Unconventional Natural Gas Accumulations in Stacked Deposits:A Discussion of Upper Paleozoic Coal-Bearing Strata in the East Margin of the Ordos Basin, China
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摘要
The Upper Paleozoic(Carboniferous to Permian) succession in the east margin of the Ordos Basin in the North China Craton has a potential to contain significant hydrocarbon resources, though attention have been mainly attracted for its successful development of coalbed methane(CBM). To improve the previous resource estimates and evaluate the hydrocarbon play possibilities, this study incorporated new discoveries of hydrocarbon units and their stratigraphic relation with source rocks, hydrocarbon migration and trapping configurations. Continuous hydrocarbon accumulation units were identified within the Upper Paleozoic, including the Taiyuan, Shanxi and Xiashihezi formations with great tight gas potential, and the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations also containing shale gas and CBM. Different strata combinations are identified with coal deposition and favour for continuous gas accumulations, including the tidal flat, deltaic and fluvial systems distributed in most of the study areas. Methane was not only generated from the thick coal seams in the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations, but also from shale and dark mudstones. The coal, shale and tight sandstones are proved of remarkable gas content and hydrocarbon indications, and the gas saturation of tight sandstones decreases upward. The stacked deposit combinations vary isochronally in different areas, while the coal seams were developed stably showing good gas sources. Two key stages control the hydrocarbon enrichment, the continuous subsidence from coal forming to Late Triassic and the anomalous paleo-geothermal event happened in Early Cretaceous, as indicated by the fluid inclusions evidence. Extensive areas show good hydrocarbon development potential presently, and more works should be focused on the evaluation and selection of good reservoir combinations.
The Upper Paleozoic(Carboniferous to Permian) succession in the east margin of the Ordos Basin in the North China Craton has a potential to contain significant hydrocarbon resources, though attention have been mainly attracted for its successful development of coalbed methane(CBM). To improve the previous resource estimates and evaluate the hydrocarbon play possibilities, this study incorporated new discoveries of hydrocarbon units and their stratigraphic relation with source rocks, hydrocarbon migration and trapping configurations. Continuous hydrocarbon accumulation units were identified within the Upper Paleozoic, including the Taiyuan, Shanxi and Xiashihezi formations with great tight gas potential, and the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations also containing shale gas and CBM. Different strata combinations are identified with coal deposition and favour for continuous gas accumulations, including the tidal flat, deltaic and fluvial systems distributed in most of the study areas. Methane was not only generated from the thick coal seams in the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations, but also from shale and dark mudstones. The coal, shale and tight sandstones are proved of remarkable gas content and hydrocarbon indications, and the gas saturation of tight sandstones decreases upward. The stacked deposit combinations vary isochronally in different areas, while the coal seams were developed stably showing good gas sources. Two key stages control the hydrocarbon enrichment, the continuous subsidence from coal forming to Late Triassic and the anomalous paleo-geothermal event happened in Early Cretaceous, as indicated by the fluid inclusions evidence. Extensive areas show good hydrocarbon development potential presently, and more works should be focused on the evaluation and selection of good reservoir combinations.
The Upper Paleozoic(Carboniferous to Permian) succession in the east margin of the Ordos Basin in the North China Craton has a potential to contain significant hydrocarbon resources, though attention have been mainly attracted for its successful development of coalbed methane(CBM). To improve the previous resource estimates and evaluate the hydrocarbon play possibilities, this study incorporated new discoveries of hydrocarbon units and their stratigraphic relation with source rocks, hydrocarbon migration and trapping configurations. Continuous hydrocarbon accumulation units were identified within the Upper Paleozoic, including the Taiyuan, Shanxi and Xiashihezi formations with great tight gas potential, and the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations also containing shale gas and CBM. Different strata combinations are identified with coal deposition and favour for continuous gas accumulations, including the tidal flat, deltaic and fluvial systems distributed in most of the study areas. Methane was not only generated from the thick coal seams in the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations, but also from shale and dark mudstones. The coal, shale and tight sandstones are proved of remarkable gas content and hydrocarbon indications, and the gas saturation of tight sandstones decreases upward. The stacked deposit combinations vary isochronally in different areas, while the coal seams were developed stably showing good gas sources. Two key stages control the hydrocarbon enrichment, the continuous subsidence from coal forming to Late Triassic and the anomalous paleo-geothermal event happened in Early Cretaceous, as indicated by the fluid inclusions evidence. Extensive areas show good hydrocarbon development potential presently, and more works should be focused on the evaluation and selection of good reservoir combinations.
引文
Baioumy,H.M.,and Ismael,I.S.,2010.Factors controlling the compositional variations among the marine and non-marine black shales from Egypt.International Journal of Coal Geology,83(1):35-45.
Barrett,E.P.,Joyner,L.S.,and Halenda,P.P.,1951.The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances.I.Computations from nitrogen isotherms.Journal of America Chemistry Society,73:373-380.
Bell,J.S.,2006.In-situ stress and coal bed methane potential in Western Canada.Bulletin of Canada Petrology Geology,54(3):197-220.
Bustin,R.,and Clarkson,C.,1998.Geological controls on coalbed methane reservoir capacity and gas content.International Journal of Coal Geology,38(1-2):3-26.
Fall,A.,Eichhubl,P.,Bodnar,R.J.,Laubach,S.E.,and Davis,J.S.,2014.Natural hydraulic fracturing of tight-gas sandstone reservoirs,Piceance Basin,Colorado.Geological Society of America Bulletin,127(1-2):61-75.
Fang Huihuang,Sang Shuxun,Wang Jilin,Liu Shiqi and Ju Wei,2017.Simulation of Paleotectonic stress fields and distribution prediction of Tectonic fractures at the Hudi Coal Mine,Qinshui Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(6):2007-2023.
Flores,R.M.,2014.Coal and coalbed gas:fuelling the future.Amsterdam:Elsevier Science:1-697.
Galloway,B.J.,2016.Geological and geochemical data from the Canadian Arctic Islands.Part XIV:Compilation of rock-eval/TOC and mineralogical data from upper Paleozoic strata of the Sverdrup Basin.Geol.Surv.Can.1-26 Open File 8154.
Gao,X.D.,Wang,Y.B.,Ni,X.M.,Li,Y.,Wu,X.,Zhao,S.H.,and Yu,Y.,2018.Recovery of tectonic traces and its influence on coalbed methane reservoirs:A case study in the Linxing area,eastern Ordos Basin,China.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,56:414-427.
Gong,D.,Li,J.,Ablimit,I.,He,W.,Lu,S.,Liu,D.,and Fang,C.,2018.Geochemical characteristics of natural gases related to Late Paleozoic coal measures in China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,96:474-500.
Gunter,W.D.,Gentzis,T.,Rottenfusser,B.A.,and Richardson,R.J.H.,1997.Deep coalbed methane in Alberta,Canada:a fuel resource with the potential of zero greenhouse gas emissions.Energy Conversion and Management,38:217-222.
Han Hui,Liu Pengwei,Ding Zhengang,Shi Pitong,Jia Jianchao,Zhang Wei,Liu Yan,Chen Shijia,Lu Jungang,Chen Kang,Peng Xudong,Wang Zhiyong,Xiao Shuqi and Gao Yuan,2018.The influence of extractable organic matter on pore development in the Late Triassic Chang 7 Lacustrine Shales,Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),92(4):1508-1522.
Hazra,B.,Dutta,S.,and Kumar,S.,2016.TOC calculation of organic matter rich sediments using Rock-Eval pyrolysis:Critical consideration and insights.International Journal of Coal Geology,169:106-115.
Hakimi,M.H.,and Ahmed,A.F.,2016.Organic-geochemistry characterization of the Paleogene to Neogene source rocks in the Sayhut subbasin,Gulf of Aden Basin,with emphasis on organic matter input and petroleum generation potential.AAPG Bulletin,100:1749-1774.
Hu,G.,Li,J.,Shan,X.,and Han,Z.,2010.The origin of natural gas and the hydrocarbon charging history of the Yulin gas field in the Ordos Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,81(4):381-391.
Hunt,J.M.,1991.Generation of gas and oil from coal and other terrestrial organic matter.Organic Geochemistry,17:673-680.
Jiao Yangquan,Wu Liqun,Rong Hui,Peng Yunbiao,Miao Aisheng and Wang Xiaoming,2016.The relationship between Jurassic coal measures and sandstone-type uranium deposits in the northeastern Ordos Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(6):2117-2132
Johnson,R.C.,and Flores,R.M.,1998.Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin,Alaska,U.S.A.and Canada.International Journal of Coal Geology,35:241-282.
Kang Yongshang,Sun Liangzhong,Zhang Bing,Gu Jiaoyang,Ye Jianping,Jiang Shanyu,Wang Jin and Mao Delei,2017.The controlling factors of coalbed reservoir permeability and CBM development strategy in China.Geological Review,63(5):1041-1418(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Yong,Tang Dazhen,Fang Yi,Xu Hao and Meng Yanjun,2014.Distribution and genesis of stable carbon isotope in coalbed methane from the east margin of Ordos Basin.Science China:Earth Sciences,57(8):1741-1748.
Li Yong and Tang Dazhen,2015.Deep coalbed methane development in eastern Ordos Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(s1):403-404.
Li Y.,Tang D.,Xu H.,and Meng Y.,2015.Geological and hydrological controls on water co-produced with coalbed methane in Liulin,Eastern Ordos Basin,China.AAPGBulletin,99(2):207-229.
Li,Y.,Tang,D.,Wu,P.,Niu,X.,Wang,K.,Qiao,P.,and Wang,Z.,2016.Continuous unconventional natural gas accumulations of Carboniferous-Permian coal-bearing strata in the Linxing area,Northeastern Ordos Basin,China.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,36:314-327.
Li,Y.,Zhang,C.,Tang,D.,Gan,Q.,Niu,X.,and Shen,R.,2017.Coal pore size distributions controlled by the coalification process:an experimental study of coals from the Junggar,Ordos,and Qinshui basins in China.Fuel,206:352-363.
Liao Jianbo,Xi Aihua,Li Zhiyong,Liu Huaqing,Li Xiangbo and Rong Wanyan,2018.Microscopic characterization and formation mechanisms of deepwater sandy-debris-flow and turbidity-current sandstones in a lacustrine basin:a case study in the Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin,China.Petroleum Science,15:28-40.
Lü,D.,Chen,J.,Li,Z.,Zheng,G.,Song,C.,Liu,H.,Meng,Y.,and Wang,D.,2014.Controlling factors,accumulation model and target zone prediction of the Coal-bed Methane in the Huanghebei Coalfield,North China.Resource Geology,64(4):332-345.
Ma,X.,Song,Y.,Liu,S.,Jiang,L.,and Hong,F.,2016.Experimental study on history of methane adsorption capacity of Carboniferous-Permian coal in Ordos Basin,China.Fuel,184:10-17.
Magoon,L.B.,and Dow,W.G.,1994.The petroleum systemfrom source to trap.AAPG Memoir,60:1-655.
Meng,S.,Li,Y.,Wang,L.,Wang,K.,and Pan,Z.,2018.Amathematical model for gas and water production from overlapping fractured coalbed methane and tight gas reservoirs.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,171:959-973.
Pan,Z.,and Connell,L.D.,2012.Modelling permeability for coal reservoirs:A review of analytical models and testing data.International Journal of Coal Geology,92:1-44.
Pashin J.C.,2010.Variable gas saturation in coalbed methane reservoirs of the Black Warrior Basin:implications for exploration and production.International Journal of Coal Geology,82:135-146.
Pependic,S.L.,Downs,K.R.,Vo,K.D.,Hamilton,S.K.,Dawson,G.K.W.,and Golding,S.D.,2011.Biogenic methane potential for Surat Basin,Queensland coal seams.International Journal of Coal Geology,88:123-134.
Shuai,Y.,Zhang,S.,Mi,J.,Gong,S.,Yuan,X.Yuan,X.,Yang,Z.,Liu,J.,and Cai,D.,2013.Charging time of tight gas in the Upper Paleozoic of the Ordos Basin,Central China.Organic Geochemistry,64(6):38-46.
Sykes,R.,and Snowdon,L.R.,2002.Guidelines for assessing the petroleum potential of coaly source rocks using rock-eval pyrolysis.Organic Geochemistry,33(12):1441-1455.
Su,X.,Zhang,L.,and Zhang,R.,2003.The abnormal pressure regime of the Pennsylvanian No.8 coalbed methane reservoir in Liulin-Wupu district,eastern Ordos Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,53(4):227-239.
Tonnsen,R.R.,and Miskimins,J.L.,2010.A conventional look at an unconventional reservoir:coalbed methane production potential in deep environments.AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition in New Orleans,Louisiana,Poster,1-2.
Unsworth,J.F.,Fowler,C.S.,and Jones,L.F.,1989.Moisture in coal:2.Maceral effects on pore structure.Fuel,68(1):18-26.
Waechter,N.B.,Hampton,G.L.,and Shipps,J.C.,2004.Overview of coal and shale gas measurement:field and laboratory procedures.International Coalbed Methane Symposium University of Alabama.Tuscaloosa,Alabama.
Wang,W.,Zhang,Y.,and Zhao,J.,2018.Evolution of formation pressure and accumulation of natural gas in the Upper Palaeozoic,Eastern‐central Ordos Basin,Central China.Geological Journal,53(S2):395-404.
Wang Shuangming,2011.Ordos Basin tectonic evolution and structural control of coal.Geological Bulletin of China,30(4):544-552(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Yue and Chen Shiyue,2016.Meandering river sand body architecture and heterogeneity:A case study of Permian meandering river outcrop in Palougou,Baode,Shanxi Province.Petroleum Exploration and Development,43(2):230-240.
Wang,M.,Li,Z.,Huang,W.,Yang,J.,and Xue,H.,2015.Coal pyrolysis characteristics by TG-MS and its late gas generation potential.Fuel,156:243-253.
Wang Tong,Wang Qingwei,Shao Longyi,Xia Yucheng,Fu Xuehai,Ning Shuzheng,Xie Zhiqing and Jiang Tao,2016.Current status of the research on coal geology in China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English edition),90(4):1284-1297.
Wang Zhenliang and Chen Heli,2007.The distribution and evolution of fluid pressure and its influence on natural gas accumulation in the upper Paleozoic of Shenmu-Yulin area,Ordos Basin.Science in China(Earth Sciences),50:59-74.
Wu,H.,Ji,Y.,Liu,R.,and Chen,S.,2018.Pore structure and fractal characteristics of a tight gas sandstone:a case study of Sulige area in the Ordos Basin,China.Energy Exploration&Exploitation,5:1-23.
Xu,H.,Tang,D.,Zhao,J.,Tao,S,Li,S.,and Fang,Y.,2015.Geologic controls of the production of coalbed methane in the Hancheng area,Southeastern Ordos Basin.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,26:156-162.
Xu,H.,Tang,D.,Zhang,J.,Yin,W.,Zhang,W.,and Lin,W.,2011.Factors affecting the development of the pressure differential in Upper Paleozoic gas reservoirs in the Sulige and Yulin areas of the Ordos Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,85(1):103-111.
Yang Hua,Fu Jinhua,Liu Xinshe,Meng Peilong,2012.Accumulation conditions and exploration and development of tight gas in the Upper Paleozoic of the Ordos Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development,39(3):315-324.
Yang,Y.,Li,W.,and Ma,L.,2005.Tectonic and stratigraphic controls of hydrocarbon systems in the Ordos Basin:Amulticycle cratonic basin in Central China.AAPG Bulletin,89(2):255-269.
Yang,Z.,He,S.,Guo,X.,Li,Q.,Chen,Z.,and Zhao,Y.,2016.Formation of low permeability reservoirs and gas accumulation process in the Daniudi Gas Field,Northeast Ordos Basin,China.Marine&Petroleum Geology,70(17):222-236.
Yang Minghui,Liu Chiyang,Lan Chaoli,Liu Le,Li Xin and Zhang Kunshan,2010.Late Carboniferous‐Early Permian sequence stratigraphy and depositional evolution in the Northeast Ordos Basin,North China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),84:1220-1228.
Yao,Y.,Liu,D.,and Yan,T.,2014.Geological and hydrogeological controls on the accumulation of coalbed methane in the Weibei field,southeastern Ordos Basin.International Journal of Coal Geology,121(1):148-159.
Zhang,E.,Hill,R.J.,Katz,B.J.,and Tang,Y.,2008.Modelling of gas generation from the Cameo coal zone in the Piceance Basin,Colorado.AAPG Bulletin,92:1077-1106.
Zhang,S.,Tang,S.,Qian,Z.,Pan,Z.,and Guo,Q.,2014.Evaluation of geological features for deep coalbed methane reservoirs in the Dacheng Salient,Jizhong Depression,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,133:60-71.
Zhao Wentao and Hou Guiting,2017.Fracture prediction in the tight-oil reservoirs of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,northern China.Petroleum Science,14:1-23.
Zou Caineng,Tao Shizhen,Han Wenxue,Zhao Zhenyu,Ma Weijiao,Li Changwei,Bai Bin and Gao Xiaohui,2018.Geological and geochemical characteristics and exploration prospect of coal-derived tight sandstone gas in China:case study of the Ordos,Sichuan,and Tarim Basins.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),92(4):1609-1626.
Barrett,E.P.,Joyner,L.S.,and Halenda,P.P.,1951.The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances.I.Computations from nitrogen isotherms.Journal of America Chemistry Society,73:373-380.
Bell,J.S.,2006.In-situ stress and coal bed methane potential in Western Canada.Bulletin of Canada Petrology Geology,54(3):197-220.
Bustin,R.,and Clarkson,C.,1998.Geological controls on coalbed methane reservoir capacity and gas content.International Journal of Coal Geology,38(1-2):3-26.
Fall,A.,Eichhubl,P.,Bodnar,R.J.,Laubach,S.E.,and Davis,J.S.,2014.Natural hydraulic fracturing of tight-gas sandstone reservoirs,Piceance Basin,Colorado.Geological Society of America Bulletin,127(1-2):61-75.
Fang Huihuang,Sang Shuxun,Wang Jilin,Liu Shiqi and Ju Wei,2017.Simulation of Paleotectonic stress fields and distribution prediction of Tectonic fractures at the Hudi Coal Mine,Qinshui Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(6):2007-2023.
Flores,R.M.,2014.Coal and coalbed gas:fuelling the future.Amsterdam:Elsevier Science:1-697.
Galloway,B.J.,2016.Geological and geochemical data from the Canadian Arctic Islands.Part XIV:Compilation of rock-eval/TOC and mineralogical data from upper Paleozoic strata of the Sverdrup Basin.Geol.Surv.Can.1-26 Open File 8154.
Gao,X.D.,Wang,Y.B.,Ni,X.M.,Li,Y.,Wu,X.,Zhao,S.H.,and Yu,Y.,2018.Recovery of tectonic traces and its influence on coalbed methane reservoirs:A case study in the Linxing area,eastern Ordos Basin,China.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,56:414-427.
Gong,D.,Li,J.,Ablimit,I.,He,W.,Lu,S.,Liu,D.,and Fang,C.,2018.Geochemical characteristics of natural gases related to Late Paleozoic coal measures in China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,96:474-500.
Gunter,W.D.,Gentzis,T.,Rottenfusser,B.A.,and Richardson,R.J.H.,1997.Deep coalbed methane in Alberta,Canada:a fuel resource with the potential of zero greenhouse gas emissions.Energy Conversion and Management,38:217-222.
Han Hui,Liu Pengwei,Ding Zhengang,Shi Pitong,Jia Jianchao,Zhang Wei,Liu Yan,Chen Shijia,Lu Jungang,Chen Kang,Peng Xudong,Wang Zhiyong,Xiao Shuqi and Gao Yuan,2018.The influence of extractable organic matter on pore development in the Late Triassic Chang 7 Lacustrine Shales,Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),92(4):1508-1522.
Hazra,B.,Dutta,S.,and Kumar,S.,2016.TOC calculation of organic matter rich sediments using Rock-Eval pyrolysis:Critical consideration and insights.International Journal of Coal Geology,169:106-115.
Hakimi,M.H.,and Ahmed,A.F.,2016.Organic-geochemistry characterization of the Paleogene to Neogene source rocks in the Sayhut subbasin,Gulf of Aden Basin,with emphasis on organic matter input and petroleum generation potential.AAPG Bulletin,100:1749-1774.
Hu,G.,Li,J.,Shan,X.,and Han,Z.,2010.The origin of natural gas and the hydrocarbon charging history of the Yulin gas field in the Ordos Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,81(4):381-391.
Hunt,J.M.,1991.Generation of gas and oil from coal and other terrestrial organic matter.Organic Geochemistry,17:673-680.
Jiao Yangquan,Wu Liqun,Rong Hui,Peng Yunbiao,Miao Aisheng and Wang Xiaoming,2016.The relationship between Jurassic coal measures and sandstone-type uranium deposits in the northeastern Ordos Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(6):2117-2132
Johnson,R.C.,and Flores,R.M.,1998.Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin,Alaska,U.S.A.and Canada.International Journal of Coal Geology,35:241-282.
Kang Yongshang,Sun Liangzhong,Zhang Bing,Gu Jiaoyang,Ye Jianping,Jiang Shanyu,Wang Jin and Mao Delei,2017.The controlling factors of coalbed reservoir permeability and CBM development strategy in China.Geological Review,63(5):1041-1418(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Yong,Tang Dazhen,Fang Yi,Xu Hao and Meng Yanjun,2014.Distribution and genesis of stable carbon isotope in coalbed methane from the east margin of Ordos Basin.Science China:Earth Sciences,57(8):1741-1748.
Li Yong and Tang Dazhen,2015.Deep coalbed methane development in eastern Ordos Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(s1):403-404.
Li Y.,Tang D.,Xu H.,and Meng Y.,2015.Geological and hydrological controls on water co-produced with coalbed methane in Liulin,Eastern Ordos Basin,China.AAPGBulletin,99(2):207-229.
Li,Y.,Tang,D.,Wu,P.,Niu,X.,Wang,K.,Qiao,P.,and Wang,Z.,2016.Continuous unconventional natural gas accumulations of Carboniferous-Permian coal-bearing strata in the Linxing area,Northeastern Ordos Basin,China.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,36:314-327.
Li,Y.,Zhang,C.,Tang,D.,Gan,Q.,Niu,X.,and Shen,R.,2017.Coal pore size distributions controlled by the coalification process:an experimental study of coals from the Junggar,Ordos,and Qinshui basins in China.Fuel,206:352-363.
Liao Jianbo,Xi Aihua,Li Zhiyong,Liu Huaqing,Li Xiangbo and Rong Wanyan,2018.Microscopic characterization and formation mechanisms of deepwater sandy-debris-flow and turbidity-current sandstones in a lacustrine basin:a case study in the Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin,China.Petroleum Science,15:28-40.
Lü,D.,Chen,J.,Li,Z.,Zheng,G.,Song,C.,Liu,H.,Meng,Y.,and Wang,D.,2014.Controlling factors,accumulation model and target zone prediction of the Coal-bed Methane in the Huanghebei Coalfield,North China.Resource Geology,64(4):332-345.
Ma,X.,Song,Y.,Liu,S.,Jiang,L.,and Hong,F.,2016.Experimental study on history of methane adsorption capacity of Carboniferous-Permian coal in Ordos Basin,China.Fuel,184:10-17.
Magoon,L.B.,and Dow,W.G.,1994.The petroleum systemfrom source to trap.AAPG Memoir,60:1-655.
Meng,S.,Li,Y.,Wang,L.,Wang,K.,and Pan,Z.,2018.Amathematical model for gas and water production from overlapping fractured coalbed methane and tight gas reservoirs.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,171:959-973.
Pan,Z.,and Connell,L.D.,2012.Modelling permeability for coal reservoirs:A review of analytical models and testing data.International Journal of Coal Geology,92:1-44.
Pashin J.C.,2010.Variable gas saturation in coalbed methane reservoirs of the Black Warrior Basin:implications for exploration and production.International Journal of Coal Geology,82:135-146.
Pependic,S.L.,Downs,K.R.,Vo,K.D.,Hamilton,S.K.,Dawson,G.K.W.,and Golding,S.D.,2011.Biogenic methane potential for Surat Basin,Queensland coal seams.International Journal of Coal Geology,88:123-134.
Shuai,Y.,Zhang,S.,Mi,J.,Gong,S.,Yuan,X.Yuan,X.,Yang,Z.,Liu,J.,and Cai,D.,2013.Charging time of tight gas in the Upper Paleozoic of the Ordos Basin,Central China.Organic Geochemistry,64(6):38-46.
Sykes,R.,and Snowdon,L.R.,2002.Guidelines for assessing the petroleum potential of coaly source rocks using rock-eval pyrolysis.Organic Geochemistry,33(12):1441-1455.
Su,X.,Zhang,L.,and Zhang,R.,2003.The abnormal pressure regime of the Pennsylvanian No.8 coalbed methane reservoir in Liulin-Wupu district,eastern Ordos Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,53(4):227-239.
Tonnsen,R.R.,and Miskimins,J.L.,2010.A conventional look at an unconventional reservoir:coalbed methane production potential in deep environments.AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition in New Orleans,Louisiana,Poster,1-2.
Unsworth,J.F.,Fowler,C.S.,and Jones,L.F.,1989.Moisture in coal:2.Maceral effects on pore structure.Fuel,68(1):18-26.
Waechter,N.B.,Hampton,G.L.,and Shipps,J.C.,2004.Overview of coal and shale gas measurement:field and laboratory procedures.International Coalbed Methane Symposium University of Alabama.Tuscaloosa,Alabama.
Wang,W.,Zhang,Y.,and Zhao,J.,2018.Evolution of formation pressure and accumulation of natural gas in the Upper Palaeozoic,Eastern‐central Ordos Basin,Central China.Geological Journal,53(S2):395-404.
Wang Shuangming,2011.Ordos Basin tectonic evolution and structural control of coal.Geological Bulletin of China,30(4):544-552(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Yue and Chen Shiyue,2016.Meandering river sand body architecture and heterogeneity:A case study of Permian meandering river outcrop in Palougou,Baode,Shanxi Province.Petroleum Exploration and Development,43(2):230-240.
Wang,M.,Li,Z.,Huang,W.,Yang,J.,and Xue,H.,2015.Coal pyrolysis characteristics by TG-MS and its late gas generation potential.Fuel,156:243-253.
Wang Tong,Wang Qingwei,Shao Longyi,Xia Yucheng,Fu Xuehai,Ning Shuzheng,Xie Zhiqing and Jiang Tao,2016.Current status of the research on coal geology in China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English edition),90(4):1284-1297.
Wang Zhenliang and Chen Heli,2007.The distribution and evolution of fluid pressure and its influence on natural gas accumulation in the upper Paleozoic of Shenmu-Yulin area,Ordos Basin.Science in China(Earth Sciences),50:59-74.
Wu,H.,Ji,Y.,Liu,R.,and Chen,S.,2018.Pore structure and fractal characteristics of a tight gas sandstone:a case study of Sulige area in the Ordos Basin,China.Energy Exploration&Exploitation,5:1-23.
Xu,H.,Tang,D.,Zhao,J.,Tao,S,Li,S.,and Fang,Y.,2015.Geologic controls of the production of coalbed methane in the Hancheng area,Southeastern Ordos Basin.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,26:156-162.
Xu,H.,Tang,D.,Zhang,J.,Yin,W.,Zhang,W.,and Lin,W.,2011.Factors affecting the development of the pressure differential in Upper Paleozoic gas reservoirs in the Sulige and Yulin areas of the Ordos Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,85(1):103-111.
Yang Hua,Fu Jinhua,Liu Xinshe,Meng Peilong,2012.Accumulation conditions and exploration and development of tight gas in the Upper Paleozoic of the Ordos Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development,39(3):315-324.
Yang,Y.,Li,W.,and Ma,L.,2005.Tectonic and stratigraphic controls of hydrocarbon systems in the Ordos Basin:Amulticycle cratonic basin in Central China.AAPG Bulletin,89(2):255-269.
Yang,Z.,He,S.,Guo,X.,Li,Q.,Chen,Z.,and Zhao,Y.,2016.Formation of low permeability reservoirs and gas accumulation process in the Daniudi Gas Field,Northeast Ordos Basin,China.Marine&Petroleum Geology,70(17):222-236.
Yang Minghui,Liu Chiyang,Lan Chaoli,Liu Le,Li Xin and Zhang Kunshan,2010.Late Carboniferous‐Early Permian sequence stratigraphy and depositional evolution in the Northeast Ordos Basin,North China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),84:1220-1228.
Yao,Y.,Liu,D.,and Yan,T.,2014.Geological and hydrogeological controls on the accumulation of coalbed methane in the Weibei field,southeastern Ordos Basin.International Journal of Coal Geology,121(1):148-159.
Zhang,E.,Hill,R.J.,Katz,B.J.,and Tang,Y.,2008.Modelling of gas generation from the Cameo coal zone in the Piceance Basin,Colorado.AAPG Bulletin,92:1077-1106.
Zhang,S.,Tang,S.,Qian,Z.,Pan,Z.,and Guo,Q.,2014.Evaluation of geological features for deep coalbed methane reservoirs in the Dacheng Salient,Jizhong Depression,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,133:60-71.
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