黑土钾素形态对长期定位施肥的响应
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摘要
为了更清楚的了解长期定位施肥对黑土钾素形态的影响。通过长期定位试验对不同田间试验小区进行了不同施肥处理,试验处理分为3类:单施化肥、低量玉米秸秆配施化肥、高量玉米秸秆配施化肥。结果表明,在长期施肥条件下,低量玉米秸秆配施化肥处理(除NP+S2.5)和高量玉米秸秆配施化肥处理相比不施肥(CK)处理全钾含量都有所增加,其中S5.0、N+S5.0、NPK+S5.0处理增加效果显著,单施化肥处理相比CK处理全钾含量变化不一致,其中N、NP处理较CK处理全钾含量有所降低,K和NPK处理较CK处理显著增加。缓效钾含量在高量玉米秸秆配施化肥的影响下其含量增加效果显著,其中K+S5.0处理缓效钾含量增加最多。矿物钾是土壤中相对稳定的钾素,长期施肥对黑土中矿物钾含量的变化影响并不大。在长期施肥条件下,低量玉米秸秆配施化肥处理和高量玉米秸秆配施化肥处理相比CK处理速效钾含量都显著增加,其中以NPK+S2.5、K+S5.0、NPK+S5.0处理速效钾含量增加最多。长期施肥对水溶性钾和交换性钾含量的影响都以K+S5.0处理增加最多。黑土中的矿物钾约占全钾的90%～98%,矿物钾占全钾的比例最高,水溶性钾占全钾的比例最小。因此,不同施肥处理中以化肥配施玉米秸秆对土壤中各种形态的钾素含量影响最大,其次为NPK肥配施,黑土中的钾素形态因不同的施肥处理其含量不同。
In order to understand clearly the effect of long-term fertilization on the potassium forms in black soil,the field trials were carried out through different long-term positioning experiments. The trial treatments included three categories:single application of chemical fertilizer,low-volume corn stalk with chemical fertilizer,and high-volume corn stalk with chemical fertilizer. The results showed that under long-term fertilization conditions, the treatments of low-volume corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizer(except NP+S2.5) and high-volume corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizer increased the total potassium content compared to CK(without fertilization),among which the effects of S5.0,N+S5.0 and NPK+S5.0 treatments were significant. The treatment of single fertilizer was inconsistent to CK treatment in the change of total potassium content.The total potassium content in N and NP treatments was lower than that of CK,but it increased significantly in K and NPK treatments. The content of slow-acting potassium increased significantly under the influence of high-content corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizers,and the highest came from the K+S5.0 treatment.The mineral potassium was relatively stable in soil,so it was less influenced by long-term fertilization in black soil. Under long-term fertilization conditions,the treatments of low-volume corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizer and high-volume corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the content of available potassium compared to CK,and NPK+S2.5,K+S5.0 and NPK+S5.0 treatments had the highest content of available potassium. K+S5.0 treatment had the most effect on the contents of water-soluble potassium and exchangeable potassium for long-term fertilization. The mineral potassium in black soil accounted for 90%-98% of total potassium(the highest),and the water-soluble potassium was the lowest. It was concluded that the application of chemical fertilizers with corn stalks in different fertilization treatments had the greatest influence on various forms of potassium in soil,followed by NPK fertilizer application,and the potassium forms in black soil were different due to different fertilization treatments.
In order to understand clearly the effect of long-term fertilization on the potassium forms in black soil,the field trials were carried out through different long-term positioning experiments. The trial treatments included three categories:single application of chemical fertilizer,low-volume corn stalk with chemical fertilizer,and high-volume corn stalk with chemical fertilizer. The results showed that under long-term fertilization conditions, the treatments of low-volume corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizer(except NP+S2.5) and high-volume corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizer increased the total potassium content compared to CK(without fertilization),among which the effects of S5.0,N+S5.0 and NPK+S5.0 treatments were significant. The treatment of single fertilizer was inconsistent to CK treatment in the change of total potassium content.The total potassium content in N and NP treatments was lower than that of CK,but it increased significantly in K and NPK treatments. The content of slow-acting potassium increased significantly under the influence of high-content corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizers,and the highest came from the K+S5.0 treatment.The mineral potassium was relatively stable in soil,so it was less influenced by long-term fertilization in black soil. Under long-term fertilization conditions,the treatments of low-volume corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizer and high-volume corn stalks combined with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the content of available potassium compared to CK,and NPK+S2.5,K+S5.0 and NPK+S5.0 treatments had the highest content of available potassium. K+S5.0 treatment had the most effect on the contents of water-soluble potassium and exchangeable potassium for long-term fertilization. The mineral potassium in black soil accounted for 90%-98% of total potassium(the highest),and the water-soluble potassium was the lowest. It was concluded that the application of chemical fertilizers with corn stalks in different fertilization treatments had the greatest influence on various forms of potassium in soil,followed by NPK fertilizer application,and the potassium forms in black soil were different due to different fertilization treatments.
引文
[1] 崔德杰,刘永辉,隋方功,张玉龙.长期定位施肥对土壤钾素形态的影响[J].莱阳农学院学报,2005,22(3):165-167,174.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-148X.2005.03.002.Cui D J,Liu Y H,Sui F G,Zhang Y L.Effects of long-term located fertilization on soil potassium forms[J].Journal of Laiyang Agricultural College,2005,22(3):165-167,174.
[2] 张水清,黄绍敏,聂胜委,郭斗斗,林杉.长期定位施肥对夏玉米钾素吸收及土壤钾素动态变化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(1):56-63.doi:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0107.Zhang S Q,Huang S M,Nie S W,Guo D D,Lin S.Effects of long-term fertilization on potassium uptake of summer maize and potassium dynamics of fluvo-aquic soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2014,20(1):56-63.
[3] 陆景陵.植物营养学(上册)[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1994:36-44.Lu J L.Plant nutrition the first(volume)[M].Beijing:Beijing Agricultural University Press,1994:36-44.
[4] 张会民,吕家珑,李菊梅,徐明岗,刘红霞.长期定位施肥条件下土壤钾素化学研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):155-160.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1671-9387.2007.01.032.Zhang H M,Lü J L,Li J M,Xu M G,Liu H X.Research progress in soil potassium chemistry under long-term fertilization condition[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2007,35(1):155-160.
[5] 姜超强,郑青松,祖朝龙.秸秆还田对土壤钾素的影响及其替代钾肥效应研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(4):1158-1165.doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.20150311.032.Jiang C Q,Zheng Q S,Zu C L.Research progress on effects of straw returning on soil potassium and its substitute for potassium fertilizer[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(4):1158-1165.
[6] 范闻捷,介晓磊,李有田,白由路,季保平.潮土区小麦-玉米轮作周期内土壤钾素的动态研究Ⅱ.施钾对作物产量及土壤钾素动态的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,1999,18(5):427-430.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-2421.1999.05.007.Fan W J,Jie X L,Li Y T,Bai Y L,Ji B P.Studies on dynamics of potassium in soil in wheat-maize rotated Chao soil region[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,1999,18(5):427-430.
[7] 张爱君,马飞,张明普.黄潮土的钾素状况与钾肥效应的长期定位试验[J].江苏农业学报,2000,16(4):237-241.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4440.2000.04.011.Zhang A J,Ma F,Zhang M P.Long-term stationary experiments on the status of soil K and the effect of K fertilizer on yellow fluvo-aquic soil[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2000,16(4):237-241.
[8] 熊明彪,舒芬,宋光煜,石孝均,毛知耘.施钾对紫色土稻麦产量及土壤钾素状况的影响[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):274-279.doi:10.11766/trxb200103270217.Xiong M B,Shu F,Song G Y,Shi X J,Mao Z Y.Effects of long-term potassium application on yield and soil potassium in rice-wheat cropping system in purple soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(2):274-279.
[9] 南镇武,梁斌,刘树堂.长期定位施肥对潮土氮素矿化特性及作物产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):107-112.doi:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2015.06.020.Nan Z W,Liang B,Liu S T.Effect of long-term located fertilization on nitrogen mineralization characteristics and crop yields in the fluvo-aquic soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(6):107-112.
[10] 谢建昌.钾与中国农业[M].南京:河海大学出版社,2000.Xie J C.Potassium and Chinese agriculture[M].Nanjing:Hehai University Press,2000.
[11] 刘红霞,韩晓日,付时丰,战秀梅,金柏年,宗昊.长期定位施肥对棕壤钾素垂直分布状况的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(5):950-953.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0564-3945.2006.05.027.Liu H X,Han X R,Fu S F,Zhan X M,Jin B N,Zong H.Effect of long-term located fertilization on potassium vertical distribution in a brown soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(5):950-953.
[12] 温立玉,宋祥云,刘树堂,王飞,宋增强.长期定位施肥对无石灰性潮土钾素演变的影响[J].华北农学报,2014,29(2):199-203.doi:10.7668/hbnxb.2014.02.037.Wen L Y,Song X Y,Liu S T,Wang F,Song Z Q.Effect of long-term fertilization on dynamics of potassium in non-calcareous fluro-aquic soil[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2014,29(2):199-203.
[13] 岳龙凯.长期施肥及不同pH下红壤钾素有效性研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2014.Yue L K.Potassium availability of red soil with different pH under long-term fertilization[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2014.
[14] 吕海艳,李楠.长期定位施肥对黑土耕层土壤养分状况的影响[J].吉林农业科学,2006,31(5):33-36.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-8701.2006.05.011.Lü H Y,Li N.Effect of long-term fixed position fertilization on nutrition in topsoil of black earth[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences,2006,31(5):33-36.
[15] 张会民,徐明岗,吕家珑,石孝均,陈义.长期施肥对水稻土和紫色土钾素容量和强度关系的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(4):640-645.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2009.04.011.Zhang H M,Xu M G,Lü J L,Shi X J,Chen Y.Effect of long-term fertilization on potassium quantity-intensity relationship in paddy and purple soils[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(4):640-645.
[16] 樊耀.长期轮作施肥对棕壤氨氧化微生物丰度的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.Fan Y.Effect of long-term rotation fertilization on ammonia oxidation abundance in brown soil[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2016.
[17] 谭福雷.长期定位施肥对设施番茄土壤理化性质,微生物,产量及品质的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.Tan F L.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil physical and chemical properties,microorganisms,yield and quality of tomato plants[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2016
[18] 花可可,王道中,郭志彬,李丛丛.施肥方式对砂姜黑土钾素利用及盈亏的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(4):978-988.doi:10.11766/trxb201610240426.Hua K K,Wang D Z,Guo Z B,Li C C.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil potassium utilization and budgeting in vertisol relative to application method[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(4):978-988.
[19] 高洪军,彭畅,张秀芝,李强,朱平.长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(23):4790-4799.doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.23.020.Gao H J,Peng C,Zhang X Z,Li Q,Zhu P.Effect of long-term different fertilization on maize yield stability in the northeast black soil region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(23):4790-4799.
[20] 朱向东.长期施钾与秸秆还田对褐土上冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量及钾素平衡的影响[D].太原:山西大学,2014.Zhu X D.Effects of long-term potassium application and straw returning on crop yield and potassium balance of winter wheat/summer maize rotation system on cinnamon soil[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University,2014.
[2] 张水清,黄绍敏,聂胜委,郭斗斗,林杉.长期定位施肥对夏玉米钾素吸收及土壤钾素动态变化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(1):56-63.doi:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0107.Zhang S Q,Huang S M,Nie S W,Guo D D,Lin S.Effects of long-term fertilization on potassium uptake of summer maize and potassium dynamics of fluvo-aquic soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2014,20(1):56-63.
[3] 陆景陵.植物营养学(上册)[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1994:36-44.Lu J L.Plant nutrition the first(volume)[M].Beijing:Beijing Agricultural University Press,1994:36-44.
[4] 张会民,吕家珑,李菊梅,徐明岗,刘红霞.长期定位施肥条件下土壤钾素化学研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):155-160.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1671-9387.2007.01.032.Zhang H M,Lü J L,Li J M,Xu M G,Liu H X.Research progress in soil potassium chemistry under long-term fertilization condition[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2007,35(1):155-160.
[5] 姜超强,郑青松,祖朝龙.秸秆还田对土壤钾素的影响及其替代钾肥效应研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(4):1158-1165.doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.20150311.032.Jiang C Q,Zheng Q S,Zu C L.Research progress on effects of straw returning on soil potassium and its substitute for potassium fertilizer[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(4):1158-1165.
[6] 范闻捷,介晓磊,李有田,白由路,季保平.潮土区小麦-玉米轮作周期内土壤钾素的动态研究Ⅱ.施钾对作物产量及土壤钾素动态的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,1999,18(5):427-430.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-2421.1999.05.007.Fan W J,Jie X L,Li Y T,Bai Y L,Ji B P.Studies on dynamics of potassium in soil in wheat-maize rotated Chao soil region[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,1999,18(5):427-430.
[7] 张爱君,马飞,张明普.黄潮土的钾素状况与钾肥效应的长期定位试验[J].江苏农业学报,2000,16(4):237-241.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4440.2000.04.011.Zhang A J,Ma F,Zhang M P.Long-term stationary experiments on the status of soil K and the effect of K fertilizer on yellow fluvo-aquic soil[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2000,16(4):237-241.
[8] 熊明彪,舒芬,宋光煜,石孝均,毛知耘.施钾对紫色土稻麦产量及土壤钾素状况的影响[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):274-279.doi:10.11766/trxb200103270217.Xiong M B,Shu F,Song G Y,Shi X J,Mao Z Y.Effects of long-term potassium application on yield and soil potassium in rice-wheat cropping system in purple soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(2):274-279.
[9] 南镇武,梁斌,刘树堂.长期定位施肥对潮土氮素矿化特性及作物产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):107-112.doi:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2015.06.020.Nan Z W,Liang B,Liu S T.Effect of long-term located fertilization on nitrogen mineralization characteristics and crop yields in the fluvo-aquic soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(6):107-112.
[10] 谢建昌.钾与中国农业[M].南京:河海大学出版社,2000.Xie J C.Potassium and Chinese agriculture[M].Nanjing:Hehai University Press,2000.
[11] 刘红霞,韩晓日,付时丰,战秀梅,金柏年,宗昊.长期定位施肥对棕壤钾素垂直分布状况的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(5):950-953.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0564-3945.2006.05.027.Liu H X,Han X R,Fu S F,Zhan X M,Jin B N,Zong H.Effect of long-term located fertilization on potassium vertical distribution in a brown soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(5):950-953.
[12] 温立玉,宋祥云,刘树堂,王飞,宋增强.长期定位施肥对无石灰性潮土钾素演变的影响[J].华北农学报,2014,29(2):199-203.doi:10.7668/hbnxb.2014.02.037.Wen L Y,Song X Y,Liu S T,Wang F,Song Z Q.Effect of long-term fertilization on dynamics of potassium in non-calcareous fluro-aquic soil[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2014,29(2):199-203.
[13] 岳龙凯.长期施肥及不同pH下红壤钾素有效性研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2014.Yue L K.Potassium availability of red soil with different pH under long-term fertilization[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2014.
[14] 吕海艳,李楠.长期定位施肥对黑土耕层土壤养分状况的影响[J].吉林农业科学,2006,31(5):33-36.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-8701.2006.05.011.Lü H Y,Li N.Effect of long-term fixed position fertilization on nutrition in topsoil of black earth[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences,2006,31(5):33-36.
[15] 张会民,徐明岗,吕家珑,石孝均,陈义.长期施肥对水稻土和紫色土钾素容量和强度关系的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(4):640-645.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2009.04.011.Zhang H M,Xu M G,Lü J L,Shi X J,Chen Y.Effect of long-term fertilization on potassium quantity-intensity relationship in paddy and purple soils[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(4):640-645.
[16] 樊耀.长期轮作施肥对棕壤氨氧化微生物丰度的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.Fan Y.Effect of long-term rotation fertilization on ammonia oxidation abundance in brown soil[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2016.
[17] 谭福雷.长期定位施肥对设施番茄土壤理化性质,微生物,产量及品质的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.Tan F L.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil physical and chemical properties,microorganisms,yield and quality of tomato plants[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2016
[18] 花可可,王道中,郭志彬,李丛丛.施肥方式对砂姜黑土钾素利用及盈亏的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(4):978-988.doi:10.11766/trxb201610240426.Hua K K,Wang D Z,Guo Z B,Li C C.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil potassium utilization and budgeting in vertisol relative to application method[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(4):978-988.
[19] 高洪军,彭畅,张秀芝,李强,朱平.长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(23):4790-4799.doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.23.020.Gao H J,Peng C,Zhang X Z,Li Q,Zhu P.Effect of long-term different fertilization on maize yield stability in the northeast black soil region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(23):4790-4799.
[20] 朱向东.长期施钾与秸秆还田对褐土上冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量及钾素平衡的影响[D].太原:山西大学,2014.Zhu X D.Effects of long-term potassium application and straw returning on crop yield and potassium balance of winter wheat/summer maize rotation system on cinnamon soil[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University,2014.