聚苯乙烯微塑料和罗红霉素对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)的联合效应研究
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摘要
近年来,微塑料(Microplastics,MPs)和抗生素成为受到广泛关注的新兴污染物。有关二者对生物体的单一毒性研究已经被广泛报道,然而它们对浮游生物的联合毒性研究还较为缺乏。文章的研究目的是明晰聚苯乙烯微塑料(PS-MPs)和大环内酯类抗生素罗红霉素(Roxithromycin,ROX)共存条件下,对浮游植物斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和浮游动物大型溞(Daphnia magna)的生物交互效应。通过水体暴露的方式,分别研究了MPs与ROX对小球藻和大型溞的单一和联合毒理效应。测试了不同暴露组中斜生栅藻的藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量以及最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)等生理指标,暴露液中ROX的浓度变化,大型溞的牧食率、滤水率以及超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)等抗氧化酶的活性响应。结果表明,PS-MPs和ROX联合暴露对斜生栅藻的生长具有显著的抑制作用,同时对其光合作用效率产生了一定的负面影响。相较于空白组,藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量以及Fv/Fm分别下降了13.3%、9.5%和9.3%,但是二者联合暴露与单一暴露抑制效果并没有显著性差异;此外,PS-MPs和ROX的联合暴露对大型溞的觅食行为存在显著抑制作用,牧食率和滤水率相较于空白组分别下降31.3%和31.6%,且在二者共存条件下,PS-MPs能够降低ROX对大型溞觅食行为的影响;PS-MPs和ROX的联合暴露显著抑制了大型溞的SOD活性和CAT活性,这可能会导致氧化损伤的发生,且联合暴露会对大型溞SOD活性产生相加作用,对CAT活性产生轻微的协同作用。在今后的研究中,应进一步探索MPs和抗生素对浮游生物的长期交互效应,并对相关作用的机理进行深入研究。
In recent years,microplastics(MPs)and antibiotics have become widely concerned emerging pollutants.The single toxicity of the pollutants on organisms has been well documented.However,information on their combined toxicity to plankton remains limited.The purpose of this study was to clarify the interactive effects of the polystyrene microplastics(PS-MPs)and the macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin(ROX)on the phytoplankton Scenedesmus obliquus and the zooplankton Daphnia magna.The single and joint effects of MPs and ROX on S.obliquu.s and D.magna were studied through the water exposure route.In the present study,the algal cell density,the chlorophyll a concentration,the maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry(Fv/Fm)of S.obliquu.s and the concentration of ROX in the exposed media were tested.Moreover,the ingestion and filtration rates of D.magna,as well as the antioxidant enzymes activity,including superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT),were tested.The results showed that the combined exposure of PS-MPs and ROX significantly inhibited the growth of S.obliquus,and had a negative impact on its photosynthesis efficiency.Compared with the control group,the algal cell density,chlorophyll-a content,and Fv/Fm in the co-exposure group decreased by 13.3%,9.5%,and 9.3%,respectively.However,there were no differences in the inhibitive effects between the co-exposure group and single exposure groups.In addition,the co-exposure of PS-MPs and ROX significantly inhibited the foraging behavior of D.magna.In the co-exposure group,the ingestion and filtration rates decreased by 31.3% and 31.6%,respectively,compared with the control group.Under the co-exposure conditions,PS-MPs could reduce the inhibitive effects of ROX on the foraging behavior of D.magna.The co-exposure of PS-MPs and ROX significantly inhibited the SOD activity and CAT activity of D.magna,which might lead to oxidative damage.The co-exposure might have an additive effect on SOD activity and a slight synergistic effect on CAT activity.In future works,the long-term interactive effects of MPs and antibiotics on plankton organisms and the underlying mechanisms should be further studied.
In recent years,microplastics(MPs)and antibiotics have become widely concerned emerging pollutants.The single toxicity of the pollutants on organisms has been well documented.However,information on their combined toxicity to plankton remains limited.The purpose of this study was to clarify the interactive effects of the polystyrene microplastics(PS-MPs)and the macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin(ROX)on the phytoplankton Scenedesmus obliquus and the zooplankton Daphnia magna.The single and joint effects of MPs and ROX on S.obliquu.s and D.magna were studied through the water exposure route.In the present study,the algal cell density,the chlorophyll a concentration,the maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry(Fv/Fm)of S.obliquu.s and the concentration of ROX in the exposed media were tested.Moreover,the ingestion and filtration rates of D.magna,as well as the antioxidant enzymes activity,including superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT),were tested.The results showed that the combined exposure of PS-MPs and ROX significantly inhibited the growth of S.obliquus,and had a negative impact on its photosynthesis efficiency.Compared with the control group,the algal cell density,chlorophyll-a content,and Fv/Fm in the co-exposure group decreased by 13.3%,9.5%,and 9.3%,respectively.However,there were no differences in the inhibitive effects between the co-exposure group and single exposure groups.In addition,the co-exposure of PS-MPs and ROX significantly inhibited the foraging behavior of D.magna.In the co-exposure group,the ingestion and filtration rates decreased by 31.3% and 31.6%,respectively,compared with the control group.Under the co-exposure conditions,PS-MPs could reduce the inhibitive effects of ROX on the foraging behavior of D.magna.The co-exposure of PS-MPs and ROX significantly inhibited the SOD activity and CAT activity of D.magna,which might lead to oxidative damage.The co-exposure might have an additive effect on SOD activity and a slight synergistic effect on CAT activity.In future works,the long-term interactive effects of MPs and antibiotics on plankton organisms and the underlying mechanisms should be further studied.
引文
ALOMAR C,DEUDERO S,2017.Evidence of microplastic ingestion in the shark Galeus melastomus Rafinesque,1810 in the continental shelf off the western Mediterranean Sea[J].Environmental Pollution,223:223-229.
ANDRADY A L,2011.Microplastics in the marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,62(8):1596-1605.
BASHA P S,RANI A U,2003.Cadmium-induced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus(Tilapia)[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,56(2):218-221.
BATEL A,LINTI F,SCHERER M,et al.,2016.Transfer of benzo[a]pyrenefrom microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment:CYP1A induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,35(7):1656-1666.
BESSELING E.,FOEKEMA E M,VAN FRANEKER J A,et al.,2015.Microplastic in a macro filter feeder:Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae[J].Marine pollution bulletin,95(1):248-252.
BESSELING E,WANG B,LURLING M,et al.,2014.Nanoplastic Affects Growth of S.obliquus and Reproduction of D.magna[J].Environmental Science&Technology,48(20):12336-12343.
BLARER P,BURKHARDT-HOLM P,2016.Microplastics affectassimilation efficiency in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,23(23):23522-23532.
BRENNECKE D,DUARTE B.,PAIVA F,et al.,2016.Microplastics as vector for heavy metal contamination from the marine environment[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,178:189-195.
COLE M,LINDEQUE P,FILEMAN E,et al.,2013.Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton[J].Environmental Science&Technology,47(12):6646-6655.
DE SA L C, OLIVEIRA M,RIBEIRO F,et al.,2018.Studies of the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms:What do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future?[J].Science of the Total Environment,645:1029-1039.
DING J N,LU G H,LI S,et al.,2015.Biological fate and effects of propranolol in an experimental aquatic food chain[J].Science of the Total Environment,532:31-39.
EERKES-MEDRANO D,THOMPSON R C,ALDRIDGE D C,2015.Microplastics in freshwater systems:A review of the emerging threats,identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs[J].Water Research,75:63-82.
ERIKSEN M,LEBRETON L C M,CARSON H S,et al.,2014.Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans:More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250 000 Tons Afloat at Sea[J].Plos One,9(12):e111913.
FONTE E,FERREIRA P,GUILHERMINO L.2016.Temperature rise and microplastics interact with the toxicity of the antibiotic cefalexin to juveniles of the common goby(Pomatoschistus microps):Post-exposure predatory behaviour,acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation[J].Aquatic Toxicology,180:173-185.
KARAMI A,ROMANO N,GALLOWAY T,et al.,2016.Virgin microplastics cause toxicity and modulate the impacts of phenanthrene on biomarker responses in African catfish(Clarias gariepinus)[J].Environmental Research,151:58-70.
KLEYWEGT S,PILEGGI V,YANG P,et al.,2011.Pharmaceuticals,hormones and bisphenol A in untreated source and finished drinking water in Ontario,Canada:Occurrence and treatment efficiency[J].Science of the Total Environment,409(8):1481-1488.
KOLANDHASAMY P,SU L,LI J,et al.,2018.Adherence of microplastics to soft tissue of mussels:A novel way to uptake microplastics beyond ingestion[J].Science of the Total Environment,610-611:635-640.LAW K L,THOMPSON R C,2014.Microplastics in the seas[J].Science,345(6193):144-145.
LI J,ZHANG K,ZHANG H,2018.Adsorption of antibiotics on microplastics[J].Environmental Pollution,237:460-467.
LIN H J,CHEN L L,LI H P,et al.,2018.Pharmaceutically active compounds in the Xiangjiang River,China:Distribution pattern,source apportionment,and risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,636:975-984.
LIU J L,WONG M H,2013.Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs):A review on environmental contamination in China[J].Environment International,59:208-224.
LIU J C,LU G H,WANG Y H,et al.,2014.Bioconcentration,metabolism,and biomarker responses in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to roxithromycin[J].Chemosphere,99:102-108.
MAO Y F,AI H N,CHEN Y,et al.,2018.Phytoplankton response topolystyrene microplastics:Perspective from an entire growth period[J].Chemosphere,208:59-68.
MATTSSON K,EKVALL M T,HANSSON L A,et al.,2014.Altered Behavior,Physiology,and Metabolism in Fish Exposed to Polystyrene Nanoparticles[J].Environmental Science&Technology,49(1):553-561.
MURPHY F,RUSSELL M,EWINS C,et al.,2017.The uptake of macroplasticµplastic by demersal&pelagic fish in the Northeast Atlantic around Scotland[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,122(1-2):353-359.
OLIVEIRA M.,RIBEIRO A,HYLLAND K,et al.,2013.Single and combined effects of microplastics and pyrene on juveniles(0+group)of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps(Teleostei,Gobiidae)[J].Ecological Indicators,34:641-647.
PAN Y,YAN S,LI R,et al.,2017.Lethal/sublethal responses of Daphnia magna to acute norfloxacin contamination and changes in phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions induced by this antibiotic[J].Scientific Reports,DOI:10.1038/srep40385.
PIDDINGTON D L,FANG F C,LAESSIG T,et al.,2001.Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Contributes toSurvival in Activated Macrophages That Are Generating an Oxidative Burst[J].Infection and Immunity,69(8):4980-4987.
PROKIC M D,RADOVANOVIC T B,GAVRIC J P,et al.,2019.Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics:Examination of biomarkers,current state and future perspectives[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,111:37-46.
RAZANAJATOVO R M,DING J,ZHANG S,et al.,2018.Sorption and desorption of selected pharmaceuticals by polyethylene microplastics[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,136:516-523.
SAVOCA M S,TYSON C W,MCGILL M,et al.,2017.Odours from marine plastic debris induce food search behaviours in a forage fish[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,284(1860):20171000.
SLEIGHT V A,BAKIR A,THOMPSON R C,et al.,2017.Assessment of microplastic-sorbed contaminant bioavailability through analysis of biomarker gene expression in larval zebrafish[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,116(1-2):291-297.
SMETS B F,RITTMANN B E,1990.Sorption equilibria for trichloroethene on algae[J].Water Research,24(3):355-360.
SU L,XUE Y G,LI L Y,et al.,2016.Microplastics in Taihu Lake,China[J].Environmental Pollution,216:711-719.
VERLICCHI P,AL AUKIDY M,JELIC A,et al.,2014.Comparison of measured and predicted concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water:a case study of a catchment area in the Po Valley(Italy)[J].Science of the Total Environment,470-471:844-854.
WANG W,NDUNGU A W,LI Z,et al.,2017.Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China:A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,575:1369-1374.
WRIGHT S L,THOMPSON R C,GALLOWAY T S,2013.The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms:A review[J].Environmental Pollution,178:483-492.
YAN Z Y,YANG Q L,WANG X,et al.,2019.Correlation between antibiotic-induced feeding depression and body size reduction in zooplankton(rotifer,Brachionus calyciflorus):Neural response and digestive enzyme inhibition[J].Chemosphere,218:376-383.
YANG L H,YING G G,SU H C,et al.,2008.Growth-inhibiting effects of12 antibacterial agents and their mixtures on the freshwater microalga pseudokirchneriella subcapitata[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,27(5):1201-1208.
ZHANG P,YAN Z H,LU G H,et al.,2019.Single and combined effects of microplastics and roxithromycin on Daphnia magna[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,26(17):17010-17020.ZHANG Q,QU Q,LU T,et al.,2018.The combined toxicity effect of nanoplastics and glyphosate on Microcystis aeruginosa growth[J].Environmental Pollution,243(Part B):1106-1112.
ZHANG S S,DING J N,RAZANAJATOVO R M,et al.,2019.Interactive effects of polystyrene microplastics and roxithromycin on bioacumulation and biochemical status in the freshwater fish red tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Science of the Total Environment,648:1431-1439.
ZHU Z L,WANG S C,ZHAO F F,et al.,2019.Joint toxicity of microplastics with triclosan to marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum[J].Environmental Pollution,246:509-517.
ZICCARDI L M,EDGINGTON A,HENTZ K,et al.,2016.Microplastics as vectors for bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in the marine environment:A state-of-the-science review[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,35(7):1667-1676.
戴欣,吴东芳,白焱,等,2013.浮游植物体内叶绿素a含量测定方法[J].东北水利水电,31(8):13-14.DAI X,WU D F,BAI Y,et al.,2013.Method of chlorophyll-a content determination in phytoplankton[J].Water Resources&Hydropower of Northeast,31(8):13-14.
关爱农,刘晔,王志忠,等,2009.不同浓度多效唑处理对水仙生长开花的影响[J].中国农业通报,25(13):146-149.GUAN AN,LIU Y,WANG Z Z,et al.,2009.Effects of paclobutrazol of different concentration on growth and florescence of narcissus[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,25(13):146-149.
ANDRADY A L,2011.Microplastics in the marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,62(8):1596-1605.
BASHA P S,RANI A U,2003.Cadmium-induced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus(Tilapia)[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,56(2):218-221.
BATEL A,LINTI F,SCHERER M,et al.,2016.Transfer of benzo[a]pyrenefrom microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment:CYP1A induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,35(7):1656-1666.
BESSELING E.,FOEKEMA E M,VAN FRANEKER J A,et al.,2015.Microplastic in a macro filter feeder:Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae[J].Marine pollution bulletin,95(1):248-252.
BESSELING E,WANG B,LURLING M,et al.,2014.Nanoplastic Affects Growth of S.obliquus and Reproduction of D.magna[J].Environmental Science&Technology,48(20):12336-12343.
BLARER P,BURKHARDT-HOLM P,2016.Microplastics affectassimilation efficiency in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,23(23):23522-23532.
BRENNECKE D,DUARTE B.,PAIVA F,et al.,2016.Microplastics as vector for heavy metal contamination from the marine environment[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,178:189-195.
COLE M,LINDEQUE P,FILEMAN E,et al.,2013.Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton[J].Environmental Science&Technology,47(12):6646-6655.
DE SA L C, OLIVEIRA M,RIBEIRO F,et al.,2018.Studies of the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms:What do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future?[J].Science of the Total Environment,645:1029-1039.
DING J N,LU G H,LI S,et al.,2015.Biological fate and effects of propranolol in an experimental aquatic food chain[J].Science of the Total Environment,532:31-39.
EERKES-MEDRANO D,THOMPSON R C,ALDRIDGE D C,2015.Microplastics in freshwater systems:A review of the emerging threats,identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs[J].Water Research,75:63-82.
ERIKSEN M,LEBRETON L C M,CARSON H S,et al.,2014.Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans:More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250 000 Tons Afloat at Sea[J].Plos One,9(12):e111913.
FONTE E,FERREIRA P,GUILHERMINO L.2016.Temperature rise and microplastics interact with the toxicity of the antibiotic cefalexin to juveniles of the common goby(Pomatoschistus microps):Post-exposure predatory behaviour,acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation[J].Aquatic Toxicology,180:173-185.
KARAMI A,ROMANO N,GALLOWAY T,et al.,2016.Virgin microplastics cause toxicity and modulate the impacts of phenanthrene on biomarker responses in African catfish(Clarias gariepinus)[J].Environmental Research,151:58-70.
KLEYWEGT S,PILEGGI V,YANG P,et al.,2011.Pharmaceuticals,hormones and bisphenol A in untreated source and finished drinking water in Ontario,Canada:Occurrence and treatment efficiency[J].Science of the Total Environment,409(8):1481-1488.
KOLANDHASAMY P,SU L,LI J,et al.,2018.Adherence of microplastics to soft tissue of mussels:A novel way to uptake microplastics beyond ingestion[J].Science of the Total Environment,610-611:635-640.LAW K L,THOMPSON R C,2014.Microplastics in the seas[J].Science,345(6193):144-145.
LI J,ZHANG K,ZHANG H,2018.Adsorption of antibiotics on microplastics[J].Environmental Pollution,237:460-467.
LIN H J,CHEN L L,LI H P,et al.,2018.Pharmaceutically active compounds in the Xiangjiang River,China:Distribution pattern,source apportionment,and risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,636:975-984.
LIU J L,WONG M H,2013.Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs):A review on environmental contamination in China[J].Environment International,59:208-224.
LIU J C,LU G H,WANG Y H,et al.,2014.Bioconcentration,metabolism,and biomarker responses in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to roxithromycin[J].Chemosphere,99:102-108.
MAO Y F,AI H N,CHEN Y,et al.,2018.Phytoplankton response topolystyrene microplastics:Perspective from an entire growth period[J].Chemosphere,208:59-68.
MATTSSON K,EKVALL M T,HANSSON L A,et al.,2014.Altered Behavior,Physiology,and Metabolism in Fish Exposed to Polystyrene Nanoparticles[J].Environmental Science&Technology,49(1):553-561.
MURPHY F,RUSSELL M,EWINS C,et al.,2017.The uptake of macroplasticµplastic by demersal&pelagic fish in the Northeast Atlantic around Scotland[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,122(1-2):353-359.
OLIVEIRA M.,RIBEIRO A,HYLLAND K,et al.,2013.Single and combined effects of microplastics and pyrene on juveniles(0+group)of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps(Teleostei,Gobiidae)[J].Ecological Indicators,34:641-647.
PAN Y,YAN S,LI R,et al.,2017.Lethal/sublethal responses of Daphnia magna to acute norfloxacin contamination and changes in phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions induced by this antibiotic[J].Scientific Reports,DOI:10.1038/srep40385.
PIDDINGTON D L,FANG F C,LAESSIG T,et al.,2001.Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Contributes toSurvival in Activated Macrophages That Are Generating an Oxidative Burst[J].Infection and Immunity,69(8):4980-4987.
PROKIC M D,RADOVANOVIC T B,GAVRIC J P,et al.,2019.Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics:Examination of biomarkers,current state and future perspectives[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,111:37-46.
RAZANAJATOVO R M,DING J,ZHANG S,et al.,2018.Sorption and desorption of selected pharmaceuticals by polyethylene microplastics[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,136:516-523.
SAVOCA M S,TYSON C W,MCGILL M,et al.,2017.Odours from marine plastic debris induce food search behaviours in a forage fish[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,284(1860):20171000.
SLEIGHT V A,BAKIR A,THOMPSON R C,et al.,2017.Assessment of microplastic-sorbed contaminant bioavailability through analysis of biomarker gene expression in larval zebrafish[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,116(1-2):291-297.
SMETS B F,RITTMANN B E,1990.Sorption equilibria for trichloroethene on algae[J].Water Research,24(3):355-360.
SU L,XUE Y G,LI L Y,et al.,2016.Microplastics in Taihu Lake,China[J].Environmental Pollution,216:711-719.
VERLICCHI P,AL AUKIDY M,JELIC A,et al.,2014.Comparison of measured and predicted concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water:a case study of a catchment area in the Po Valley(Italy)[J].Science of the Total Environment,470-471:844-854.
WANG W,NDUNGU A W,LI Z,et al.,2017.Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China:A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,575:1369-1374.
WRIGHT S L,THOMPSON R C,GALLOWAY T S,2013.The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms:A review[J].Environmental Pollution,178:483-492.
YAN Z Y,YANG Q L,WANG X,et al.,2019.Correlation between antibiotic-induced feeding depression and body size reduction in zooplankton(rotifer,Brachionus calyciflorus):Neural response and digestive enzyme inhibition[J].Chemosphere,218:376-383.
YANG L H,YING G G,SU H C,et al.,2008.Growth-inhibiting effects of12 antibacterial agents and their mixtures on the freshwater microalga pseudokirchneriella subcapitata[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,27(5):1201-1208.
ZHANG P,YAN Z H,LU G H,et al.,2019.Single and combined effects of microplastics and roxithromycin on Daphnia magna[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,26(17):17010-17020.ZHANG Q,QU Q,LU T,et al.,2018.The combined toxicity effect of nanoplastics and glyphosate on Microcystis aeruginosa growth[J].Environmental Pollution,243(Part B):1106-1112.
ZHANG S S,DING J N,RAZANAJATOVO R M,et al.,2019.Interactive effects of polystyrene microplastics and roxithromycin on bioacumulation and biochemical status in the freshwater fish red tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Science of the Total Environment,648:1431-1439.
ZHU Z L,WANG S C,ZHAO F F,et al.,2019.Joint toxicity of microplastics with triclosan to marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum[J].Environmental Pollution,246:509-517.
ZICCARDI L M,EDGINGTON A,HENTZ K,et al.,2016.Microplastics as vectors for bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in the marine environment:A state-of-the-science review[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,35(7):1667-1676.
戴欣,吴东芳,白焱,等,2013.浮游植物体内叶绿素a含量测定方法[J].东北水利水电,31(8):13-14.DAI X,WU D F,BAI Y,et al.,2013.Method of chlorophyll-a content determination in phytoplankton[J].Water Resources&Hydropower of Northeast,31(8):13-14.
关爱农,刘晔,王志忠,等,2009.不同浓度多效唑处理对水仙生长开花的影响[J].中国农业通报,25(13):146-149.GUAN AN,LIU Y,WANG Z Z,et al.,2009.Effects of paclobutrazol of different concentration on growth and florescence of narcissus[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,25(13):146-149.