水葫芦育苗基质及其重金属含量分析
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摘要
【目的】将水葫芦发酵后制作成茄科蔬菜育苗基质,探索水葫芦资源化利用途径。【方法】水葫芦经分拣粉碎、晾晒、发酵等处理,分析其发酵物的养分及重金属含量。将其发酵物粉碎后与珍珠岩、蛭石按3∶1∶1制作育苗基质,采用番茄、辣椒和茄子3种茄科蔬菜种子研究该基质的育苗效果。【结果】水葫芦发酵物总氮、全磷(P2O5)和全钾(K2O)含量分别为1.75(±0.08)%、0.74(±0.09)%和7.87(±0.40)%,与发酵前相比流失15.85%～36.10%;与养分流失情况相反,汞、铅、砷、镉和铬等5种重金属元素含量上升了23.09%～38.52%,其含量仅为有机肥料行业标准限量的1.25%～13.33%。番茄、辣椒和茄子50 d育苗试验表明,3种茄科蔬菜在该基质上的出苗率、根系生长情况与其在优质泥炭土育苗基质上无显著差异,显著好于普通草炭土育苗基质;幼苗株高、鲜重和干重则极显著超过其在优质泥炭土或普通草炭土育苗基质上的情况。【结论】水葫芦经发酵等处理后可以生产出安全、优质的茄科蔬菜育苗基质。
【Objective】Water hyacinth was fermented to produce solanaceous vegetable seedling substrate in order to explore the ways of water hyacinth resource utilization. 【Method】Water hyacinth was treated by sorting, crushing,air drying and fermentation. The nutrient and heavy metal content of the fermentation were analyzed. The fermentation of water hyacinth was crushed and then mixed with perlite and vermiculite to prepare seedling substrate at a ratio of 3∶1∶.1.Tomato, pepper and eggplant seeds were used to study the seedling-raising effect of the substrate. 【Result】The contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus(P2 O5) and total potassium(K2 O) in the fermentation of water hyacinth were 1.75(±0.08)%,0.74(±0.09)% and 7.87(±0.40)%, respectively. Compared with the loss of nutrients before fermentation, the contents of five heavy metals, mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and chromium, increased by 23.09%-38.52%, nevertheless, their contents were only the standard of organic fertilizer industry ranging from 15.85% to 36.10%. Nevertheless, the content of heavy metals in fermentation was only 1.25%-13.33% of the maximum limit of organic fertilizer industry standard. The 50-day seedling-raising experiment of tomato, pepper and eggplant showed that the seedling emergence rate and root growth of three solanaceous vegetables on this substrate were not significantly different from those on high-quality peat soil, but significantly better than those on ordinary peat soil. The seedling height, fresh weight and dry weight were significantly higher than those on high-quality peat soil or ordinary peat soil. 【Conclusion】 After fermentation, water hyacinth can be used to produce safe and high quality seedling substrate for solanaceous vegetables.
【Objective】Water hyacinth was fermented to produce solanaceous vegetable seedling substrate in order to explore the ways of water hyacinth resource utilization. 【Method】Water hyacinth was treated by sorting, crushing,air drying and fermentation. The nutrient and heavy metal content of the fermentation were analyzed. The fermentation of water hyacinth was crushed and then mixed with perlite and vermiculite to prepare seedling substrate at a ratio of 3∶1∶.1.Tomato, pepper and eggplant seeds were used to study the seedling-raising effect of the substrate. 【Result】The contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus(P2 O5) and total potassium(K2 O) in the fermentation of water hyacinth were 1.75(±0.08)%,0.74(±0.09)% and 7.87(±0.40)%, respectively. Compared with the loss of nutrients before fermentation, the contents of five heavy metals, mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and chromium, increased by 23.09%-38.52%, nevertheless, their contents were only the standard of organic fertilizer industry ranging from 15.85% to 36.10%. Nevertheless, the content of heavy metals in fermentation was only 1.25%-13.33% of the maximum limit of organic fertilizer industry standard. The 50-day seedling-raising experiment of tomato, pepper and eggplant showed that the seedling emergence rate and root growth of three solanaceous vegetables on this substrate were not significantly different from those on high-quality peat soil, but significantly better than those on ordinary peat soil. The seedling height, fresh weight and dry weight were significantly higher than those on high-quality peat soil or ordinary peat soil. 【Conclusion】 After fermentation, water hyacinth can be used to produce safe and high quality seedling substrate for solanaceous vegetables.
引文
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[3]广州市城市管理和综合执法局.水上处关于开展水葫芦清理整治工作的报告[EB/OL].(2016-10-27)[2019-02-20].http://www.gzcgw.gov.cn/gzcgw/hjws_hwbj/201610/86180da56b5d400b8019c0852b76e476.shtml.Guangzhou Municipal Administration and Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau.Report of water municipal appearance and environmental sanitation administration on cleaning up and renovating water hyacith[EB/OL].(2016-10-27)[2019-02-20].http://www.gzcgw.gov.cn/gzcgw/hjws_hwbj/201610/86180da56b5d400b8019c0852b76e476.shtml.
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[7]ISMAIL Z,BEDDRI A M.Potential of water hyacinth as a removal agent for heavy metals from petroleum refinery effluents[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2008,199(1-4):57-65.
[8]SINGH J,KALAMDHAD A S.Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2014,10(1):93-102.doi:10.1007/s11783-014-0704-7.
[9]SINGH J,KALAMDHAD A S.Assessment of compost quality in agitated pile composting of water hyacinth collected from different sources[J].International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture,2015,4(3):175-183.doi:10.1007/s40093-015-0097-z.
[10]冯瑞兴，施洁君，何胥，金梅娟，沈明星，王海候.水葫芦有机肥对小白菜产量品质及土壤肥力的影响[J].浙江农业科学，2017,58(6):932-936.doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20170608.FENG R X,SHI J J,HE X,JIN M J,SHEN M X,WANG H H.Effects of water hyacinth organic fertilizer on yield,quality and Soil fertility of pakchoi[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2017,58(6):932-936.doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20170608.
[11]罗佳，刘丽珠，王同，刘海琴，高岩，张志勇，严少华，张振华.水葫芦和猪粪混合堆肥发酵条件的研究[J].江苏农业科学，2014,42(6):336-339.doi:10.15889/j.issn.1002-1302.2014.06.281.LUO J,LIU L Z,WANG T,LIU H Q,GAO Y,ZHANG Z Y,YAN S H,ZHANG Z.Study on fermentation conditions of hyacinth and pig manure composting[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(6):336-339.doi:10.15889/j.issn.1002-1302.2014.06.281.
[12]MANIVANNAN A,NARENDHIRAKANNAN R T.Bioethanol production from aquatic weed water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)by Yeast Fermentation[J].Waste and Biomass Valorization,2015,6(2):209-216.doi:10.1007/s12649-015-9347-6.
[13]DAS A,GHOSH P,PAUL T,GHOSH U,PATI B R,MONDAL K C.Production of bioethanol as useful biofuel through the bioconversion of water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)[J].3 Biotech,2016,6(1):1-9.doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0385-y.
[14]SANAA M M S,EMAN A H,EMAD A S.Water hyacinth as non-edible source for biofuel production[J].Waste and Biomass Valorization,2017,9(2):255-264.doi:10.1007/s12649-016-9816-6.
[15]MUNJERI K,ZIUKU S,MAGANGA H,SIACHINGOMA B,NDLOVU S.On the potential of water hyacinth as a biomass briquette for heating applications[J].International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering,2016,7(1):37-43.doi:10.1007/s40095-015-0195-8.
[16]BARUA V B,KALAMDHAD A S.Effect of various types of thermal pretreatment techniques on the hydrolysis,compositional analysis and characterization of water hyacinth[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,227(3):147-154.doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016,12.036.
[17]LIN R,CHENG J,SONG W,DING L,XIE B,ZHOU J,CEN K.Characterisation of water hyacinth with microwave-heated alkali pretreatment for enhanced enzymatic digestibility and hydrogen/methane fermentation[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,182(4):1-7.doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.105.
[18]高文，伍健东，周兴求，刘佳伟，钱旭.不同形态水葫芦和污泥联合厌氧消化产沼气性能[J].环境化学，2018,37(1):89-95.GAO W,WU J D,ZHOU X Q,LIU J W,QIAN X.Study on biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion of different forms of water hyacinth and sewage sludge[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(1):89-95.
[19]杨继锋，黄利权，费洪标，沈惠根.菊花秸秆与稻草、水葫芦混合青贮饲料饲喂湖羊的效果试验[J].浙江畜牧兽医，2015,40(4):7-8.YANG J F,HUANG L Q,FEI H B,SHEN H Y.Effect of mixed silage of chrysanthemum straw,rice straw and water hyacinth on Hu sheep[J].Zhejiang Xumu Shouyi,2015,40(4):7-8.
[20]白永莉，李军.水葫芦在海南食用菌生产上的应用[J].热带林业，2011,39(4):39-41.BAI Y L,LI J.Application of water hyacinth in the production of edible fungi in Hainan[J].Tropical Forestry,2011,39(4):39-41.
[21]邓丽娟，苏梦冰，陈晓珊，黄俊生.水葫芦纤维造纸的研究[J].韩山师范学院学报，2012,33(6):68-72.DENG L J,SU M B,CHEN X S,HUANG J S.Study on water hyacinth fiber papermaking[J].Journal of Hanshan Normal University,2012,33(6):68-72.
[22]TCHOBANOGLOUS G,MAITSKI F,THOMPSON K,CHADWIC T H.Evolution and performance of city of San Diego pilot-scale aquatic wastewater treatment system using water hyacinths[J].Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,1989,61(11/12):1625-1635.
[23]NEWETE S W,BYRNE M J.The capacity of aquatic macrophytes for phytoremediation and their disposal with specific reference to water hyacinth[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(11):10630-10643.doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6329-6.
[24]刘国锋，包先明，吴婷婷，韩士群，肖敏，严少华，周庆.水葫芦生态工程措施对太湖竺山湖水环境修复效果的研究[J].农业环境科学学报，2015,34(2):352-360.LIU G F,BAO X M,WU T T,HAN S Q,XIAO M,YAN S H,ZHOU Q.Purification of water in Zhushan bay of Taihu lake with water hyacinth ecological engineering[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,4(2):352-360.
[25]张振华，高岩，郭俊尧，严少华.富营养化水体治理的实践与思考——以滇池水生植物生态修复实践为例[J].生态与农村环境学报，2014,30(1):129-135.ZHANG Z H,GAO Y,GUO J Y,YAN S H.Practice and consideration of eutrophic water treatment:A case study of ecological restoration of aquatic plants in Dianchi Lake[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2014,30(1):129-135.
[26]唐薇，张传云，辛承松.秸秆腐熟前后氮磷钾养分状况变化的研究[J].河南农业科学，2000(9):24-25.doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2000.09.011.TANG W,ZHANG C Y,XIN C S.Study on the changes of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients before and after stalk decomposition[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2000(9):24-25.doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2000.09.011.
[27]黄东风，李清华，陈超.水葫芦有机肥料的研制与应用效果[J].中国土壤与肥料，2007(5):48-52.HUANG D F,LI Q H,CHEN C.Research and application of organic fertilizer from water hyacinth[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2007(5):48-52.
[2]吉红香，黄本胜，李东风.水葫芦过度繁殖造成的危害及治理对策[J].广东水利水电，2005(1):1-4.JI H X,HUANG B 5,LI D F.Harm caused by overbreeding of water hyacinth and its control measures[J].Guangdong Water Resources and Hydropower,2005(1):1-4.
[3]广州市城市管理和综合执法局.水上处关于开展水葫芦清理整治工作的报告[EB/OL].(2016-10-27)[2019-02-20].http://www.gzcgw.gov.cn/gzcgw/hjws_hwbj/201610/86180da56b5d400b8019c0852b76e476.shtml.Guangzhou Municipal Administration and Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau.Report of water municipal appearance and environmental sanitation administration on cleaning up and renovating water hyacith[EB/OL].(2016-10-27)[2019-02-20].http://www.gzcgw.gov.cn/gzcgw/hjws_hwbj/201610/86180da56b5d400b8019c0852b76e476.shtml.
[4]崔烨，田兴山，岳茂峰，冯莉，杨彩宏.水葫芦在广东省的发生危害及治理概况[C]//第12届全国杂草科学大会，太原，2015.CUI Y,TIAN X S,YUE M F,FENG L,YANG C H.Occurrence,harm and control of water hyacinth in Guangdong province of China[C]//The 12th National Weed Science Congress.Taiyuan,2015.
[5]杜静，常志州，叶小梅，黄红英.压榨脱水中水葫芦氮磷钾养分损失研究[J].福建农业学报，2010,25(1):104-107.doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2010.01.021.DU J,CHANG Z,YE X,,HUANG H同.Losses in nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of water hyacinth dehydrated by mechanical press[J].Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2010,25(1):104-107.doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2010.01.021.
[6]GEORGE T,FRANK M,THOMPSON K,THOMAS H C.Evolution and performance of city of San Diego pilot-scale aquatic wastewater treatment system using water hyacinth[J].Water Pollution Control Federation,1989,61(11/12):1625-1635.
[7]ISMAIL Z,BEDDRI A M.Potential of water hyacinth as a removal agent for heavy metals from petroleum refinery effluents[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2008,199(1-4):57-65.
[8]SINGH J,KALAMDHAD A S.Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2014,10(1):93-102.doi:10.1007/s11783-014-0704-7.
[9]SINGH J,KALAMDHAD A S.Assessment of compost quality in agitated pile composting of water hyacinth collected from different sources[J].International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture,2015,4(3):175-183.doi:10.1007/s40093-015-0097-z.
[10]冯瑞兴，施洁君，何胥，金梅娟，沈明星，王海候.水葫芦有机肥对小白菜产量品质及土壤肥力的影响[J].浙江农业科学，2017,58(6):932-936.doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20170608.FENG R X,SHI J J,HE X,JIN M J,SHEN M X,WANG H H.Effects of water hyacinth organic fertilizer on yield,quality and Soil fertility of pakchoi[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2017,58(6):932-936.doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20170608.
[11]罗佳，刘丽珠，王同，刘海琴，高岩，张志勇，严少华，张振华.水葫芦和猪粪混合堆肥发酵条件的研究[J].江苏农业科学，2014,42(6):336-339.doi:10.15889/j.issn.1002-1302.2014.06.281.LUO J,LIU L Z,WANG T,LIU H Q,GAO Y,ZHANG Z Y,YAN S H,ZHANG Z.Study on fermentation conditions of hyacinth and pig manure composting[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(6):336-339.doi:10.15889/j.issn.1002-1302.2014.06.281.
[12]MANIVANNAN A,NARENDHIRAKANNAN R T.Bioethanol production from aquatic weed water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)by Yeast Fermentation[J].Waste and Biomass Valorization,2015,6(2):209-216.doi:10.1007/s12649-015-9347-6.
[13]DAS A,GHOSH P,PAUL T,GHOSH U,PATI B R,MONDAL K C.Production of bioethanol as useful biofuel through the bioconversion of water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)[J].3 Biotech,2016,6(1):1-9.doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0385-y.
[14]SANAA M M S,EMAN A H,EMAD A S.Water hyacinth as non-edible source for biofuel production[J].Waste and Biomass Valorization,2017,9(2):255-264.doi:10.1007/s12649-016-9816-6.
[15]MUNJERI K,ZIUKU S,MAGANGA H,SIACHINGOMA B,NDLOVU S.On the potential of water hyacinth as a biomass briquette for heating applications[J].International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering,2016,7(1):37-43.doi:10.1007/s40095-015-0195-8.
[16]BARUA V B,KALAMDHAD A S.Effect of various types of thermal pretreatment techniques on the hydrolysis,compositional analysis and characterization of water hyacinth[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,227(3):147-154.doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016,12.036.
[17]LIN R,CHENG J,SONG W,DING L,XIE B,ZHOU J,CEN K.Characterisation of water hyacinth with microwave-heated alkali pretreatment for enhanced enzymatic digestibility and hydrogen/methane fermentation[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,182(4):1-7.doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.105.
[18]高文，伍健东，周兴求，刘佳伟，钱旭.不同形态水葫芦和污泥联合厌氧消化产沼气性能[J].环境化学，2018,37(1):89-95.GAO W,WU J D,ZHOU X Q,LIU J W,QIAN X.Study on biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion of different forms of water hyacinth and sewage sludge[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(1):89-95.
[19]杨继锋，黄利权，费洪标，沈惠根.菊花秸秆与稻草、水葫芦混合青贮饲料饲喂湖羊的效果试验[J].浙江畜牧兽医，2015,40(4):7-8.YANG J F,HUANG L Q,FEI H B,SHEN H Y.Effect of mixed silage of chrysanthemum straw,rice straw and water hyacinth on Hu sheep[J].Zhejiang Xumu Shouyi,2015,40(4):7-8.
[20]白永莉，李军.水葫芦在海南食用菌生产上的应用[J].热带林业，2011,39(4):39-41.BAI Y L,LI J.Application of water hyacinth in the production of edible fungi in Hainan[J].Tropical Forestry,2011,39(4):39-41.
[21]邓丽娟，苏梦冰，陈晓珊，黄俊生.水葫芦纤维造纸的研究[J].韩山师范学院学报，2012,33(6):68-72.DENG L J,SU M B,CHEN X S,HUANG J S.Study on water hyacinth fiber papermaking[J].Journal of Hanshan Normal University,2012,33(6):68-72.
[22]TCHOBANOGLOUS G,MAITSKI F,THOMPSON K,CHADWIC T H.Evolution and performance of city of San Diego pilot-scale aquatic wastewater treatment system using water hyacinths[J].Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,1989,61(11/12):1625-1635.
[23]NEWETE S W,BYRNE M J.The capacity of aquatic macrophytes for phytoremediation and their disposal with specific reference to water hyacinth[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(11):10630-10643.doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6329-6.
[24]刘国锋，包先明，吴婷婷，韩士群，肖敏，严少华，周庆.水葫芦生态工程措施对太湖竺山湖水环境修复效果的研究[J].农业环境科学学报，2015,34(2):352-360.LIU G F,BAO X M,WU T T,HAN S Q,XIAO M,YAN S H,ZHOU Q.Purification of water in Zhushan bay of Taihu lake with water hyacinth ecological engineering[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,4(2):352-360.
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