自由主义自我观念的虚无主义悖论——以桑德尔对罗尔斯的批评为例
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摘要
自我优先性及其所引发的价值虚无主义问题,一直是社群主义的自由主义批判的重点。针对这样一种批评,罗尔斯发展了另一种较为温和版本的政治自由主义。但是,无论是罗尔斯的原初版本还是金里卡等人对此问题的扩展性解释,均未能避免政治自由主义持有自我优先于目的这一本体论预设。甚至可以说,自我优先于目的是任何一种形式的自由主义所退无可退的底线。而桑德尔对自由主义自我观念的批判,绝不只是一个"语义学"问题,其关涉到主体对于"追寻美德"是否具有某种先天的义务。然而,自由主义用以对抗价值虚无主义的种种论证,要么是导向了更深的价值虚无主义,要么是其自我先于目的的本体论结构所不能容纳的。因此,自由主义在对抗价值虚无主义的问题上,陷入了一种本体论层面的悖论。
Self-priority,along with its resultant value nihilism,has always been the focus in communitarian criticism of liberalism.In response,Rawls develops a more moderate version of political liberalism.However,neither Rawls' original version nor Kymlicka and others' expansive interpretations of this issue can avoid the ontological presupposition that political liberalism holds,namely self is prior to end.It can even be stated that self is prior to end is the irretrievable bottom line for any form of liberalism.Sandel's criticism of libertarian self-concept is not only a "semantics",issue,but involves whether the subject has some innate obligation to "pursue virtue".However,the arguments that liberalism uses to resist value nihilism either lead to deeper value nihilism or are incompatible with its ontological structure that self is prior to end.Therefore,liberalism falls into an ontological paradox when confronting value nihilism
Self-priority,along with its resultant value nihilism,has always been the focus in communitarian criticism of liberalism.In response,Rawls develops a more moderate version of political liberalism.However,neither Rawls' original version nor Kymlicka and others' expansive interpretations of this issue can avoid the ontological presupposition that political liberalism holds,namely self is prior to end.It can even be stated that self is prior to end is the irretrievable bottom line for any form of liberalism.Sandel's criticism of libertarian self-concept is not only a "semantics",issue,but involves whether the subject has some innate obligation to "pursue virtue".However,the arguments that liberalism uses to resist value nihilism either lead to deeper value nihilism or are incompatible with its ontological structure that self is prior to end.Therefore,liberalism falls into an ontological paradox when confronting value nihilism
引文
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(2)Saffon M P,Urbinati N,"Procedural Democracy,the Bulwark of Equal Liberty",Political Theory,Vol.41,No.3,2013,pp.441-481.
(3)Ferracioli L,Terlazzo R,"Educating for Autonomy:Liberalism and Autonomy in the Capabilities Approach",Ethical Theory and Moral Practice,Vol.17,No.3,2014,pp.443-455.
(4)Thomas A,"Cohen'a Critique of Rawls:A Double Counting Objection",Mind,Vol.120,No.480,2011,pp.1099-1141.
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(6)Smith S B,"Leo Strauss's Platonic Liberalism",Political Theory,Vol.28,No.6,2000,pp.787-809.
(7)张文喜:《列奥·施特劳斯:哲学与政治哲学》,《哲学研究》2005年第05期,第58-63页。
(8)赵敦华:《黑格尔哲学体系的理论意义和现实性》,《武汉大学学报(人文科学版)》2016年第02期,第38-47页。
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(2)Salem-Wiseman J,“Heidegger's Dasein and the Liberal Conception of the Self”,Political Theory,Vol.31,No.4,2003,pp.533-557.
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(3)Guyer P,"Kantian Foundations for Liberalism",Annual Review of Law and Ethics,Vol.5,1997,pp.121-140.
(4)Wesley D,"Pragmatism,Democracy,and the Plural Self",Transactions of the Charles S.Peirce Society,Vol.52,No.4,2016,pp.633-651.
(5)Rorty R,"Contingency,Irony,and Solidarity",Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989,p.20.
(1)Gunnell J G,"Relativism:The Return of the Repressed",Political Theory,Vol.21,No.4,1993,pp.563-584.
(2)Bell D,"What Is Liberalism?",Political Theory,Vol.42,No.6,2014,pp.682-715.
(3)Taylor R S,"Rawls's Defense of the Priority of Liberty:A Kantian Reconstruction",Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.31,No.3,2003,pp.246-271.
(4)Rostb X,Li C F,"Kantian Autonomy and Political Liberalism",Social Theory and Practice,Vol.37,No.3,2011,pp.341-364.
(5)Kymlicka W,"Multicultural Citizenship:A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights(Oxford Political Theory)",USA:Oxford University Press,1995,p.66.
(1)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,万俊人等译,南京:译林出版社2011年版,第188页。
(2)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第189页。
(3)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第79页。
(4)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第202页。
(5)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第200页。
(6)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第79页。
(7)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第202页。
(8)查尔斯·泰勒:《自我的根源:现代认同的形成》,韩展等译,南京:译林出版社2012年版,第182页。
(1)查尔斯·泰勒.:《自我的根源:现代认同的形成》,第49页。
(2)Kymlicka W,"Contemporary Political Philosophy An Introduction Second Edition",London:Oxford University Press,2002, p.281-288
(3)徐戬:《高贵的竞赛——施特劳斯与“主义”的彼岸》,《开放时代》2009年第09期,第63-78页。
(4)田光远:《论列奥·施特劳斯对现代性的批判》,《求索》2007年第07期,第135-137页。
(5)张以明:《现代性的运作机制:反思性唯我主义》,《现代哲学》2006年第03期,第7-13页。
(1)Dworkin R,"Sovereign Virtue:The Theory and Practice of Equality",USA:Harvard University Press,2000,pp.144-145.
(2)Shusterman R,"Pragmatism and Cultural Politics:From Rortian Textualism to Somaesthetics",New Literary History,Vol.41,No.1,2010,pp:69-94.
(3)Larmore C,"Political Liberalism",Political Theory,Vol.18,No.3,1990,pp.339-360.
(4)Peonidis F,"Liberalism as Personal Morality""Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy,Vol.81,No.1,1995,pp.41-46.
(5)Allen J,"The Place of Negative Morality in Political Theory",Political Theory,Vol.29,No.3,2001,pp.337-363.
(6)Creppell I,"Toleration,Politics,and the Role Of Mutuality",Nomos,Vol.48,2008,pp.315-359.
(7)Berlin I,Hardy E B H,"The crooked timber of humanity:chapters in the history of ideas",New York:Knopf,1991,p.79.
(1)Gavison.E B R,"Issues in contemporary legal philosophy",Oxford:Clarendon Press,1987,p.88.
(2)Smith S B,"Leo Strauss's Platonic Liberalism",Political Theory,Vol.28,No.6,2000,pp.787-809.
(3)Raz J,"The Morality of Freedom",USA:Oxford University Press,1986,p.370.
(4)Nussbaum M C,"Perfectionist Liberalism and Political Liberalism",Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.39,No.1,2011,pp.3-45
(2)Saffon M P,Urbinati N,"Procedural Democracy,the Bulwark of Equal Liberty",Political Theory,Vol.41,No.3,2013,pp.441-481.
(3)Ferracioli L,Terlazzo R,"Educating for Autonomy:Liberalism and Autonomy in the Capabilities Approach",Ethical Theory and Moral Practice,Vol.17,No.3,2014,pp.443-455.
(4)Thomas A,"Cohen'a Critique of Rawls:A Double Counting Objection",Mind,Vol.120,No.480,2011,pp.1099-1141.
(5)Fain L,"Heidegger's Cartesian Nihilism",The Review of Metaphysics,Vol.64,No.3,2011,pp.555-579.
(6)Smith S B,"Leo Strauss's Platonic Liberalism",Political Theory,Vol.28,No.6,2000,pp.787-809.
(7)张文喜:《列奥·施特劳斯:哲学与政治哲学》,《哲学研究》2005年第05期,第58-63页。
(8)赵敦华:《黑格尔哲学体系的理论意义和现实性》,《武汉大学学报(人文科学版)》2016年第02期,第38-47页。
(1)Loobuyck P,"Wittgenstein and the Shift From Noncognitivism to Cognitivism in Ethics”,Metaphilosophy,Vol.36,No.3,2005,pp.381-399.
(2)Salem-Wiseman J,“Heidegger's Dasein and the Liberal Conception of the Self”,Political Theory,Vol.31,No.4,2003,pp.533-557.
(3)徐长福:《实践主词、实践主体和自由本体——从“我”说起》,《现代哲学》2010年第04期,第24-32页。
(4)Rawls J,"Justice as Fairness:Political not Metaphysical",Philosophy and Public Affairs,Vol.13,No.3,1985,pp.223-251.
(5)约翰·罗尔斯:《政治自由主义》,万俊人译,南京:译林出版社2011年版,第9页。
(6)约翰·罗尔斯:《政治自由主义》,第8页。
(7)Hittinger R,"John Rawls,'Political Liberalism'",The Review of Metaphysics,Vol.47,No.3,1994,pp.585-602.
(8)约翰·罗尔斯:《政治自由主义》,第12页。
(1)Larmore C,"Political Liberalism",Political Theory,Vol.18,No.3,1990,pp.339-360.
(2)Kymlicka W,"Liberalism,Community,and Culture",USA:Oxford University Press,1989,p.50.
(3)Guyer P,"Kantian Foundations for Liberalism",Annual Review of Law and Ethics,Vol.5,1997,pp.121-140.
(4)Wesley D,"Pragmatism,Democracy,and the Plural Self",Transactions of the Charles S.Peirce Society,Vol.52,No.4,2016,pp.633-651.
(5)Rorty R,"Contingency,Irony,and Solidarity",Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989,p.20.
(1)Gunnell J G,"Relativism:The Return of the Repressed",Political Theory,Vol.21,No.4,1993,pp.563-584.
(2)Bell D,"What Is Liberalism?",Political Theory,Vol.42,No.6,2014,pp.682-715.
(3)Taylor R S,"Rawls's Defense of the Priority of Liberty:A Kantian Reconstruction",Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.31,No.3,2003,pp.246-271.
(4)Rostb X,Li C F,"Kantian Autonomy and Political Liberalism",Social Theory and Practice,Vol.37,No.3,2011,pp.341-364.
(5)Kymlicka W,"Multicultural Citizenship:A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights(Oxford Political Theory)",USA:Oxford University Press,1995,p.66.
(1)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,万俊人等译,南京:译林出版社2011年版,第188页。
(2)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第189页。
(3)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第79页。
(4)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第202页。
(5)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第200页。
(6)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第79页。
(7)迈克尔·桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,第202页。
(8)查尔斯·泰勒:《自我的根源:现代认同的形成》,韩展等译,南京:译林出版社2012年版,第182页。
(1)查尔斯·泰勒.:《自我的根源:现代认同的形成》,第49页。
(2)Kymlicka W,"Contemporary Political Philosophy An Introduction Second Edition",London:Oxford University Press,2002, p.281-288
(3)徐戬:《高贵的竞赛——施特劳斯与“主义”的彼岸》,《开放时代》2009年第09期,第63-78页。
(4)田光远:《论列奥·施特劳斯对现代性的批判》,《求索》2007年第07期,第135-137页。
(5)张以明:《现代性的运作机制:反思性唯我主义》,《现代哲学》2006年第03期,第7-13页。
(1)Dworkin R,"Sovereign Virtue:The Theory and Practice of Equality",USA:Harvard University Press,2000,pp.144-145.
(2)Shusterman R,"Pragmatism and Cultural Politics:From Rortian Textualism to Somaesthetics",New Literary History,Vol.41,No.1,2010,pp:69-94.
(3)Larmore C,"Political Liberalism",Political Theory,Vol.18,No.3,1990,pp.339-360.
(4)Peonidis F,"Liberalism as Personal Morality""Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy,Vol.81,No.1,1995,pp.41-46.
(5)Allen J,"The Place of Negative Morality in Political Theory",Political Theory,Vol.29,No.3,2001,pp.337-363.
(6)Creppell I,"Toleration,Politics,and the Role Of Mutuality",Nomos,Vol.48,2008,pp.315-359.
(7)Berlin I,Hardy E B H,"The crooked timber of humanity:chapters in the history of ideas",New York:Knopf,1991,p.79.
(1)Gavison.E B R,"Issues in contemporary legal philosophy",Oxford:Clarendon Press,1987,p.88.
(2)Smith S B,"Leo Strauss's Platonic Liberalism",Political Theory,Vol.28,No.6,2000,pp.787-809.
(3)Raz J,"The Morality of Freedom",USA:Oxford University Press,1986,p.370.
(4)Nussbaum M C,"Perfectionist Liberalism and Political Liberalism",Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.39,No.1,2011,pp.3-45