施肥对坡地土壤团聚体与磷素赋存形态的影响
|
摘要
紫色土为长江上游农耕区主要土壤,多分布在山地丘陵区,其耕层较薄(30～80 cm),土壤养分质量分数普遍偏低,作物养分利用率低,但目前国内外关于团聚体尺度耕作土壤的磷素分异与循环规律的研究较少.为深入了解紫色土坡耕地长期施肥过程中的磷素养分库容和供应机制,本研究基于2002年开始的长期施肥定位试验,分析研究了西南紫色土区玉米/小麦轮作制度不同施肥方式下土壤团聚体发育特征,并结合碳、氮转化过程探讨紫色土培肥过程中磷素赋存形态及转化规律.结果表明:长期有机无机配合施肥促进大团聚体的形成,不同施肥平均重量直径(MWD)依次为:OMNPK>RSDNPK>NPK>CK;长期施肥均不同程度提高了各粒径土壤团聚体中有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷及各形态无机磷(Ex-P, Al-P, Ca-P, Or-P)质量分数,其中主要提高了较大团聚体(>2,0.25～2 mm)中养分质量分数.无机肥配施粪肥处理提升有机碳和全氮的效果优于无机肥配施秸秆,而对全磷和速效磷提升效果则相反.长期有机无机配合施用可有效提高各粒径团聚体中Ex-P,Al-P,Ca-P和Or-P质量分数,并促进Al-P,Ca-P向大团聚体转移,提高了土壤对有效磷素的保持能力.有机质添加处理在提高土壤有机碳和有机磷质量分数的同时,也对土壤磷素转化、提高磷素有效性具有重要影响.
Purple soil is a major soil type in the agricultural areas in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river. It is distributed mainly in mountainous and hilly regions, with a rather shallow tillage layer(30-80 cm) and relatively low nutrient contents. Plant nutrient use efficiency is low on it. But there are few studies on the phosphorus cycling at aggregate level for agricultural soils. In order to have a better understanding of the effects of long-term fertilization on soil phosphorus stock and fractions, this study utilized the long-term fertilization experiment with an intensive wheat-maize cropping system to investigate the soil aggregate distribution, phosphorus factions and possible transformation pathways in comparison with carbon and nitrogen at aggregate levels through four fertilization treatments: no fertilizer(CK), mineral fertilizers(NPK), pig manure with mineral fertilizers(OMNPK) and crop straw residue with mineral fertilizers(RSDNPK). Soil samples from 0-20 cm soil layer were separated into four soil aggregations: large macroaggregates(>2 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25-2 mm), microaggregates(<0.25 mm) and slit-clay microaggregates(<0.053 mm), using the wet sieving method. The results showed that organic fertilizers combined with inorganic fertilization promoted the formation of larger aggregates, with the mean weight diameter(MWD) order of OMNPK>RSDNPK>NPK>CK. Long-term fertilizer application increased, in different degrees, the contents of TN, TP, available P and other P fractions(Ex-P, Al-P, Ca-P and Or-P) in soil aggregates, especially in the larger ones(>2 mm and 0.25-2 mm) and promoted the shift of Al-P and Ca-P to the larger aggregates, thus improving the retention of available P in the soil. Compared with RSDNPK, the treatment OMNPK had better performance in enhancing SOC and TN, while the opposite was true for TP and available P. The addition of organic matter elevated the contents of soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil organic phosphorus, promoted the transformation of soil phosphorus and improved phosphorus availability.
Purple soil is a major soil type in the agricultural areas in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river. It is distributed mainly in mountainous and hilly regions, with a rather shallow tillage layer(30-80 cm) and relatively low nutrient contents. Plant nutrient use efficiency is low on it. But there are few studies on the phosphorus cycling at aggregate level for agricultural soils. In order to have a better understanding of the effects of long-term fertilization on soil phosphorus stock and fractions, this study utilized the long-term fertilization experiment with an intensive wheat-maize cropping system to investigate the soil aggregate distribution, phosphorus factions and possible transformation pathways in comparison with carbon and nitrogen at aggregate levels through four fertilization treatments: no fertilizer(CK), mineral fertilizers(NPK), pig manure with mineral fertilizers(OMNPK) and crop straw residue with mineral fertilizers(RSDNPK). Soil samples from 0-20 cm soil layer were separated into four soil aggregations: large macroaggregates(>2 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25-2 mm), microaggregates(<0.25 mm) and slit-clay microaggregates(<0.053 mm), using the wet sieving method. The results showed that organic fertilizers combined with inorganic fertilization promoted the formation of larger aggregates, with the mean weight diameter(MWD) order of OMNPK>RSDNPK>NPK>CK. Long-term fertilizer application increased, in different degrees, the contents of TN, TP, available P and other P fractions(Ex-P, Al-P, Ca-P and Or-P) in soil aggregates, especially in the larger ones(>2 mm and 0.25-2 mm) and promoted the shift of Al-P and Ca-P to the larger aggregates, thus improving the retention of available P in the soil. Compared with RSDNPK, the treatment OMNPK had better performance in enhancing SOC and TN, while the opposite was true for TP and available P. The addition of organic matter elevated the contents of soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil organic phosphorus, promoted the transformation of soil phosphorus and improved phosphorus availability.
引文
[1] DJODJIC F,BERGSTR?M L,GRANT C.Phosphorus Management in Balanced Agricultural Systems [J].Soil Use and Management,2008,21(1):94-101.
[2] 鲁如坤.土壤磷素水平和水体环境保护 [J].磷肥与复肥,2003,18(1):4-8.
[3] QUIQUAMPOIX H,MOUSAIN D.Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphorus [C] //Organic phosphorus in the environment.Wallingford:CABI,2005:89-112.
[4] GARG S,BAHL G S.Phosphorus Availability to Maize as Influenced by Organic Manures and Fertilizer P Associated Phosphatase Activity in Soils [J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(13):5773-5777.
[5] 张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径 [J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[6] 李学平,石孝均.长期不均衡施肥对紫色土肥力质量的影响 [J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):27-32.
[7] 韩晓飞,高明,谢德体,等.减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地磷素流失的消减效应 [J].环境科学,2016,37(7):2770-2778.
[8] 周明华,朱波,汪涛,等.紫色土坡耕地磷素流失特征及施肥方式的影响 [J].水利学报,2010,41(11):1374-1381.
[9] 司友斌,王慎强,陈怀满.农田氮、 磷的流失与水体富营养化 [J].土壤,2000,32(4):188-193.
[10] 孙桂芳,金继运,石元亮.土壤磷素形态及其生物有效性研究进展 [J].中国土壤与肥料,2011(2):1-9.
[11] SHARMA R,BELL R W,WONG M T F.Phosphorus Forms in Soil Solution and Leachate of Contrasting Soil Profiles and Their Implications for P Mobility [J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(4):854-862.
[12] 魏锴.土壤及团聚体中磷组分与磷酸酶活性间关系对不同耕作方式的响应 [D].北京:中国科学院大学,2014.
[13] GARLAND G,BüNEMANN E K,OBERSON A,et al.Phosphorus Cycling within Soil Aggregate Fractions of a Highly Weathered Tropical Soil:A Conceptual Model [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,116:91-98.
[14] LINQUIST B A,SINGLETON P W,YOST R S,et al.Aggregate Size Effects on the Sorption and Release of Phosphorus in an Ultisol [J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(1):160.
[15] LI M,HOU Y L,ZHU B.Phosphorus Sorption - Desorption by Purple Soils of China in Relation to Their Properties [J].Soil Research,2007,45(3):182.
[16] 陈恩凤,周礼恺,武冠云.微团聚体的保肥供肥性能及其组成比例在评断土壤肥力水平中的意义 [J].土壤学报,1994,31(1):18-25.
[17] HE Z L,WILSON M J,CAMPBELL C O,et al.Distribution of Phosphorus in Soil Aggregate Fractions and Its Significance with Regard to Phosphorus Transport in Agricultural Runoff [J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,1995,83(1/2):69-84.
[18] WYNGAARD N,CABRERA M L,JAROSCH K A,et al.Phosphorus in the Coarse Soil Fraction is Related to Soil Organic Phosphorus Mineralization Measured by Isotopic Dilution [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,96:107-118.
[19] JALALI M,JALALI M.Relation between Various Soil Phosphorus Extraction Methods and Sorption Parameters in Calcareous Soils with Different Texture [J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,566-567:1080-1093.
[20] ?GAARD A F.Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization on the Concentration of Total and Algal-Available Phosphorus in Different Particle-Size Fractions in Norwegian Agricultural Soils [J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section b - Soil and Plant Science,1996,46(1):24-29.
[21] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法 [M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[22] 朱广伟,秦伯强,高光,等.长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及其与水相磷的关系 [J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):381-388.
[23] RUTTENBERG K C.Development of a Sequential Extraction Method for Different Forms of Phosphorus in Marine Sediments [J].Limnology and Oceanography,1992,37(7):1460-1482.
[24] 李辉信,袁颖红,黄欠如,等.不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳分布的影响 [J].土壤学报,2006,43(3):422-429.
[25] 彭新华,张斌,赵其国.红壤侵蚀裸地植被恢复及土壤有机碳对团聚体稳定性的影响 [J].生态学报,2003,23(10):2176-2183.
[26] 仇建飞,窦森,邵晨,等.添加玉米秸秆培养对土壤团聚体胡敏酸数量和结构特征的影响 [J].土壤学报,2011,48(4):781-787.
[27] 周鑫斌,苏婷婷,许安定,等.改良材料对新整理烟田土壤结构改良效应研究 [J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(5):31-36.
[28] 高阿祥,周鑫斌,徐宸,等.土壤调理剂对新整理烟田土壤结构改良效应研究 [J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,41(7):171-176.
[29] MIKHA M M,RICE C W.Tillage and Manure Effects on Soil and Aggregate-Associated Carbon and Nitrogen [J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(3):809.
[30] 张旭辉,李恋卿,潘根兴.不同轮作制度对淮北白浆土团聚体及其有机碳的积累与分布的影响 [J].生态学杂志,2001,20(2):16-19.
[31] PUGET P,CHENU C,BALESDENT J.Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter Associated with Particle-Size Fractions of Water-Stable Aggregates [J].European Journal of Soil Science,2000,51(4):595-605.
[2] 鲁如坤.土壤磷素水平和水体环境保护 [J].磷肥与复肥,2003,18(1):4-8.
[3] QUIQUAMPOIX H,MOUSAIN D.Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphorus [C] //Organic phosphorus in the environment.Wallingford:CABI,2005:89-112.
[4] GARG S,BAHL G S.Phosphorus Availability to Maize as Influenced by Organic Manures and Fertilizer P Associated Phosphatase Activity in Soils [J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(13):5773-5777.
[5] 张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径 [J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[6] 李学平,石孝均.长期不均衡施肥对紫色土肥力质量的影响 [J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):27-32.
[7] 韩晓飞,高明,谢德体,等.减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地磷素流失的消减效应 [J].环境科学,2016,37(7):2770-2778.
[8] 周明华,朱波,汪涛,等.紫色土坡耕地磷素流失特征及施肥方式的影响 [J].水利学报,2010,41(11):1374-1381.
[9] 司友斌,王慎强,陈怀满.农田氮、 磷的流失与水体富营养化 [J].土壤,2000,32(4):188-193.
[10] 孙桂芳,金继运,石元亮.土壤磷素形态及其生物有效性研究进展 [J].中国土壤与肥料,2011(2):1-9.
[11] SHARMA R,BELL R W,WONG M T F.Phosphorus Forms in Soil Solution and Leachate of Contrasting Soil Profiles and Their Implications for P Mobility [J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(4):854-862.
[12] 魏锴.土壤及团聚体中磷组分与磷酸酶活性间关系对不同耕作方式的响应 [D].北京:中国科学院大学,2014.
[13] GARLAND G,BüNEMANN E K,OBERSON A,et al.Phosphorus Cycling within Soil Aggregate Fractions of a Highly Weathered Tropical Soil:A Conceptual Model [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,116:91-98.
[14] LINQUIST B A,SINGLETON P W,YOST R S,et al.Aggregate Size Effects on the Sorption and Release of Phosphorus in an Ultisol [J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(1):160.
[15] LI M,HOU Y L,ZHU B.Phosphorus Sorption - Desorption by Purple Soils of China in Relation to Their Properties [J].Soil Research,2007,45(3):182.
[16] 陈恩凤,周礼恺,武冠云.微团聚体的保肥供肥性能及其组成比例在评断土壤肥力水平中的意义 [J].土壤学报,1994,31(1):18-25.
[17] HE Z L,WILSON M J,CAMPBELL C O,et al.Distribution of Phosphorus in Soil Aggregate Fractions and Its Significance with Regard to Phosphorus Transport in Agricultural Runoff [J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,1995,83(1/2):69-84.
[18] WYNGAARD N,CABRERA M L,JAROSCH K A,et al.Phosphorus in the Coarse Soil Fraction is Related to Soil Organic Phosphorus Mineralization Measured by Isotopic Dilution [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,96:107-118.
[19] JALALI M,JALALI M.Relation between Various Soil Phosphorus Extraction Methods and Sorption Parameters in Calcareous Soils with Different Texture [J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,566-567:1080-1093.
[20] ?GAARD A F.Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization on the Concentration of Total and Algal-Available Phosphorus in Different Particle-Size Fractions in Norwegian Agricultural Soils [J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section b - Soil and Plant Science,1996,46(1):24-29.
[21] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法 [M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[22] 朱广伟,秦伯强,高光,等.长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及其与水相磷的关系 [J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):381-388.
[23] RUTTENBERG K C.Development of a Sequential Extraction Method for Different Forms of Phosphorus in Marine Sediments [J].Limnology and Oceanography,1992,37(7):1460-1482.
[24] 李辉信,袁颖红,黄欠如,等.不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳分布的影响 [J].土壤学报,2006,43(3):422-429.
[25] 彭新华,张斌,赵其国.红壤侵蚀裸地植被恢复及土壤有机碳对团聚体稳定性的影响 [J].生态学报,2003,23(10):2176-2183.
[26] 仇建飞,窦森,邵晨,等.添加玉米秸秆培养对土壤团聚体胡敏酸数量和结构特征的影响 [J].土壤学报,2011,48(4):781-787.
[27] 周鑫斌,苏婷婷,许安定,等.改良材料对新整理烟田土壤结构改良效应研究 [J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(5):31-36.
[28] 高阿祥,周鑫斌,徐宸,等.土壤调理剂对新整理烟田土壤结构改良效应研究 [J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,41(7):171-176.
[29] MIKHA M M,RICE C W.Tillage and Manure Effects on Soil and Aggregate-Associated Carbon and Nitrogen [J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(3):809.
[30] 张旭辉,李恋卿,潘根兴.不同轮作制度对淮北白浆土团聚体及其有机碳的积累与分布的影响 [J].生态学杂志,2001,20(2):16-19.
[31] PUGET P,CHENU C,BALESDENT J.Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter Associated with Particle-Size Fractions of Water-Stable Aggregates [J].European Journal of Soil Science,2000,51(4):595-605.