,Jin G.2009.Formation of aragonite mesocrystals and implication for biomineralization.Am Mineral,94:293-302
Zhou G T,Yu J C,Wang X C,Zhang L Z.2004.Sonochemical synthesis of aragonite-type calcium carbonate with different morphologies.New JChem,28:1027-1031
Zhou G T,Zheng Y F.2001.Chemical synthesis of Ca CO3minerals at low temperatures and implication for mechanism of polymorphic transition.Neues Jb Miner Abh,176:323-343
Addadi L,Raz S,Weiner S.2003.Taking advantage of disorder:Amorphous calcium carbonate and its roles in biomineralization.Adv Mater,15:959-970
Albeck S,Weiner S,Addadi L.1996.Polysaccharides of intracrystalline glycoproteins modulate calcite crystal growth in vitro.Chem-Eur J,2:278-284
Allison N,Finch A A,Webster J M,Clague D A.2007.Palaeoenvironmental records from fossil corals:The effects of submarine diagenesis on temperature and climate estimates.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,71:4693-4703
Bentov S,Erez J.2006.Impact of biomineralization processes on the Mg content of foraminiferal shells:A biological perspective.Geochem Geophys Geosyst,7:Q01P08
Berner R A,Westrich J T,Graber R,Smith J,Martens C S.1978.Inhibition of aragonite precipitation from supersaturated seawater:A laboratory and field study.Am J Sci,278:816-837
Brown W A,Kose R,King D A.1998.Femtomole adsorption calorimetry on single-crystal surfaces.Chem Rev,98:797-832
Cuif J P,Dauphin Y,Gautret P.1999.Compositional diversity of soluble mineralizing matrices in some recent coral skeletons compared to finescale growth structures of fibres:Discussion of consequences for biomineralization and diagenesis.Int J Earth Sci,88:582-592
Cuif J P,Dauphin Y,Doucet J,Salome M,Susini J.2003.XANES mapping of organic sulfate in three scleractinian coral skeletons.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,67:75-83
Cusack M,Pérez-Huerta A,Janousch M,Finch A A.2008.Magnesium in the lattice of calcite-shelled brachiopods.Chem Geol,257:59-64
Davis K J,Dove P M,De Yoreo J J.2000.The role of Mg2+as an impurity in calcite growth.Science,290:1134-1137
De Carlo T M,Gaetani G A,Holcomb M,Cohen A L.2015.Experimental determination of factors controlling U/Ca of aragonite precipitated from seawater:Implications for interpreting coral skeleton.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,162:151-165
Denniston R F,González L A,Asmerom Y,Sharma R H,Reagan M K.2000.Speleothem evidence for changes in Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation over the last～2300 years.Quat Res,53:196-202
Dickson J A D.2002.Fossil echinoderms as monitor of the Mg/Ca ratio of Phanerozoic oceans.Science,298:1222-1224
Dietzel M,Gussone N,Eisenhauer A.2004.Co-precipitation of Sr2+and Ba2+with aragonite by membrane diffusion of CO2between 10 and50°C.Chem Geol,203:139-151
Farges F,Meibom A,Flank A M,Lagarde P,Janousch M,Stolarski J.2009.Speciation of Mg in biogenic Calcium carbonates.J Phys Conf Ser,190:012175
Finch A A,Allison N.2007.Coordination of Sr and Mg in calcite and aragonite.Mineral Mag,71:539-552
Finch A A,Allison N.2008.Mg structural state in coral aragonite and implications for the paleoenvironmental proxy.Geophys Res Lett,35:L08704
Folk R L.1974.Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks.Austin:Hemphill.177
Foster L C,Finch A A,Allison N,Andersson C,Clarke L J.2008.Mg in aragonitic bivalve shells:Seasonal variations and mode of incorporation in Arctica islandica.Chem Geol,254:113-119
Frisia S,Borsato A,Fairchild I J,Mc Dermott F,Selmo E M.2002.Aragonite-calcite relationships in speleothems(Grotte de Clamouse,France):Environment,fabrics,and carbonate geochemistry.J Sediment Res,72:687-699
Gaetani G A,Cohen A L,Wang Z,Crusius J.2011.Rayleigh-based,multielement coral thermometry:A biomineralization approach to developing climate proxies.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,75:1920-1932
Gayathri S,Lakshminarayanan R,Weaver J C,Morse D E,Kini R M,Valiyaveettil S.2007.In vitro study of magnesium-calcite biomineralization in the skeletal materials of the seastar Pisaster giganteus.Chem-Eur J,13:3262-3268
Harfouche M,Farges F,Crocombette J P,Flank A M.2005.XAFS and molecular dynamics study of natural minerals,analogues of ceramics for nuclear waste storage.Phys Scripta,T115:928-930
Holcomb M,Cohen A L,Gabitov R I,Hutter J L.2009.Compositional and morphological features of aragonite precipitated experimentally from seawater and biogenically by corals.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,73:4166-4179
Honisch B,Hemming N,Grottoli A,Amat A,Hanson G,Bijma J.2004.Assessing scleractinian corals as recorders for paleo-p H:Empirical calibration and vital effects.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,68:3675-3685
Kitano Y.1962.The behavior of various inorganic ions in the separation of calcium carbonate from a bicarbonate solution.B Chem Soc Jpn,35:1973-1980
Lea D W,Shen G T,Boyle E A.1989.Coralline barium records temporal variability in equatorial Pacific upwelling.Nature,340:373-376
Lippmann F.1973.Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals.New York:Springer
Long X,Ma Y,Qi L.2011.In vitro synthesis of high Mg calcite under ambient conditions and its implication for biomineralization process.Cryst Growth Des,11:2866-2873
Loste E,Wilson R M,Seshadri R,Meldrum F C.2003.The role of magnesium in stabilising amorphous calcium carbonate and controlling calcite morphologies.J Cryst Growth,254:206-218
Mc Culloch M,Fallon S,Wyndham T,Hendy E,Lough J,Barnes D.2003.Coral record of increased sediment flux to the inner Great Barrier Reef since European settlement.Nature,421:727-730
Meibom A,Cuif J P,Hillion F,Constantz B R,Juillet-Leclerc A,Dauphin Y,Watanabe T,Dunbar R B.2004.Distribution of magnesium in coral skeleton.Geophys Res Lett,31:L23360
Meibom A,Yurimoto H,Cuif J P,Domart-Coulon I,Houlbreque F,Constantz B,Dauphin Y,TambuttéE,TambuttéS,Allemand D,Wooden J,Dunbar R.2006.Vital effects in coral skeletal composition display strict three-dimensional control.Geophys Res Lett,33:L11608
Meibom A,Cuif J P,Houlbreque F,Mostefaoui S,Dauphin Y,Meibom KL,Dunbar R.2008.Compositional variations at ultra-structure length scales in coral skeleton.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,72:1555-1569
Muscatine L,Goiran C,Land L,Jaubert J,Cuif J P,Allemand D.2005.Stable isotopes(δ13C andδ15N)of organic matrix from coral skeleton.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,102:1525-1530
Min G R,Edwards R L,Taylor F W,Recy J,Gallup C D,Warren Beck J.1995.Annual cycles of in coral skeletons and thermometry.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,59:2025-2042
Mitsuguchi T,Matsumoto E,Abe O,Uchida T,Isdale P J.1996.Mg/Ca thermometry in coral skeletons.Science,274:961-963
Nishiyama R,Munemoto T,Fukushi K.2013.Formation condition of monohydrocalcite from Ca Cl2-Mg Cl2-Na2CO3solutions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,100:217-231
Oomori T,Kaneshima K,Nakamura Y,Kitano Y.1982.Seasonal variation of minor elements in coral skeletons.Galaxea,1:77-86
Porter S M.2007.Seawater chemistry and early carbonate biomineralization.Science,316:1302
Railsback L B,Brook G A,Chen J.1994.Environmental controls on the petrology of a late Holocene speleothem from Botswana with annual layers of aragonite and calcite.J Sediment Res,64:147-155
Raz S,Hamilton P C,Wilt F H,Weiner S,Addadi L.2003.The transient phase of amorphous calcium carbonate in sea urchin larval spicules:The involvement of proteins and magnesium ions in its formation and stabilization.Adv Funct Mater,13:480-486
Raz S,Weiner S,Addadi L.2000.Formation of high-Magnesian calcites via an amorphous precursor phase:Possible biological implications.Adv Mater,12:38-42
Repo E,Warcho?J K,Bhatnagar A,Sillanp??M.2011.Heavy metals adsorption by novel EDTA-modified chitosan-silica hybrid materials.JColloid Interf Sci,358:261-267
Ries J B.2004.Effect of ambient Mg/Ca ratio on Mg fractionation in calcareous marine invertebrates:A record of the oceanic Mg/Ca ratio over the Phanerozoic.Geology,32:981-984
Ries J B,Stanley S M,Hardie L A.2006.Scleractinian corals produce calcite,and grow more slowly,in artificial Cretaceous seawater.Geology,34:525
Robach J S,Stock S R,Veis A.2006.Mapping of magnesium and of different protein fragments in sea urchin teeth via secondary ion mass spectroscopy.J Struct Biol,155:87-95
Shi J Y,Wang Y Y,Yao Q Z,Zhou G T,Fu S Q.2013.Bio-inspired synthesis of silica ribbons with through-holes.Colloid Surface A,436:664-674
Sinclair D J,Kinsley L P J,Mc Culloch M T.1998.High resolution analysis of trace elements in corals by laser ablation ICP-MS.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,62:1889-1901
Stanley S M,Hardie L A.1998.Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,144:3-19
Stanley S M,Ries J B,Hardie L A.2002.Nonlinear partial differential equations and applications:From the Cover:Low-magnesium calcite produced by coralline algae in seawater of Late Cretaceous composition.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,99:15323-15326
Stanley S M,Ries J B,Hardie L A.2005.Seawater chemistry,coccolithophore population growth,and the origin of Cretaceous chalk.Geology,33:593
Stephenson A E,De Yoreo J J,Wu L,Wu K J,Hoyer J,Dove P M.2008.Peptides enhance magnesium signature in calcite:Insights into origins of vital effects.Science,322:724-727
Wang D,Wallace A F,De Yoreo J J,Dove P M.2009.Carboxylated molecules regulate magnesium content of amorphous calcium carbonates during calcification.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,106:21511-21516
Wang L,Sondi I,Matijevi?E.1999.Preparation of uniform needle-like aragonite particles by homogeneous precipitation.J Colloid Interf Sci,218:545-553
Wang Y Y,Yao Q Z,Li H,Zhou G T,Sheng Y M.2015.Formation of vaterite mesocrystals in biomineral-like structures and implication for biomineralization.Cryst Growth Des,15:1714-1725
Wang Z,Hu P,Gaetani G,Liu C,Saenger C,Cohen A,Hart S.2013.Experimental calibration of Mg isotope fractionation between aragonite and seawater.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,102:113-123
Weiner S,Levi-Kalisman Y,Raz S,Addadi L.2003.Biologically formed amorphous calcium carbonate.Connect Tissue Res,44:214-218
Wombacher F,Eisenhauer A,B?hm F,Gussone N,Regenberg M,Dullo WC,Rüggeberg A.2011.Magnesium stable isotope fractionation in marine biogenic calcite and aragonite.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,75:5797-5818
Yokoyama Y,Esat T M,Lambeck K.2001.Last glacial sea-level change deduced from uplifted coral terraces of Huon Peninsula,Papua New Guinea.Quat Int,83-85:275-283
Zhang F,Xu H,Konishi H,Shelobolina E S,Roden E E.2012.Polysaccharide-catalyzed nucleation and growth of disordered dolomite:Apotential precursor of sedimentary dolomite.Am Mineral,97:556-567
Zhou G T,Yao Q Z,Ni J,Jin G.2009.Formation of aragonite mesocrystals and implication for biomineralization.Am Mineral,94:293-302
Zhou G T,Yu J C,Wang X C,Zhang L Z.2004.Sonochemical synthesis of aragonite-type calcium carbonate with different morphologies.New JChem,28:1027-1031
Zhou G T,Zheng Y F.2001.Chemical synthesis of Ca CO3minerals at low temperatures and implication for mechanism of polymorphic transition.Neues Jb Miner Abh,176:323-343