内蒙古乌拉特鹅喉羚蒙古亚种夏季生境选择初步研究
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摘要
【目的】研究鹅喉羚蒙古亚种与夏季栖息地的关系,为探索鹅喉羚蒙古亚种的生境选择和生境恢复提供科学依据。【方法】于2016年7—8月,采用样线法和随机样方法,在内蒙古乌拉特后旗的蒙古野驴-梭梭林国家级自然保护区展开了鹅喉羚蒙古亚种夏季生境选择研究。共获得71个鹅喉羚数据样方,测定了15种生境因子,计算Vanderploeg和Scavia选择指数同时进行主成分分析。【结果】鹅喉羚喜好高平原和残丘,坡向半阴,灌木类型以白刺灌木林为主。倾向选择灌木数量为0～10株、20～30株,植被盖度为0～20%、60%～80%,距道路的距离为10～15 km,距居民点的距离为10～15 km的生境。主成分分析结果显示,前5个主成分的累计贡献率为76.504%,其中第1主成分的贡献率为22.058%,地形因子(坡向、坡位和坡度)是第1主成分的影响因子,其他几个主成分的生境选择因子主要是干扰、水源和食物及植被因子。【结论】因此,我们认为夏季鹅喉羚对生境的选择呈现一定的偏好和回避,是由于夏季保护区内气候、地形、食物以及干扰等因子特有的季节性特征导致,也体现出其对保护区实际生境情况和资源分布进行的择优和取舍行为。
[Objective] Due to the lack of research on goitred gazelle(Gazella subgutturosa hillieriana) at home and abroad, it has some adverse effects on its protection. Therefore, this paper studies the habitat selection of Mongolia subspecies of goitred gazelle in summer, and will provide a basis for exploring habitat selection and habitat restoration of the species. [Method] We investigated the habitat selection of Mongolia subspecies of goitred gazelle in the Ass-Saxoul National Nature Reserve of Wulate, Inner Mongolia of northern China from July to August 2016, using methods of transects and random samples. Totally 71 quadrats with gazelle and its tracks were obtained and 15 habitat selection factors were measured. The Vanderploeg and Scavia selection index and principal component analysis were used to determine the main habitat factors. [Result] The results showed that goitred gazelle chose high plain and torso mountain, semishady slope, shrub with nitraria sibirica(Nitraria tangutorum); shrub numbers of no more than 10 or 20–30;the vegetation coverage of less than 20% or 60%–80%; and with the distance from the road and resident sites10–15 km. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that the total cumulative contribution rate for 5 components was 76.504%, the contribution rate of the first principal component was 22.058%, in which the highest was terrain factors(slope orientation, slope position and slope degree); high contribution rate factors in other principal components were disturbance, water distance and vegetation factors. [Conclusion]Therefore, we suppose that gazelles ' preference and avoidance for habitat selection is due to the unique seasonal characteristics of climate, topograghy, food and disturbance in summer and reflects its preference and trade-off for the actual habitat and resource distribution in the protected area.
[Objective] Due to the lack of research on goitred gazelle(Gazella subgutturosa hillieriana) at home and abroad, it has some adverse effects on its protection. Therefore, this paper studies the habitat selection of Mongolia subspecies of goitred gazelle in summer, and will provide a basis for exploring habitat selection and habitat restoration of the species. [Method] We investigated the habitat selection of Mongolia subspecies of goitred gazelle in the Ass-Saxoul National Nature Reserve of Wulate, Inner Mongolia of northern China from July to August 2016, using methods of transects and random samples. Totally 71 quadrats with gazelle and its tracks were obtained and 15 habitat selection factors were measured. The Vanderploeg and Scavia selection index and principal component analysis were used to determine the main habitat factors. [Result] The results showed that goitred gazelle chose high plain and torso mountain, semishady slope, shrub with nitraria sibirica(Nitraria tangutorum); shrub numbers of no more than 10 or 20–30;the vegetation coverage of less than 20% or 60%–80%; and with the distance from the road and resident sites10–15 km. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that the total cumulative contribution rate for 5 components was 76.504%, the contribution rate of the first principal component was 22.058%, in which the highest was terrain factors(slope orientation, slope position and slope degree); high contribution rate factors in other principal components were disturbance, water distance and vegetation factors. [Conclusion]Therefore, we suppose that gazelles ' preference and avoidance for habitat selection is due to the unique seasonal characteristics of climate, topograghy, food and disturbance in summer and reflects its preference and trade-off for the actual habitat and resource distribution in the protected area.
引文
[1]李晓军,龚大洁,郑智,等.鹅喉羚[J].生物学通报,2015,50(4):13-14.Li X J,Gong D J,Zheng Z,et al.Goitred gazelle[J].Bulletin of Biology,2015,50(4):13-14.
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[11]初红军,蒋志刚,蒋峰,等.鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息地选择[J].动物学研究,2009,30(3):312-317.Chu H J,Jiang Z G,Jiang F,et al.Summer and winter bed-site selection by goitred gazelle(Gazella subgutturosa sairensis)[J].Zoological Research,2009,30(3):312-317.
[12]杨维康,徐文轩,刘伟,等.卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区鹅喉羚的采食地选择[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(2):236-240.Yang W K,Xu W X,Liu W,et al.Feeding habitat characteristics of Gazella subgutturosa in the Karamaili Mountain Nature Reserve,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(2):236-240.
[13]李莹,徐文轩,乔建芳,等.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区鹅喉羚的时空分布与生境选择[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(2):261-265.Li Y,Xu W X,Qiao J F,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution and habitat selection of Gazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Mountain Nature Reserve in four seasons[J].Arid Land Geography,2009,32(2):261-265.
[14]艾孜孜江·乃比,夏米西丁·阿不都热依木,热木图拉·阿卜杜克热木,等.艾比湖国家级湿地自然保护区鹅喉羚种群数量与分布[J].四川动物,2015,34(3):447-452.Ezizjan N,Shamshidin A,Rahmutulla A,et al.Populatin size and distribution of Gazella subgutturosa in Ebinur Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2015,34(3):447-452.
[15]塔吉古丽·吐热甫,艾孜孜江·乃比,宁礼群,等.新疆艾比湖鹅喉羚mtDNA D-Loop区序列多态性研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2016,43(5):1316-1322.Tajigul T,Ezizjan N,Ning L Q,et al.Genetic diversity of Gazella subgutturosa based on mitochondrial DNA D-Loop sequence in Xinjiang Ebinur Lake[J].Chinese Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2016,43(5):1316-1322.
[16]赵宠南,苏云,刘振生,等.贺兰山牦牛冬春季的生境选择[J].生态学报,2012,32(6):1763-1764.Zhao C N,SU Y,Liu Z S,et al.Habitat selection of feral yak in winter and spring in the Helan Mountains,China[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2012,32(6):1763-1764.
[17]宋朝枢,贾昆峰.乌拉特梭梭林自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000:1-111.Song C S,Jia K F.Scientific survey of Wulate Haloxylon Ammodendron Forest Nature Reserve[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2000:1-111.
[18]鲁庆彬,胡锦矗.岷山黑熊生境选择的初步分析[J].兽类学报,2003,23(2):98-103.Lu Q B,Hu J C.Preliminary analysis on the habitat selection of black bears in the Minshan Mountains[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2003,23(2):98-103.
[19]徐文轩,乔建芳,夏参军,等.卡拉麦里山保护区鹅喉羚卧息地特征的季节变化[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(4):688-691.Xu W X,Qiao J F,Xia C J,et al.Seasonal variations of bedding site characteristics of Gazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Mountain Nature Reserve[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010,29(4):688-691.
[20]朱云云,王孝安,王贤,等.坡向因子对黄土高原草地群落功能多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(21):6823-6831.Zhu Y Y,Wang X A,Wang X,et al.Effect of slope aspect on the functional diversity of grass communities in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2016,36(21):6823-6831.
[2]汪松.中国物种红色名录(脊椎动物)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009:549-550.Wang S.China species red list(vertebrata)[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2009:549-550.
[3]Ostrowski S,Williams J B.Heterothermy of free-living Arabian sand gazelles(Gazella subgutturosa marica)in a desert environment[J].The Journal of Experimental Biology,2006,209:1421-1428.
[4]Cunningham P L,Wronski T.Seasonal changes in group size and composition of Arabian sand gazelle Gazella subgutturosa marica Thomas,1897 during a period of drought in central western Saudi Arabia[J].Current Zoology,2011,57(1):36-41.
[5]Dittmann M T,Hebel C,Arif A,et al.Metabolic rates of three gazelle species(Nanger soemmerringii,Gazella gazella,Gazella spekei)adapted to arid habitats[J].Mammalian Biology,2015,80:390-394.
[6]Cunningham P L.Observations of the seasonal dietary preference of male Gazella subgutturosa marica Thomas,1897(Cetartiodactyla:Bovidae)along foraging trails of central Saudi Arabia[J].Journal of Threatened Taxa,2009,1(9):445-448.
[7]Lerp H,Klaus S,Allg?wer S.Data on phylogenetic analyses of gazelles(genus Gazella)based on mitochondrial and nuclear intron markers[J].Data in Brief,2016,7:551-557.
[8]BlankD A,Ruckstuhl K,Yang W.Antipredator strategy of female goitered gazelles(Gazella subgutturosa Guld.1780)with hiding fawn[J].Behavioural Processes,2015,119:44-49.
[9]Fadakar D,Rezaei H R,Naseri M,et al.Phylogenetic analysis of Persian Gazella,Gazella subgutturosa(Artiodactyla:Bovidae)based on cytochrome b in central Iran[J].Molecular Biology Research Communications,2013,2(4):151-159.
[10]高行宜,姚军.新疆哈密盆地初冬鹅喉羚的地理分布与种群数量[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(2):213-218.Gao X Y,Yao J.Study on the geography distribution and population of Gazella subgutturosa in the Hami Basin,Xinjiang in early winter[J].Arid Land Geography,2006,29(2):213-218.
[11]初红军,蒋志刚,蒋峰,等.鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息地选择[J].动物学研究,2009,30(3):312-317.Chu H J,Jiang Z G,Jiang F,et al.Summer and winter bed-site selection by goitred gazelle(Gazella subgutturosa sairensis)[J].Zoological Research,2009,30(3):312-317.
[12]杨维康,徐文轩,刘伟,等.卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区鹅喉羚的采食地选择[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(2):236-240.Yang W K,Xu W X,Liu W,et al.Feeding habitat characteristics of Gazella subgutturosa in the Karamaili Mountain Nature Reserve,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(2):236-240.
[13]李莹,徐文轩,乔建芳,等.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区鹅喉羚的时空分布与生境选择[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(2):261-265.Li Y,Xu W X,Qiao J F,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution and habitat selection of Gazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Mountain Nature Reserve in four seasons[J].Arid Land Geography,2009,32(2):261-265.
[14]艾孜孜江·乃比,夏米西丁·阿不都热依木,热木图拉·阿卜杜克热木,等.艾比湖国家级湿地自然保护区鹅喉羚种群数量与分布[J].四川动物,2015,34(3):447-452.Ezizjan N,Shamshidin A,Rahmutulla A,et al.Populatin size and distribution of Gazella subgutturosa in Ebinur Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2015,34(3):447-452.
[15]塔吉古丽·吐热甫,艾孜孜江·乃比,宁礼群,等.新疆艾比湖鹅喉羚mtDNA D-Loop区序列多态性研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2016,43(5):1316-1322.Tajigul T,Ezizjan N,Ning L Q,et al.Genetic diversity of Gazella subgutturosa based on mitochondrial DNA D-Loop sequence in Xinjiang Ebinur Lake[J].Chinese Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2016,43(5):1316-1322.
[16]赵宠南,苏云,刘振生,等.贺兰山牦牛冬春季的生境选择[J].生态学报,2012,32(6):1763-1764.Zhao C N,SU Y,Liu Z S,et al.Habitat selection of feral yak in winter and spring in the Helan Mountains,China[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2012,32(6):1763-1764.
[17]宋朝枢,贾昆峰.乌拉特梭梭林自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000:1-111.Song C S,Jia K F.Scientific survey of Wulate Haloxylon Ammodendron Forest Nature Reserve[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2000:1-111.
[18]鲁庆彬,胡锦矗.岷山黑熊生境选择的初步分析[J].兽类学报,2003,23(2):98-103.Lu Q B,Hu J C.Preliminary analysis on the habitat selection of black bears in the Minshan Mountains[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2003,23(2):98-103.
[19]徐文轩,乔建芳,夏参军,等.卡拉麦里山保护区鹅喉羚卧息地特征的季节变化[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(4):688-691.Xu W X,Qiao J F,Xia C J,et al.Seasonal variations of bedding site characteristics of Gazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Mountain Nature Reserve[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010,29(4):688-691.
[20]朱云云,王孝安,王贤,等.坡向因子对黄土高原草地群落功能多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(21):6823-6831.Zhu Y Y,Wang X A,Wang X,et al.Effect of slope aspect on the functional diversity of grass communities in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2016,36(21):6823-6831.