产业融合视角下中国马铃薯加工业发展问题研究
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摘要
马铃薯加工业是马铃薯主粮化战略落实的重要载体。在对乌兰察布地区马铃薯加工企业考察的基础上,该文从产业融合角度分析了影响马铃薯加工业发展的因素。第一产业中,基于订单农业的纵向合作模式发展不足,高效、专用、集约、规模的马铃薯种植体系尚未形成。第二产业中,马铃薯加工企业普遍存在加工层次低、废弃物利用不足、产能季节性过剩、加工设备周期性闲置等问题,技术装备、生产工艺、管理理念与国际先进水平存在一定差距。第三产业中,物流成本、冷链物流发展状况、金融支持力度、汇率变动和贸易控制措施对马铃薯加工业的发展具有重要影响。此外,主粮化战略的提出为马铃薯加工业的发展带来了新的契机,为马铃薯加工产业的发展指明了方向。马铃薯主粮化战略涉及马铃薯加工业及其上下游产业。种植者对政策的响应会促进马铃薯生产技术的发展,为加工业提供优质的原料。科研院所在政策的指引下会投入更多力量研究主粮化相关的技术和政策,从而为马铃薯加工业带来改变。消费者对马铃薯主食产品的接受程度会随着主粮化战略的实施而增强,是马铃薯加工业发展的动力。政策方面,现在发展的关键是将马铃薯主粮化战略落到实处,给予马铃薯主粮的待遇并进行相关农业生产补贴。给予马铃薯加工企业必要的扶持,同时增加马铃薯主粮化相关领域的研发投入,为马铃薯主粮化提供技术保障。使政府在制定政策时需要做好顶层设计,注重一二三产业的协同发展,促进中国马铃薯产业的健康、可持续发展。
Potato processing industry is an important carrier for implementing potato staple food strategy, which was launched in 2015 in mainland China. Ulanqab City located in Inner Mongolia, which is one of the main producing areas of potato and located in the North of China. Ulanqab City is a prominent leader of China's potato production and is often referred to as "China's Potato Capital". Based on a survey among potato processing companies and factories in Ulanqab City, the current study analyzed the factors that influenced the development of Chinese potato processing industry from a perspective of industrial integration. First, vertical cooperation based on contracts between farmers and processors has still lagged by now, and therefore efficient, intensified and large-scale planting haven't yet been formed in the Ulanqab City. Second, processing in a lower level, lacking of recycling and reusing of wastes and insufficient utilizing of by-products, seasonal overcapacity, and periodic idling of processing equipments were common problems faced by the surveyed potato processing enterprises. Furthermore, compared with the potato enterprises in developed countries, those in China fall behind in processing equipments, production technologies and management concepts. Third, higher logistics costs, the underdevelopment of cold-chain logistics, lacking of financial supports, the change of foreign exchange rates and the implement and enforce of international trade control had great influence on the development of potato processing industry. In addition, the proposal of "potato staple food strategy" offers a new opportunity and points the way for the development of the potato processing industry. Potato staple food strategy involves the potato processing industry and its upstream and downstream industries. The potato farmers' responses to the policy will surely promote the development of potato production technology and provide quality raw materials for the processing industry. The research institutes, incentive by the guidance of the potato staple food strategy, will do more research in the related fields of technologies and policy. Most importantly, the strategy will bring more changes for the potato processing industry and thus boom the industry. Also, more Chinese consumers will accept potato products as staple food with the implementation of the strategy and thus increase the demands of potatoes from the source. Thus, the strategy is undoubtedly the driving force behind the rapid development of the potato processing industry in China. In terms of policies, it is urgent and of vital importance to put the potato staple food strategy into practice. Specifically, first, the government agencies should treat the production of potato as those of staple crops, such as wheat and rice, and offer rational subsidies for the planting of potato. Second, the government agencies should provide more supports to the potato processing companies. Third, the government agencies should increase research and develop investment in the potato planting areas for more sustainable production and ecological protection. Finally, the Chinese government agencies at all levels should attach importance to the top-level designing before formulating relative policies, by focusing on the coordinated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industry and therefore promoting a healthy and sustainable development of the Chinese potato industry.
Potato processing industry is an important carrier for implementing potato staple food strategy, which was launched in 2015 in mainland China. Ulanqab City located in Inner Mongolia, which is one of the main producing areas of potato and located in the North of China. Ulanqab City is a prominent leader of China's potato production and is often referred to as "China's Potato Capital". Based on a survey among potato processing companies and factories in Ulanqab City, the current study analyzed the factors that influenced the development of Chinese potato processing industry from a perspective of industrial integration. First, vertical cooperation based on contracts between farmers and processors has still lagged by now, and therefore efficient, intensified and large-scale planting haven't yet been formed in the Ulanqab City. Second, processing in a lower level, lacking of recycling and reusing of wastes and insufficient utilizing of by-products, seasonal overcapacity, and periodic idling of processing equipments were common problems faced by the surveyed potato processing enterprises. Furthermore, compared with the potato enterprises in developed countries, those in China fall behind in processing equipments, production technologies and management concepts. Third, higher logistics costs, the underdevelopment of cold-chain logistics, lacking of financial supports, the change of foreign exchange rates and the implement and enforce of international trade control had great influence on the development of potato processing industry. In addition, the proposal of "potato staple food strategy" offers a new opportunity and points the way for the development of the potato processing industry. Potato staple food strategy involves the potato processing industry and its upstream and downstream industries. The potato farmers' responses to the policy will surely promote the development of potato production technology and provide quality raw materials for the processing industry. The research institutes, incentive by the guidance of the potato staple food strategy, will do more research in the related fields of technologies and policy. Most importantly, the strategy will bring more changes for the potato processing industry and thus boom the industry. Also, more Chinese consumers will accept potato products as staple food with the implementation of the strategy and thus increase the demands of potatoes from the source. Thus, the strategy is undoubtedly the driving force behind the rapid development of the potato processing industry in China. In terms of policies, it is urgent and of vital importance to put the potato staple food strategy into practice. Specifically, first, the government agencies should treat the production of potato as those of staple crops, such as wheat and rice, and offer rational subsidies for the planting of potato. Second, the government agencies should provide more supports to the potato processing companies. Third, the government agencies should increase research and develop investment in the potato planting areas for more sustainable production and ecological protection. Finally, the Chinese government agencies at all levels should attach importance to the top-level designing before formulating relative policies, by focusing on the coordinated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industry and therefore promoting a healthy and sustainable development of the Chinese potato industry.
引文
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[3]王希卓,白丽,张孝义,等.马铃薯贮藏减损潜力评价方法体系的构建及应用[J].农机化研究,2016(3):1-7.Wang Xizhuo,Bai Li,Zhang Xiaoyi,et al.Establishment and application of evaluation system for the potentiality in minimizing losses during potato storage[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2016(3):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]农业部发展计划司.新一轮优势农产品区域布局规划汇编[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2009.
[5]周庆锋.马铃薯加工产业发展分析[J].内蒙古农业科技,2005(1):39-42.
[6]刘刚,赵鑫,周添红,等.中国马铃薯加工产业结构分析与发展思考[J].农业工程技术(农产品加工业),2010,8:4-11.
[7]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.食用马铃薯淀粉:GB/T 8884-2017[S].2017-12.
[8]刘瑶,王伊欢.中国农业产业化深度发展的有效路径[J].山东社会科学,2016(1):183-188.
[9]Koller E F.Vertical integration of agricultural cooperatives[J].Journal of Farm Economics,1950,32(4):1048-1058.
[10]Trifon R.Guides for speculation about the vertical integration of agriculture with allied industries[J].Journal of Farm Economics,1959,41(4):734-746.
[11]Allen G R.An appraisal of contract farming[J].Journal of Agricultural Economics,1972,23(2):89-98.
[12]关于订单农业发展的形式,作用及建议[J].农业经济问题,2001(3):43-46.
[13]Tripathi R S,Singh R,Singh S.Contract farming in potato production:An alternative for managing risk and uncertainty[J].Agricultural Economics Research Review,2005,18(2):47-60.
[14]刘晓鸥,邸元.订单农业对农户农业生产的影响:基于三省(区)1041个农户调查数据的分析[J].中国农村经济,2013(4):48-59.
[15]生秀东.订单农业的契约困境和组织形式的演进[J].中国农村经济,2007(12):35-39.
[16]刘伟华,刘秉镰,任政旭.绿色农产品供应链成本控制研究:以订单农业模式为背景[J].西南交通大学学报:社会科学版,2009,10(4):114-119.Liu Weihua,Liu Binglian,Ren Zhengxu.Cost control method on the green agricultural product supply chain under order-form agriculture model[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University:Social Sciences,2009,10(4):114-119.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]佟毅.中国玉米市场和淀粉行业年度分析及预测报告(2017)[R].北京:中国淀粉工业协会,2017.
[18]谢远.马铃薯原淀粉及变性淀粉的特点及应用[J].中国马铃薯,2014,28(3):180-184.Xie Yuan.Characteristics and utilization of potato native starch and modified starch[J].Chinese Potato Journal,2014,28(3):180-184.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]胡川.农业加工企业闲置成本的形成和对市场绩效影响的研究[J].农业经济问题,2005(11):57-61.
[20]Kilkenny M.Transport costs and rural development[J].Journal of Regional Science,1998,38(2):293-312.
[21]丁俊发.农产品物流与冷链物流的价值取向[J].中国流通经济,2010(1):26-28.Ding Junfa.The value orientation in agricultural product logistics and the cold chain logistics[J].China Business and Market,2010(1):26-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]骆永菊.实现农业产业化可持续发展的十大支撑体系[J].河北学刊,2004,24(2):193-197.Luo Yongju.The ten sustaining systems to realize the sustainable development for agriculture industrialization[J].Hebei Academic Journal,2004,24(2):193-197.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]朱小梅,田贤亮,王红玲.人民币汇率变动对中国农产品对外贸易影响的实证分析:以中国与日本农产品贸易为例[J].中国农村经济,2006(9):51-55.
[24]李圣军,孔祥智.人民币升值对农产品进出口的影响(2005-2009年)[J].经济理论与经济管理,2010(12):5-12.Li Shengjun,Kong Xiangzhi.The influence of RMBappreciation on agricultural products’import-export trade(2005-2009)[J].Economic Theory and Business Management,2010(12):5-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]岳晓甜.马铃薯主粮化视角下农户种植意愿影响因素实证研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2018.
[26]De Jong B,Worsley A,Wang W C,et al.Personal values,marketing attitudes and nutrition trust are associated with patronage of convenience food outlets in the Asia-Pacific region:A cross-sectional study[J].Journal of Health,Population and Nutrition,2017,36(1):1-8.
[27]何宇纳,张晓勇,Hans Dagevos,等.食物消费与肥胖:基于食物特点的消费者分层研究[J].中国农村观察,2008(4):35-40.He Yuna,Zhang Xiaoyong,Hans Dagevos,et al.Food consumption and obesity in China based on a consumer segmentation study[J].China Rural Survey,2008(4):35-40.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]倪国华,郑风田.西式快餐,肥胖与公共健康危机:基于行为经济学偏好理论的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2011(9):37-48.
[29]孙君茂,郭燕枝,苗水清.马铃薯馒头对中国居民主食营养结构改善分析[J].中国农业科技导报,2015,17(6):64-69.Sun Junmao,Guo Yanzhi,Miao Shuiqing.Improvement of potatoes steamed bread to staple foods nutrition dtructure of Chinese resident[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2015,17(6):64-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]韩黎明,原霁虹,童丹,等.国内马铃薯主食产品开发研究进展--基于专利分析[J].中国食物与营养,2017(2):26-30.Han Liming,Yuan Jihong,Tong Dan,et al.Research progress on the development of potato staple food in China:Based on patent analysis[J].Food and Nutrition in China,2017(2):26-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]罗其友,刘洋,高明杰,等.中国马铃薯产业现状与前景[J].农业展望,2015(3):35-40.Luo Qiyou,Liu Yang,Gao Mingjie,et al.Status quo and prospect of China's potato industry[J].Agricultural Outlook,2015(3):35-40.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]王希卓,白丽,张孝义,等.马铃薯贮藏减损潜力评价方法体系的构建及应用[J].农机化研究,2016(3):1-7.Wang Xizhuo,Bai Li,Zhang Xiaoyi,et al.Establishment and application of evaluation system for the potentiality in minimizing losses during potato storage[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2016(3):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]农业部发展计划司.新一轮优势农产品区域布局规划汇编[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2009.
[5]周庆锋.马铃薯加工产业发展分析[J].内蒙古农业科技,2005(1):39-42.
[6]刘刚,赵鑫,周添红,等.中国马铃薯加工产业结构分析与发展思考[J].农业工程技术(农产品加工业),2010,8:4-11.
[7]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.食用马铃薯淀粉:GB/T 8884-2017[S].2017-12.
[8]刘瑶,王伊欢.中国农业产业化深度发展的有效路径[J].山东社会科学,2016(1):183-188.
[9]Koller E F.Vertical integration of agricultural cooperatives[J].Journal of Farm Economics,1950,32(4):1048-1058.
[10]Trifon R.Guides for speculation about the vertical integration of agriculture with allied industries[J].Journal of Farm Economics,1959,41(4):734-746.
[11]Allen G R.An appraisal of contract farming[J].Journal of Agricultural Economics,1972,23(2):89-98.
[12]关于订单农业发展的形式,作用及建议[J].农业经济问题,2001(3):43-46.
[13]Tripathi R S,Singh R,Singh S.Contract farming in potato production:An alternative for managing risk and uncertainty[J].Agricultural Economics Research Review,2005,18(2):47-60.
[14]刘晓鸥,邸元.订单农业对农户农业生产的影响:基于三省(区)1041个农户调查数据的分析[J].中国农村经济,2013(4):48-59.
[15]生秀东.订单农业的契约困境和组织形式的演进[J].中国农村经济,2007(12):35-39.
[16]刘伟华,刘秉镰,任政旭.绿色农产品供应链成本控制研究:以订单农业模式为背景[J].西南交通大学学报:社会科学版,2009,10(4):114-119.Liu Weihua,Liu Binglian,Ren Zhengxu.Cost control method on the green agricultural product supply chain under order-form agriculture model[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University:Social Sciences,2009,10(4):114-119.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]佟毅.中国玉米市场和淀粉行业年度分析及预测报告(2017)[R].北京:中国淀粉工业协会,2017.
[18]谢远.马铃薯原淀粉及变性淀粉的特点及应用[J].中国马铃薯,2014,28(3):180-184.Xie Yuan.Characteristics and utilization of potato native starch and modified starch[J].Chinese Potato Journal,2014,28(3):180-184.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]胡川.农业加工企业闲置成本的形成和对市场绩效影响的研究[J].农业经济问题,2005(11):57-61.
[20]Kilkenny M.Transport costs and rural development[J].Journal of Regional Science,1998,38(2):293-312.
[21]丁俊发.农产品物流与冷链物流的价值取向[J].中国流通经济,2010(1):26-28.Ding Junfa.The value orientation in agricultural product logistics and the cold chain logistics[J].China Business and Market,2010(1):26-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]骆永菊.实现农业产业化可持续发展的十大支撑体系[J].河北学刊,2004,24(2):193-197.Luo Yongju.The ten sustaining systems to realize the sustainable development for agriculture industrialization[J].Hebei Academic Journal,2004,24(2):193-197.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]朱小梅,田贤亮,王红玲.人民币汇率变动对中国农产品对外贸易影响的实证分析:以中国与日本农产品贸易为例[J].中国农村经济,2006(9):51-55.
[24]李圣军,孔祥智.人民币升值对农产品进出口的影响(2005-2009年)[J].经济理论与经济管理,2010(12):5-12.Li Shengjun,Kong Xiangzhi.The influence of RMBappreciation on agricultural products’import-export trade(2005-2009)[J].Economic Theory and Business Management,2010(12):5-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]岳晓甜.马铃薯主粮化视角下农户种植意愿影响因素实证研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2018.
[26]De Jong B,Worsley A,Wang W C,et al.Personal values,marketing attitudes and nutrition trust are associated with patronage of convenience food outlets in the Asia-Pacific region:A cross-sectional study[J].Journal of Health,Population and Nutrition,2017,36(1):1-8.
[27]何宇纳,张晓勇,Hans Dagevos,等.食物消费与肥胖:基于食物特点的消费者分层研究[J].中国农村观察,2008(4):35-40.He Yuna,Zhang Xiaoyong,Hans Dagevos,et al.Food consumption and obesity in China based on a consumer segmentation study[J].China Rural Survey,2008(4):35-40.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]倪国华,郑风田.西式快餐,肥胖与公共健康危机:基于行为经济学偏好理论的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2011(9):37-48.
[29]孙君茂,郭燕枝,苗水清.马铃薯馒头对中国居民主食营养结构改善分析[J].中国农业科技导报,2015,17(6):64-69.Sun Junmao,Guo Yanzhi,Miao Shuiqing.Improvement of potatoes steamed bread to staple foods nutrition dtructure of Chinese resident[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2015,17(6):64-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]韩黎明,原霁虹,童丹,等.国内马铃薯主食产品开发研究进展--基于专利分析[J].中国食物与营养,2017(2):26-30.Han Liming,Yuan Jihong,Tong Dan,et al.Research progress on the development of potato staple food in China:Based on patent analysis[J].Food and Nutrition in China,2017(2):26-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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