崇明岛小白鹭鸟卵中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征
|
摘要
鸟卵可用于环境质量的生物监测.从崇明岛东部若干林地采集小白鹭(Egretta garzetta)卵样品10个,用液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)测定了样品中10种常见有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)的含量,分析了其分布特征和来源.结果表明,除三辛基磷酸酯(TEHP)和三氯乙基磷酸酯(TCEP)外,其余8种OPFRs在小白鹭卵中均有检出,OPFRs的总含量为49.5～142.8 ng·g~(-1)(以湿重计,下同),均值为78.6 ng·g~(-1);其中,三丁基磷酸酯(TNBP)、三异丁基磷酸酯(TIBP)和三邻甲苯磷酸酯(TMPP)含量较为丰富,分别为(26.3±10.1)、(20.9±9.44)和(19.0±15.6) ng·g~(-1).不同鸟卵中OPFRs的赋存特征差异较大,主要受其环境含量水平、生物积累和放大能力及代谢能力的影响.崇明小白鹭卵样品中存在具有胚胎发育毒性的TMPP、三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TCIPP)、三丁氧基乙基磷酸酯(TBOEP)等,可能对其繁殖具有潜在影响,值得关注.
Bird egg can be used for biological monitoring of environmental quality. In this study, organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs) in 10 little egret egg samples collected from forests in the east of Chongming Island were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). The results show that 8 OPFRs were detected except tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate(TEHP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate(TCEP). Total concentration of OPFRs(ΣOPFRs) in heron eggs ranged from 49.5 to 142.8 ng·g~(-1) wet weight, and average concentration was 78.6 ng·g~(-1). Concentrations of tri-n-butyl phosphate(TNBP), tris(isobutyl) phosphate(TIBP) and tri-2-methylphenyl phosphate(TMPP), as dominant OPFRs, were(26.3±10.1),(20.9±9.44) and(19.0±15.6) ng·g~(-1), respectively. The occurrence of OPFRs was different in egg individuals, and was probably controlled by their environmental level, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and metabolic capability. Owing to the embryonic developmental toxicity and potential effects on reproduction of the OPFRs detected in this study, including TMPP, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate(TCIPP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate(TBOEP), their occurrence should be extensively concerned in heron eggs from Chongming Island.
Bird egg can be used for biological monitoring of environmental quality. In this study, organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs) in 10 little egret egg samples collected from forests in the east of Chongming Island were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). The results show that 8 OPFRs were detected except tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate(TEHP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate(TCEP). Total concentration of OPFRs(ΣOPFRs) in heron eggs ranged from 49.5 to 142.8 ng·g~(-1) wet weight, and average concentration was 78.6 ng·g~(-1). Concentrations of tri-n-butyl phosphate(TNBP), tris(isobutyl) phosphate(TIBP) and tri-2-methylphenyl phosphate(TMPP), as dominant OPFRs, were(26.3±10.1),(20.9±9.44) and(19.0±15.6) ng·g~(-1), respectively. The occurrence of OPFRs was different in egg individuals, and was probably controlled by their environmental level, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and metabolic capability. Owing to the embryonic developmental toxicity and potential effects on reproduction of the OPFRs detected in this study, including TMPP, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate(TCIPP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate(TBOEP), their occurrence should be extensively concerned in heron eggs from Chongming Island.
引文
Andresen J A,Grundmann A,Bester K.2004.Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticisers in surface waters[J].Science of the Total Environment,332(1/3):155-166
Arnot J A,Gobas F A.2006.A review of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) assessments for organic chemicals in aquatic organisms[J].Environmental Reviews,14(4):257-297
Bergman ?,Rydén A,Law R J,et al.2012.A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine,organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals[J].Environment International,49:57-82
Burka L T,Sanders J M,Herr D W,et al.1991 Metabolism of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate in rats and mice[J].Drug Metabolism & Disposition,19(2):443-447
Chen D,Hale R C.2010.A global review of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant contamination in birds[J].Environment International,36(7):800-811
Chen D,Letcher R J,Chu S.2012.Determination of non-halogenated,chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1220:169-174
Chu S,Letcher R J.2015.Determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in lipid-rich matrices using dispersive solid-phase extraction as a sample cleanup step and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,885:183-190
Crump D,Chiu S,Kennedy S W.2012.Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate on cytotoxicity and mRNA expression in primary cultures of avian hepatocytes and neuronal cells[J].Toxicological Sciences,126(1):140-148
Crump D,Porter E,Egloff C,et al.2014.1,2-Dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate cause significant effects on development,mRNA expression,and circulating bile acid concentrations in chicken embryos[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,277(3):279-287
曹垒,杨捷频.2003.校园观鸟手册[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.32
de Wit C A.2002.An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment[J].Chemosphere,46(5):583-624
Eulaers I,Jaspers V L B,Halley D J,et al.2014.Brominated and phosphorus flame retardants in white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla nestlings:bioaccumulation and associations with dietary proxies (δ13C,δ15N and δ34S)[J].Science of the Total Environment,478:48-57
Evenset A,Leknes H,Christensen G N,et al.2009.Screening of new contaminants in samples from the Norwegian Arctic:Silver,platinum,sucralose,bisphenol a,tetrabrombisphenol a,siloxanes,phtalates (DEHP),phosphororganic flame retardants[R].1049/2009.Norge:Norwegian Pollution Control Authority.30-34
Greaves A K,Letcher R J.2014.Comparative body compartment composition and in ovo transfer of organophosphate flame retardants in North American Great Lakes Herring Gulls[J].Environmental Science and Technology,48(14):7942-7950
Greaves A K,Letcher R J,Chen D,et al.2016.Retrospective analysis of organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs and relation to the aquatic food web in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America[J].Environmental Research,150:255-263
Hallanger I G,Sagerup K,Evenset A,et al.2015.Organophosphorous flame retardants in biota from Svalbard,Norway[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,101(1):442-447
Hou R,Xu Y,Wang Z.2016.Review of OPFRs in animals and humans:Absorption,bioaccumulation,metabolism,and internal exposure research[J].Chemosphere,153:78-90
Hou R,Liu C,Gao X,et al.2017.Accumulation and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and their di-alkyl phosphates (DAPs) metabolites in different freshwater fish from locations around Beijing,China[J].Environmental Pollution,229:548-556
Hou R,Huang C,Rao K,et al.2018.Characterized in vitro metabolism kinetics of alkyl organophosphate esters in fish liver and intestinal microsomes[J].Environmental Science and Technology,52(5):3202-3210
Huang Q H,Zhu Z L,Bergman A,et al.2017.Chapter 3.4 Dringking Water Contaminants:A Screening Project// Bergman ?,Bignert A,Qiu Y L,et al.Chemical Pollution Challenges in the Yangtze River Delta,China:A 2017 Sino-Swedish Research Report[M].Stockholm:Stockholm University.65-69
Leonards P S E,van der Veen I,Berg V,et al.2011 Screening of organophosphorus flame retardants 2010[R].SPFO-report 1091/2011.Norway:Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency
李峰,丁长青.2007.重金属污染对鸟类的影响[J].生态学报,27(1):296-303
Ma Y,Cui K,Zeng F,et al.2013.Microwave-assisted extraction combined with gel permeation chromatography and silica gel cleanup followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in biological samples[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,786:47-53
莫英敏,谢汉宾,李贲,等.2017.崇明东滩冬季不同管理模式下水稻田水鸟群落特征及其生境分析[J].动物学杂志,52(4):583-591
Porter E,Crump D,Egloff C,et al.2014.Use of an avian hepatocyte assay and the avian toxchip polymerse chain reaction array for testing prioritization of 16 organic flame retardants[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,33(3):573-582
Sasaki K,Suzuki T,Takeda M,et al.1984.Metabolism of phosphoric acid triesters by rat liver homogenate[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,33(1):281-288
史莉,范红伟,吴婷桦,等.2018.聚氨酯泡沫中3种有机磷阻燃剂检测方法及其迁移规律研究[J].分析仪器,(1):7-11
Veen I V D,Boer J D.2012.Phosphorus flame retardants:Properties,production,environmental occurrence,toxicity and analysis[J].Chemosphere,88(10):1119-1153
Wiseman S B,Wang Y,Chang H,et al.2011.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated/methoxylated analogs:environmental sources,metabolic relationships,and relative toxicities[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,63(5/12):179-188
吴巍.2017.上海崇明东滩湿地的栖息地重建对水鸟的作用[J].生物学通报,52(10):7-11
Xu F,Garcia-Bermejo A,Malarvannan G,et al,2015.Multi-contaminant analysis of organophosphate and halogenated flame retardants in food matrices using ultrasonication and vacuum assisted extraction,multi-stage cleanup and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1401:33-41
Zheng X,Xu F,Luo X,et al.2016.Phosphate flame retardants and novel brominated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an e-waste recycling region in China[J].Chemosphere,150:545-550
朱曦,邹小平.2001.中国鹭类[M].北京:中国林业出版社.201
Arnot J A,Gobas F A.2006.A review of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) assessments for organic chemicals in aquatic organisms[J].Environmental Reviews,14(4):257-297
Bergman ?,Rydén A,Law R J,et al.2012.A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine,organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals[J].Environment International,49:57-82
Burka L T,Sanders J M,Herr D W,et al.1991 Metabolism of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate in rats and mice[J].Drug Metabolism & Disposition,19(2):443-447
Chen D,Hale R C.2010.A global review of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant contamination in birds[J].Environment International,36(7):800-811
Chen D,Letcher R J,Chu S.2012.Determination of non-halogenated,chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1220:169-174
Chu S,Letcher R J.2015.Determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in lipid-rich matrices using dispersive solid-phase extraction as a sample cleanup step and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,885:183-190
Crump D,Chiu S,Kennedy S W.2012.Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate on cytotoxicity and mRNA expression in primary cultures of avian hepatocytes and neuronal cells[J].Toxicological Sciences,126(1):140-148
Crump D,Porter E,Egloff C,et al.2014.1,2-Dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate cause significant effects on development,mRNA expression,and circulating bile acid concentrations in chicken embryos[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,277(3):279-287
曹垒,杨捷频.2003.校园观鸟手册[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.32
de Wit C A.2002.An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment[J].Chemosphere,46(5):583-624
Eulaers I,Jaspers V L B,Halley D J,et al.2014.Brominated and phosphorus flame retardants in white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla nestlings:bioaccumulation and associations with dietary proxies (δ13C,δ15N and δ34S)[J].Science of the Total Environment,478:48-57
Evenset A,Leknes H,Christensen G N,et al.2009.Screening of new contaminants in samples from the Norwegian Arctic:Silver,platinum,sucralose,bisphenol a,tetrabrombisphenol a,siloxanes,phtalates (DEHP),phosphororganic flame retardants[R].1049/2009.Norge:Norwegian Pollution Control Authority.30-34
Greaves A K,Letcher R J.2014.Comparative body compartment composition and in ovo transfer of organophosphate flame retardants in North American Great Lakes Herring Gulls[J].Environmental Science and Technology,48(14):7942-7950
Greaves A K,Letcher R J,Chen D,et al.2016.Retrospective analysis of organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs and relation to the aquatic food web in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America[J].Environmental Research,150:255-263
Hallanger I G,Sagerup K,Evenset A,et al.2015.Organophosphorous flame retardants in biota from Svalbard,Norway[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,101(1):442-447
Hou R,Xu Y,Wang Z.2016.Review of OPFRs in animals and humans:Absorption,bioaccumulation,metabolism,and internal exposure research[J].Chemosphere,153:78-90
Hou R,Liu C,Gao X,et al.2017.Accumulation and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and their di-alkyl phosphates (DAPs) metabolites in different freshwater fish from locations around Beijing,China[J].Environmental Pollution,229:548-556
Hou R,Huang C,Rao K,et al.2018.Characterized in vitro metabolism kinetics of alkyl organophosphate esters in fish liver and intestinal microsomes[J].Environmental Science and Technology,52(5):3202-3210
Huang Q H,Zhu Z L,Bergman A,et al.2017.Chapter 3.4 Dringking Water Contaminants:A Screening Project// Bergman ?,Bignert A,Qiu Y L,et al.Chemical Pollution Challenges in the Yangtze River Delta,China:A 2017 Sino-Swedish Research Report[M].Stockholm:Stockholm University.65-69
Leonards P S E,van der Veen I,Berg V,et al.2011 Screening of organophosphorus flame retardants 2010[R].SPFO-report 1091/2011.Norway:Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency
李峰,丁长青.2007.重金属污染对鸟类的影响[J].生态学报,27(1):296-303
Ma Y,Cui K,Zeng F,et al.2013.Microwave-assisted extraction combined with gel permeation chromatography and silica gel cleanup followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in biological samples[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,786:47-53
莫英敏,谢汉宾,李贲,等.2017.崇明东滩冬季不同管理模式下水稻田水鸟群落特征及其生境分析[J].动物学杂志,52(4):583-591
Porter E,Crump D,Egloff C,et al.2014.Use of an avian hepatocyte assay and the avian toxchip polymerse chain reaction array for testing prioritization of 16 organic flame retardants[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,33(3):573-582
Sasaki K,Suzuki T,Takeda M,et al.1984.Metabolism of phosphoric acid triesters by rat liver homogenate[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,33(1):281-288
史莉,范红伟,吴婷桦,等.2018.聚氨酯泡沫中3种有机磷阻燃剂检测方法及其迁移规律研究[J].分析仪器,(1):7-11
Veen I V D,Boer J D.2012.Phosphorus flame retardants:Properties,production,environmental occurrence,toxicity and analysis[J].Chemosphere,88(10):1119-1153
Wiseman S B,Wang Y,Chang H,et al.2011.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated/methoxylated analogs:environmental sources,metabolic relationships,and relative toxicities[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,63(5/12):179-188
吴巍.2017.上海崇明东滩湿地的栖息地重建对水鸟的作用[J].生物学通报,52(10):7-11
Xu F,Garcia-Bermejo A,Malarvannan G,et al,2015.Multi-contaminant analysis of organophosphate and halogenated flame retardants in food matrices using ultrasonication and vacuum assisted extraction,multi-stage cleanup and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1401:33-41
Zheng X,Xu F,Luo X,et al.2016.Phosphate flame retardants and novel brominated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an e-waste recycling region in China[J].Chemosphere,150:545-550
朱曦,邹小平.2001.中国鹭类[M].北京:中国林业出版社.201