衡水市大气污染成因研究及治理经验
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摘要
衡水市作为"2+26"城市中典型的低GDP、高污染城市,其空气质量排名常年处于74个重点城市的后10位.自大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目工作开展以来,衡水市开展了大量污染成因研究及污染治理工作,已取得了较为明显的大气污染治理成效.从空气质量变化、排放源、污染物来源解析及气象条件与排放贡献等方面,梳理了衡水市大气污染成因研究及治理经验.结果表明:①衡水市的空气质量得到较大改善,PM10和PM_(2. 5)治理成效明显.2018年衡水市ρ(PM10)和ρ(PM_(2. 5))年均值比2017年分别下降了25. 12%和19. 73%,比2013年分别下降了54. 84%和51. 22%,但O3污染形势逐渐严峻,以O3为首要污染物的天数由55 d(2013年)增至125 d(2018年).②相比于2016年,衡水市2017年SO_2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM_(2. 5)、BC、OC、VOC的排放总量均大幅下降.③2013—2018年导致衡水市PM_(2. 5)下降的因素中,气象因素占8. 0%,排放源因素占92. 0%,说明衡水市通过减排措施改善空气质量的效果较为显著.④硝酸盐已经取代硫酸盐成为秋冬季颗粒物二次转化中最重要、占比最高的成分.研究显示,衡水市高ρ(PM_(2. 5))主要以本地排放和临近地区输送为主,为有效控制衡水市PM_(2. 5)污染的发生与发展,应采取本地排放控制与"2+26"城市联防联控相结合的方案.
Hengshui City is a typical low-GDP and high-pollution city in the‘2+26'cities,and the AQI of Hengshui City ranks in the bottom ten in 74 cities. Since a National Research Project for Tracking Key Problems Air Pollution Control,a broader research in Hengshui City,which analyses the causes and solution of the local atmospheric pollution,has been carried out and obviously improved the air quality. The paper sorts out the causal factors and management experiences in Hengshui City based on the factors such as variation of air quality,emission sources,source apportionment and the contribution from meteorological conditions and source emissions. The conclusions are as follows:( 1) The air quality has been improved dramatically since the implementation of the key project. In 2018,the annual average ρ( PM10) and ρ( PM_(2. 5)) in Hengshui City decreased by 25. 12% and 19. 73% compared with 2017 and by 54. 84% and51. 22% compared with 2013,respectively. However,O3 pollution became worse,and the major pollutant days increased from 55 days in2013 to 125 days in 2018.( 2) Compared with 2016,the emissions of SO_2,NOx,CO,PM10,PM_(2. 5),BC,OC and VOCs decreased substantially in 2017.( 3) Among all the factor causing the decrease in PM_(2. 5) concentration during 2013-2018,meteorological condition accounted for 8. 0% and the emission reduction accounted for 92. 0%,which indicates that the emission reduction measures played a significant role in improving the air quality in Hengshui City.( 4) Nitrate replaced sulfate as the most important and highest proportion of secondary particles in autumn and winter. The research shows that the high PM_(2. 5) concentration in Hengshui City mainly originates from the local emission and the transportation from adjacent areas. Therefore,a joint effort of local emission reduction and regional prevention policy in all‘2+26'cities should be taken to effectively control the occurrence and deterioration of aerosol pollution in Hengshui City.
Hengshui City is a typical low-GDP and high-pollution city in the‘2+26'cities,and the AQI of Hengshui City ranks in the bottom ten in 74 cities. Since a National Research Project for Tracking Key Problems Air Pollution Control,a broader research in Hengshui City,which analyses the causes and solution of the local atmospheric pollution,has been carried out and obviously improved the air quality. The paper sorts out the causal factors and management experiences in Hengshui City based on the factors such as variation of air quality,emission sources,source apportionment and the contribution from meteorological conditions and source emissions. The conclusions are as follows:( 1) The air quality has been improved dramatically since the implementation of the key project. In 2018,the annual average ρ( PM10) and ρ( PM_(2. 5)) in Hengshui City decreased by 25. 12% and 19. 73% compared with 2017 and by 54. 84% and51. 22% compared with 2013,respectively. However,O3 pollution became worse,and the major pollutant days increased from 55 days in2013 to 125 days in 2018.( 2) Compared with 2016,the emissions of SO_2,NOx,CO,PM10,PM_(2. 5),BC,OC and VOCs decreased substantially in 2017.( 3) Among all the factor causing the decrease in PM_(2. 5) concentration during 2013-2018,meteorological condition accounted for 8. 0% and the emission reduction accounted for 92. 0%,which indicates that the emission reduction measures played a significant role in improving the air quality in Hengshui City.( 4) Nitrate replaced sulfate as the most important and highest proportion of secondary particles in autumn and winter. The research shows that the high PM_(2. 5) concentration in Hengshui City mainly originates from the local emission and the transportation from adjacent areas. Therefore,a joint effort of local emission reduction and regional prevention policy in all‘2+26'cities should be taken to effectively control the occurrence and deterioration of aerosol pollution in Hengshui City.
引文
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[27]薛文博，许艳玲，王金南，等．全国火电行业大气污染物排放对空气质量的影响[J]．中国环境科学，2016,36(5):1281-1288.XUE Wenbo,XU Yanling,WANG Jinnan,et al.Ambient air quality impact of emissions from thermal power industry[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(5),1281-1288.
[28]沙桐，马晓燕，健颖，等．长江三角洲冬季电厂排放对大气污染的影响[J]．中国环境科学，2018,38(9):90-99.SHA Tong,MA Xiaoyan,JIAN Ying,et al. The impact of power plant emission on air pollution during winter over Yangtze River Delta[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(9):90-99.
[2] CHANEL O,PEREZ L,KNZLI N,et al. The hidden economic burden of air pollution-related morbidity:evidence from the Aphekom project[J]. European Journal of Health Economics,2017,17(9):1-15.
[3] IM U,JRGEN B,GEELS C,et al. Assessment and economic valuation of air pollution impacts on human health over Europe and the United States as calculated by a multi-model ensemble in the framework of AQMEII3[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(8):5967-5989.
[4] MIAO W,HUANG X,SONG Y. An economic assessment of the health effects and crop yield losses caused by air pollution in mainland China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2017,56(6):102-113.
[5] CHEN X,SHAO S,TIAN Z,et al.Impacts of air pollution and its spatial spillover effect on public health based on China's big data sample[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,142:915-925.
[6] SHI L Y,ZHANG M,YANG B,et al. Air pollution-oriented ecological risk assessment in Xiamen City,China[J]. International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2018,25(5):420-430.
[7]孙世卫，孙世贤，翟硕莉，等．衡水市大气污染现状与防治对策研究[J]．科技经济导刊，2016. doi:10. 3969j. issn. 1007-1547.2016.29.088.
[8] LI M,ZHANG L.Haze in China:current and future challenges[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,189:85-86.
[9] TANG G,LI X,WANG Y,et al. Surface ozone trend details and interpretations in Beijing,2001-2006[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9:8813-8823.
[10] LANG J L,CHENG S Y,LI J B,et al.A monitoring and modeling study to investigate regional transport and characteristics of PM2. 5pollution[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2013,13(3):943-956.
[11] LI J,YANG W,WANG Z,et al.A modeling study of source-receptor relationships in atmospheric particulate matter over northeast Asia[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,91:40-51.
[12] LI J,WANG Z F,AKIMOTO H,et al. Modeling study of ozone seasonal cycle in lower troposphere over east Asia[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2007.doi:10.10292006jd008209.
[13] LI J,WANG Z,WANG X,et al.Impacts of aerosols on summertime tropospheric photolysis frequencies and photochemistry over central eastern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(10):1817-1829.
[14] LI J,WANG Z,ZHUANG G,et al. Mixing of Asian mineral dust with anthropogenic pollutants and its impact on regional atmospheric environmental and oceanic biogeochemical cycles over East Asia:a model case study of a super-duststorm in March 2010[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics Discussions,2012,12(1):2743-2782.
[15] CHEN H S,WANG Z F,LI J,et al.GNAQPMS-Hg v1. 0,a global nested atmospheric mercury transport model:model description,evaluation and application to trans-boundary transport of Chinese anthropogenic emissions[J]. Geoscientific Model Develpoment,2015,8(9):2857-2876.
[16] WANG T,LI J,WANG W,et al. Numerical simulation study on source apportionment of PM2. 5in a heavy winter pollution event over Beijing Area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2019,39(4):1025-1038.
[17] YANG W,IGOR Z. Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filters[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Statistics,2010,2(3):340-351.
[18] WISE E K,COMRIE A C. Extending the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filter:application to ozone,particulate matter,and meteorological trends[J].Air Repair,2005,55(8):1208-1216.
[19] RAO S T,ZUTBENKO I G.Detecting and tracking changes in ozone air quality[J].Air Waste,1994,44(9):1089-1092.
[20]朱常琳，李富渊，李夏清．西安市大气PM2. 5中无机离子的季节特征[J]．环境与健康杂志，2017,34(10):902-904.ZHU Changlin,LI Fuyuan,LI Xiaqing. Seasonal characteristics of inorganic ions in PM2. 5atmosphere of Xi'an City[J]. Journal of Environment and Health,2017,34(10):902-904.
[21]李星，赵文吉，熊秋林，等．北京采暖季PM2. 5水溶性无机离子污染特征及其影响因素[J]．生态环境学报，2018(1):93-100.LI Xing,ZHAO Wenji,XIONG Qiulin,et al. The pollution characteristics and influencing factors of PM2. 5inorganic watersoluble ions in Beijing during heating season[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2018,27(1):93-100.
[22]程渊，吴建会，毕晓辉，等．武汉市大气PM2. 5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源[J]．环境科学学报，2019,39(1):191-198.CHENG Yuan,WU Huijian,BI Xiaohui,et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble ions in ambient PM2. 5in Wuhan,China[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2019,39(1):191-198.
[23]吴明，吴丹，夏俊荣，等．成都冬季PM2. 5化学组分污染特征及来源解析[J]．环境科学，2019,40(1):78-87.WU Ming,WU Dan,XIA Junrong,et al. Analysis of pollution characteristics and sources of PM2. 5chemical components in Chengdu in winter[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(1):78-87.
[24] CONTINI D,CESARI D,CONTE M,et al.Application of PMF and CMB receptor models for the evaluation of the contribution of a large coal-fired power plant to PM10concentrations[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,560561:131-140.
[25]赵斌，马建中．天津市大气污染源排放清单的建立[J]．环境科学学报，2008,28(2):368-375.ZHAO Bin,MA Jianzhong.Development of an air pollutant emission inventory for Tianjin[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2008,28(2):368-375.
[26] ALI K,ACHARJA P,TRIVEDI D K,et al. Characterization and source identification of PM2. 5and its chemical and carbonaceous constituents during winter fog experiment 2015-16 at Indira Gandhi International Airport,Delhi[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2019,662:687-696.
[27]薛文博，许艳玲，王金南，等．全国火电行业大气污染物排放对空气质量的影响[J]．中国环境科学，2016,36(5):1281-1288.XUE Wenbo,XU Yanling,WANG Jinnan,et al.Ambient air quality impact of emissions from thermal power industry[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(5),1281-1288.
[28]沙桐，马晓燕，健颖，等．长江三角洲冬季电厂排放对大气污染的影响[J]．中国环境科学，2018,38(9):90-99.SHA Tong,MA Xiaoyan,JIAN Ying,et al. The impact of power plant emission on air pollution during winter over Yangtze River Delta[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(9):90-99.