生物炭施用对小麦和玉米幼苗根际和非根际土壤中Pb、As和Cd生物有效性的影响研究
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摘要
用理化性质不同的废纸、木屑、脱水污泥等原材料在600℃限氧条件下热裂解分别制备了3种生物炭,继而利用根袋法盆栽实验研究了这3种生物炭的施用对生长于矿区重金属污染土壤中的小麦和玉米幼苗的根际和非根际土壤中有效态有害元素以及幼苗根系有害元素富集的影响。结果表明,施用这3种生物炭的小麦和玉米幼苗根际与非根际土壤中CaCl2提取态、EDTA提取态和稀HCl提取态As、Cd和Pb含量均低于未施用生物炭的对照处理组,并且随着生物炭施用量从0.5%增加到5%,3种提取态As、Cd和Pb含量降低更为明显,但生物炭处理对非根际土壤中提取态As、Cd和Pb的降低总体比根际土壤明显。施用3种理化性质不同生物炭的土壤中有效态As、Cd和Pb含量与有效态提取剂(CaCl2、EDTA和稀HCl)和被提元素种类(As、Cd和Pb)相关,但未表现出一致性的规律。小麦和玉米幼苗根际和非根际土壤中CaCl2提取的水溶态As、Cd和Pb无显著差异,而部分EDTA及稀HCl提取的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态有害元素、铁锰氧化物和有机结合态As、Cd和Pb存在显著差异。小麦和玉米幼苗根系As、Cd和Pb的富集量均低于未施用生物炭的对照处理组,并且随着生物炭施用量从0.5%增加到5%,提取态As、Cd和Pb的含量降低更为明显。因而,施用生物炭有助于降低有害元素的植物富集风险。
Biochar is a carbon-rich composite derived from the slow pyrolysis of biomass feedstock in the absence of oxygen. It has been widely investigated for carbon sequestration,soil remediation/restoration,and soil fertility. In this study,biochars were prepared through theslow pyrolysis of scrap paper,wood chips,and dehydrated sludge under limited oxygen at 600 ℃. Different levels(0.5% and 5%)of the re?sulting biochars were added to soil from a lead-zinc mining area of Qixia in Nanjing;the soil was contaminated with heavy metals. Laborato?ry experiments were then conducted on corn(Zea mays L. cv. Suyu 44)and wheat(Triticum aestivum L. cv. Nongmai 88)seedlings via rhi?zo-bag pot cultures. The bioavailabiliy of Pb,As,and Cd in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of the seedlings,and the accumulationof the former in the roots of the seedlings,were investigated. The results showed that the CaCl2-extractable,EDTA-extractable,and dilute-HCl-extractable fractions of As,Cd,and Pb in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of the seedlings in the groups treated with the bio?chars were lower than those in the control group,to which the biochars were not added. With the increase in biochars levels from 0.5% to5%,the extractable As,Cd,and Pb content decreased significantly;however,the reduction in the extractable fractions of As,Cd,and Pb inthe non-rhizosphere soils was generally clearer than that in the rhizosphere soils. The effects of biochars with different physicochemicalproperties on the extractable As,Cd,and Pb in soils were related to the extractants(CaCl2,EDTA,and dilute HCl)and the extracted ele?ments(As,Cd,and Pb),but no unified rules were observed. There were no significant differences between the rhizosphere and non-rhizo?sphere soils from which the water-soluble As,Cd,and Pb had been extracted by CaCl2,but some of the exchangeable and carbonate-bound,iron/manganese-bound,and organic matter-bound fractions extracted by EDTA and dilute HCl differed significantly. The As,Cd,and Pbcontent in the roots of the seedlings in the groups treated with biochars were lower than those in the control group. With the increase in bio?chars from 0.5% to 5%,the decrease in contents of As,Cd,and Pb was more significant;wood chip-and sludge-based biochars were better at reducing As,Cd,and Pb enriched in the roots of the seedlings than the scrap paper-based biochar.
Biochar is a carbon-rich composite derived from the slow pyrolysis of biomass feedstock in the absence of oxygen. It has been widely investigated for carbon sequestration,soil remediation/restoration,and soil fertility. In this study,biochars were prepared through theslow pyrolysis of scrap paper,wood chips,and dehydrated sludge under limited oxygen at 600 ℃. Different levels(0.5% and 5%)of the re?sulting biochars were added to soil from a lead-zinc mining area of Qixia in Nanjing;the soil was contaminated with heavy metals. Laborato?ry experiments were then conducted on corn(Zea mays L. cv. Suyu 44)and wheat(Triticum aestivum L. cv. Nongmai 88)seedlings via rhi?zo-bag pot cultures. The bioavailabiliy of Pb,As,and Cd in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of the seedlings,and the accumulationof the former in the roots of the seedlings,were investigated. The results showed that the CaCl2-extractable,EDTA-extractable,and dilute-HCl-extractable fractions of As,Cd,and Pb in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of the seedlings in the groups treated with the bio?chars were lower than those in the control group,to which the biochars were not added. With the increase in biochars levels from 0.5% to5%,the extractable As,Cd,and Pb content decreased significantly;however,the reduction in the extractable fractions of As,Cd,and Pb inthe non-rhizosphere soils was generally clearer than that in the rhizosphere soils. The effects of biochars with different physicochemicalproperties on the extractable As,Cd,and Pb in soils were related to the extractants(CaCl2,EDTA,and dilute HCl)and the extracted ele?ments(As,Cd,and Pb),but no unified rules were observed. There were no significant differences between the rhizosphere and non-rhizo?sphere soils from which the water-soluble As,Cd,and Pb had been extracted by CaCl2,but some of the exchangeable and carbonate-bound,iron/manganese-bound,and organic matter-bound fractions extracted by EDTA and dilute HCl differed significantly. The As,Cd,and Pbcontent in the roots of the seedlings in the groups treated with biochars were lower than those in the control group. With the increase in bio?chars from 0.5% to 5%,the decrease in contents of As,Cd,and Pb was more significant;wood chip-and sludge-based biochars were better at reducing As,Cd,and Pb enriched in the roots of the seedlings than the scrap paper-based biochar.
引文
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[2]Soares M A,Quina M J,Quinta-Ferreira R M.Immobilisation of lead and zinc in contaminated soil using compost derived from industrial eggshell[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,164(12):137-145.
[3]苏耀明,陈志良,雷国建,等.多金属矿区土壤重金属垂向污染特征及风险评估[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(1):130-134.SU Yao-ming,CHEN Zhi-liang,LEI Guo-jian,et al.Vertical pollution characteristic and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal of soil profiles in polymetallic ore mine[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(1):130-134.
[4]Liu G,Tao L,Liu X,et al.Heavy metal speciation and pollution of agricultural soils along Jishui River in non-ferrous metal mine area in Jiangxi Province,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,132(3):156-163.
[5]Zhang C,Li Z,Yang W,et al.Assessment of metals pollution on agricultural soil surrounding a lead-zinc mining area in the Karst region of Guangxi,China[J].Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,2013,90(6):736-741.
[6]陶雪,杨琥,季荣,等.固定剂及其在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用[J].土壤,2016,48(1):1-11.TAO Xue,YANG Hu,JI Rong,et al.Stabilizers and their applications in remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil[J].Soils,2016,48(1):1-11.
[7]Rumble H,Gange A C.Microbial inoculants as a soil remediation tool for extensive green roofs[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,102:188-198.
[8]Jiang J,Xu R K,Jiang T Y,et al.Immobilization of Cu(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)by the addition of rice straw derived biochar to a simulated polluted Ultisol[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,229-230(5):145-150.
[9]高瑞丽,朱俊,汤帆,等.水稻秸秆生物炭对镉、铅复合污染土壤中重金属形态转化的短期影响[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(1):251-256.GAO Rui-li,ZHU Jun,TANG Fan,et al.Fractions transformation of Cd,Pb in contaminated soil after short-term application of rice straw biochar[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(1):251-256.
[10]王丹丹,林静雯,丁海涛,等.牛粪生物炭对重金属镉污染土壤的钝化修复研究[J].环境工程,2016,34(12):183-187.WANG Dan-dan,LIN Jing-wen,DING Hai-tao,et al.Immobilization of cadmium in soils by dairy dung biochar[J].Environmental Engineering,2016,34(12):183-187.
[11]武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2014,29(1):68-79.WU Yu,XU Gang,LüYing-chun,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on soil physical and chemical properties:Current status and knowledge gaps[J].Advances in Earth Science,2014,29(1):68-79.
[12]Gul S,Whalen J K,Thomas B W,et al.Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils:Mechanisms and future directions[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2015,206:46-59.
[13]Yang X,Liu J,Mcgrouther K,et al.Effect of biochar on the extractability of heavy metals(Cd,Cu,Pb,and Zn)and enzyme activity in soil[J].Environ Sci Pollut Res Int,2016,23(2):974-984.
[14]李卓瑞,韦高玲.不同生物炭添加量对土壤中氮磷淋溶损失的影响[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(2):333-338.LI Zhuo-rui,WEI Gao-ling.Effects of biochar with different additive amounts on the leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(2):333-338.
[15]Romualdo J,Lima S,Silva W D M,et al.Effect of biochar on physicochemical properties of a sandy soil and maize growth in a greenhouse experiment[J].Geoderma,2018,319(1):14-23.
[16]张丽,侯萌瑶,安毅,等.生物炭对水稻根际微域土壤Cd生物有效性及水稻Cd含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(4):665-671.ZHANG Li,HOU Meng-yao,AN Yi,et al.Effects of biochar on Cd bioavailability in rhizosphere microenvironment of cadmium-polluted paddy and Cd content in rice[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(4):665-671.
[17]Ahmed A,Kurian J K,Raghavan V.Biochar influences on agricultural soils,crop production and the environment:A review[J].Environmental Reviews,2016,24(4):495-502.
[18]Beesley L,Marmiroli M.The immobilisation and retention of soluble arsenic,cadmium and zinc by biochar[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(2):474-480.
[19]Cao X,Ma L,Liang Y,et al.Simultaneous immobilization of lead and atrazine in contaminated soils using dairy-manure biochar[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(11):4884-4889.
[20]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:12-13.LU Ru-kun.Methods of soil agricultural chemical analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:12-13.
[21]Mcgrath S P,Shen Z G,Zhao F J.Heavy metal uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi ochroleucum grown in contaminated soils[J].Plant&Soil,1997,188(1):153-159.
[22]徐珑珀,赵向阳,杨浩,等.不同消解方法对HG-AFS测定植物样品硒含量的影响[J].中国测试,2015,41(3):61-64.XU Long-bo,ZHAO Xiang-yang,YANG Hao,et al.The influence of different digestion methods for the determination of selenium in plant samples by HG-AFS[J].China Measurement&Test,2015,41(3):61-64.
[23]Masson P,Dalix T.Comparison of open digestion methods for the determination of rare earth elements in plant samples by ICP-MS[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2016,47(16):1866-1874.
[24]Novozamsky I,Lexmond T M,Houba V J G.A single extraction procedure of soil for evaluation of uptake of some heavy metals by plants[J].International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry,1993,51(1/2/3/4):47-58.
[25]Wear J I,Evans C E.Relationship of zinc uptake by corn and sorghum to soil zinc measured by three extractants[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1968,32(4):543-546.
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