不同耕作措施对甘肃引黄灌区耕地土壤有机碳的影响
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摘要
为了探明不同耕作措施对甘肃引黄灌区耕地土壤有机碳的影响,2014-2017年在连续翻耕8a的玉米地上设置翻耕(CT)、旋耕(RT)、深松(ST)、免耕(NT)4个单一耕作处理和翻耕-免耕(CT-NT)、深松-免耕(ST-NT)2个轮耕处理开展了研究。结果表明,连续免耕(NT)显著增加了0～40cm土层有机碳含量和有机碳储量(P<0.05),平均比CT增加4.45%和5.27%,比RT增加7.23%和8.50%;连续深松(ST)也有较好的固碳效果,在4个单一耕作措施中仅次于NT;连续翻耕(CT)和旋耕(RT)显著降低了土壤有机碳含量和有机碳储量(P<0.05),RT的降低幅度大于CT。CT-NT和ST-NT2个轮耕处理既有较好的固碳效果,又符合当地农民操作习惯,有机碳含量分别比CT增加2.44%和4.82%,比RT增加5.12%和7.55%;有机碳储量比CT增加2.50%和5.47%,比RT增加5.64%和8.70%。不同耕作制度会使土壤有机碳发生层化,但有机碳含量的层化更多表现在不同土层之间,相同层次各处理之间变化不大;而有机碳储量只在耕层以下发生了层化,相同土层各处理之间也表现出比较明显的层化特征。因此,综合分析认为,任何一个单一耕作措施都有其局限性,CT-NT和ST-NT是比较理想的耕作模式,在该区域农业可持续发展中具有一定的应用价值。
It is necessary to improve plough layer for solving the problems of shallow and compacted plough layer and plough layer lack, which are caused by a long-term single rotation and shallow tillage. In order to examine the effects of different tillage practices on soil organic carbon contents and storages, soil organic carbon stratification ratio of cultivated land, four single tillage treatments and two rotational tillage treatments were conducted including conventional tillage(CT), rotary tillage(RT), subsoiling tillage(ST), no tillage(NT) treatment and conventional tillage-no tillage(CT-NT), subsoiling-no tillage(ST-NT) in Gansu Yellow River irrigation district on continuous 8-year-tillage cornfields from 2014 to 2017. The results showed that the 0-40 cm layers organic carbon contents and storages of continuous no-tillage(NT) were significantly increased by 4.45% and 5.27% compared with CT, 7.23% and 8.50% compared with RT. Continuous subsoiling tillage(ST) also had a good carbon sequestration effect, second only to NT in four single tillage practice, the organic carbon contents and storages were significantly increased by 2.28% and 4.03% compared with CT, 3.52% and 7.22% compared with RT. Continuous conventional tillage(CT) and rotary tillage(RT) both significantly reduced soil organic carbon contents and storages, the decreases of soil organic carbon contents and storages were 2.79%, 2.32% and 1.18%, 0.62% respectively, and the reduction of RT were greater than CT. The two rotational treatments of CT-NT and ST-NT both had good carbon sequestration effect, and also accorded with the local farmers operating habits, the organic carbon contents were significantly increased by 2.44% and 4.82% compared with CT, and 5.12% and 7.55% compared with RT respectively, and the organic carbon storages increased by 2.50% and 5.47% compared with CT, and 5.64% and 8.70% compared with RT. The soil organic carbon were stratified by different tillage practices, the stratification of SR?Cc(stratification ratio of organic carbon content)showed significant difference from the first year, but the stratification of SR?esm(stratification ratio of organic carbon storage)came to this until the third year. The stratification of organic carbon contents were more manifested in different soil layers, the mean values of SR3 and SR2 were respectively higher 29.12% and 9.32% than those of SR1(The ratio of organic carbon content in soil layer of 0-10 cm to 10-20 cm), but there were little change between treatments at the same level. However, the organic carbon storages were stratified only below the topsoil, the mean value of SR2(The ratio of organic carbon storage in soil layer of 0-10 cm to 20-30 cm)same as SR1, but SR3(The ratio of organic carbon reserves in soil layer of 0-10 cm to 30-40 cm) was higher 17.82% than SR1. Moreover, the stratified characteristics were obvious among the same layers, RT was significantly lower and NT was significantly higher than other treatments at the same level. We consider the most typical reason for this situation was the soil bulk density between different tillage treatments in calculating the SR?esm. As for which calculation method can better represent the stratification characteristics of soil organic carbon, more in-depth research is needed. Therefore, any single tillage measure has its limitations, and the two rotational tillage treatments of CT-NT and ST-NT are ideal tillage practices, which had certain application value in this regional agricultural development.
It is necessary to improve plough layer for solving the problems of shallow and compacted plough layer and plough layer lack, which are caused by a long-term single rotation and shallow tillage. In order to examine the effects of different tillage practices on soil organic carbon contents and storages, soil organic carbon stratification ratio of cultivated land, four single tillage treatments and two rotational tillage treatments were conducted including conventional tillage(CT), rotary tillage(RT), subsoiling tillage(ST), no tillage(NT) treatment and conventional tillage-no tillage(CT-NT), subsoiling-no tillage(ST-NT) in Gansu Yellow River irrigation district on continuous 8-year-tillage cornfields from 2014 to 2017. The results showed that the 0-40 cm layers organic carbon contents and storages of continuous no-tillage(NT) were significantly increased by 4.45% and 5.27% compared with CT, 7.23% and 8.50% compared with RT. Continuous subsoiling tillage(ST) also had a good carbon sequestration effect, second only to NT in four single tillage practice, the organic carbon contents and storages were significantly increased by 2.28% and 4.03% compared with CT, 3.52% and 7.22% compared with RT. Continuous conventional tillage(CT) and rotary tillage(RT) both significantly reduced soil organic carbon contents and storages, the decreases of soil organic carbon contents and storages were 2.79%, 2.32% and 1.18%, 0.62% respectively, and the reduction of RT were greater than CT. The two rotational treatments of CT-NT and ST-NT both had good carbon sequestration effect, and also accorded with the local farmers operating habits, the organic carbon contents were significantly increased by 2.44% and 4.82% compared with CT, and 5.12% and 7.55% compared with RT respectively, and the organic carbon storages increased by 2.50% and 5.47% compared with CT, and 5.64% and 8.70% compared with RT. The soil organic carbon were stratified by different tillage practices, the stratification of SR?Cc(stratification ratio of organic carbon content)showed significant difference from the first year, but the stratification of SR?esm(stratification ratio of organic carbon storage)came to this until the third year. The stratification of organic carbon contents were more manifested in different soil layers, the mean values of SR3 and SR2 were respectively higher 29.12% and 9.32% than those of SR1(The ratio of organic carbon content in soil layer of 0-10 cm to 10-20 cm), but there were little change between treatments at the same level. However, the organic carbon storages were stratified only below the topsoil, the mean value of SR2(The ratio of organic carbon storage in soil layer of 0-10 cm to 20-30 cm)same as SR1, but SR3(The ratio of organic carbon reserves in soil layer of 0-10 cm to 30-40 cm) was higher 17.82% than SR1. Moreover, the stratified characteristics were obvious among the same layers, RT was significantly lower and NT was significantly higher than other treatments at the same level. We consider the most typical reason for this situation was the soil bulk density between different tillage treatments in calculating the SR?esm. As for which calculation method can better represent the stratification characteristics of soil organic carbon, more in-depth research is needed. Therefore, any single tillage measure has its limitations, and the two rotational tillage treatments of CT-NT and ST-NT are ideal tillage practices, which had certain application value in this regional agricultural development.
引文
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[2]余健,房莉,卞正富,等.土壤碳库构成研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(17):4829-4838.Yu Jian,Fang Li,Bian Zhengfu,et al.A review of the composition of soil carbon pool[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(17):4829-4838.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Lal R.Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change[J].Geoderma,2004,123(1/2):1-22.
[4]Qin Z C,Huang Y.Quantification of soil organic carbon sequestration potential in cropland:A model approach[J].Science China-life Sciences,2010,53:868-884.
[5]Dalal R C,Carter O R.Soil organic matter dynamics and sequestration in Australian tropical soils[J].Advances in Soil Science,2000,4:283-314.
[6]Halvorson A D,Wienhold B J,Black A L.Tillage,nitrogen,and cropping system effects on soil carbon sequestration[J].Soil Science Society of American Journal,2002,66:906-912.
[7]Chen L F,He Z B,Zhu X,et al.Impacts of afforestation on plant diversity,soil properties,and soil organic carbon storage in a semi-arid grassland of northwestern China[J].Catena,2016,147:300-307.
[8]程琨,潘根兴.“千分之四全球土壤增碳计划”对中国的挑战与应对策略[J].气候变化研究进展,2016,12(5):457-464.Cheng Kun,Pan Genxing.Four per mille initiative:Soils for food security and climate"challenges and strategies for China’s action[J].Advances in Climate Change Research,2016,12(5):457-464.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]王燕,王小彬,刘爽,等.保护性耕作及其对土壤有机碳的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(3):766-771.Wang Yan,Wang Xiaobin,Liu Shuang,et al.Conservation tillage and its effect on soil organic carbon[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2008,16(3):766-771.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]张海林,孙国峰,陈继康,等.保护性耕作对农田碳效应影响研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(12):4275-4281.Zhang Hailin,Sun Gguofeng,Chen Jikang,et al.Advances in research on effects of conservation tillage on soil carbon[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(12):4275-4281.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Yang X M,Wander M M.Tillage effects on soil organic carbon distribution and storage in a silt loam soil in Illinois[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1999,52:1-9.
[12]张国盛,Chan K Y,Li G D,等.长期保护性耕作方式对农田表层土壤性质的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(6):2722-2728.Zhang Guosheng,Chan K Y,Li G D,et al.Long-term effects of tillage systems and rotation on selected soil properties in cropping zone of Southern NSW,Australia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(6):2722-2728.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]孔凡磊,陈阜,张海林,等.轮耕对土壤物理性状和冬小麦产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(8):150-155.Kong Fanlei,Chen Fu,Zhang Hailin,et al.Effects of rotational tillage on soil physical properties and winter wheat yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(8):150-155.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]侯贤清,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.不同轮耕模式对旱地土壤结构及入渗蓄水特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(5):85-94.Hou Xianqing,Jia Zhikuan,Han Qingfang,et al.Effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil structure,infiltration and water storage characteristics in dryland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(5):85-94.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Gourley C J P,Sale P W G.Chemical and physical amelioration of subsoils has limited production benefits for perennial pastures in two contrasting soils[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,144:41-52.
[16]Ellert B H,Janzen H H,Entz T.Assessment of a method to measure temporal change in soil carbon storage[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66(5):1687-1695.
[17]Franzluebbers A J.Soil organic matter stration ratio as an indictor of soil quality[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2002,66(2):95-106.
[18]Joao Carlos de Moraes Sa,Rattan Lal.Stratification ratio of soil organic matter pools as an indicator of carbon sequestration in a tillage chronosequence on a Brazilian Oxisol[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,103(1):46-56.
[19]Lenka N K,Lal R.Soil aggregation and greenhouse gas flux after 15 years of wheat straw and fertilizer management in a no-till system[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2013,126:78-89.
[20]Pramod J,Nikita G,Lakaria B L,et al.Soil and residue carbon mineralization as affected by soil aggregate size[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2012,121:57-62.
[21]Martinez E,Fuentes J P,Pino V,et al.Chemical and biological properties as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in an irrigated Haploxeroll of Central Chile[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2013,126:238-245.
[22]Mrabet R,Saber N,El-Brahli A,et al.Total,particulate organic matter and structural stability of a Calcixeroll soil under different wheat rotations and tillage systems in a semiarid area of Morocco[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2001,57:225-235.
[23]West T O,Post W M.Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation:a global data analysis[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66:1930-1946.
[24]魏燕华,赵鑫,翟云龙,等.耕作方式对华北农田土壤固碳效应的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(17):87-95.WeiI Yanhua,Zhao Xin,Zhai Yunlong,et al.Effects of tillages on soil organic carbon sequestration in North China Plain[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(17):87-95.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]王旭东,张霞,王彦丽,等.不同耕作方式对黄土高原黑垆土有机碳库组成的影响[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(11):229-237.Wang Xudong,Zhang Xia,Wang Yanli,et al.Effects of different tillage methods on soil organic carbon pool composition in dark loessial soil on Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(11):229-237.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]姬强,孙汉印,Taraqqi A K,等.不同耕作措施对冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作系统土壤有机碳和水分利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(4):1029-1035.Ji Qiang,Sun Hanyin,Taraqqi A K,et al.Impact of different tillage practices on soil organic carbon and water use efficiency under continuous wheat-maize binary cropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(4):1029-1035.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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