陕北黄陵县农户生计资本评价及其生计策略研究
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摘要
[目的]选取受退耕还林、封山禁牧等生态政策影响较大的陕北农户为研究对象,分析农户生计资本与生计策略之间的作用关系。[方法]基于可持续生计分析框架,采用Logistic回归模型,对17个行政村335户样本农户数据进行分析。[结果](1)研究区农户的人力资本整体得分最高,社会资本居次,物质资本中等偏下,自然资本和金融资本处于低水平;(2)农户生计分化明显,典型的纯农户很少,农户生计策略主要为兼农型和低水平非农型;(3)回归分析表明,人力资本指数高的农户倾向于外地兼农,物质资本和社会资本指数高的农户倾向于当地兼农,家庭年收入、人均教育投入和人情往来3项指标是促进农户向非农型生计策略转变的关键因子。[结论]农户生计策略的选择和转变是建立在自身资本结构上的,其往往向着发挥生计资本优势、规避生计资本短板的方向调整生计策略,进而达到提高整体生计资本水平的目的。人力资本优势主导下的黄陵县,加之沟壑区农地资源空间配置的破碎性与复杂性,外地兼农型生计策略将仍是该地区农户近期内的主要生计抉择。
This paper selects the farmers in northern Shaanxi who are influenced by ecological policies such as conversion of cropland to forestland,closing hillsides to prohibit herding,and analyzes the relationship between farmers' livelihood capital and livelihood strategies. 335 samples of farmers from 17 administrative villages are analyzed using Logistic regression model,which is based on the sustainable livelihood analysis framework. The results showed that:( 1) The overall score of human capital in the study area was the highest,the social capital ranked second,the material capital was the third,the natural capital and financial capital were the lowest;( 2) the differentiation of farmer's livelihood was obvious,there are few typical pure farmers,and the livelihood strategies of farmers were mainly non-agricultural and low-level non-agricultural;( 3) Regression analysis showed that farmers with high human capital index tended to be farmers in the field,and farmers with high physical capital and social capital index tended to be local. The three indicators of peasant farming,family annual income,per capital education investment and human relationship were the key factors to promote the transformation of farmers into nonagricultural livelihood strategies. In conclusion,the choice and transformation of farmers' livelihood strategies are based on their own capital structure. They tend to adjust their livelihood strategies in the direction of taking advantage of livelihood capital and avoiding the shortcomings of livelihood capital,so as to achieve the goal of raising the overall level of livelihood capital. Because of the dominated advantages of human capital and the fragmentation and complexity of the spatial allocation of agricultural land resources in the Huangling County,the livelihood strategies of immigrant worker will continue to be the main livelihood choices for the farmers in the near future.
This paper selects the farmers in northern Shaanxi who are influenced by ecological policies such as conversion of cropland to forestland,closing hillsides to prohibit herding,and analyzes the relationship between farmers' livelihood capital and livelihood strategies. 335 samples of farmers from 17 administrative villages are analyzed using Logistic regression model,which is based on the sustainable livelihood analysis framework. The results showed that:( 1) The overall score of human capital in the study area was the highest,the social capital ranked second,the material capital was the third,the natural capital and financial capital were the lowest;( 2) the differentiation of farmer's livelihood was obvious,there are few typical pure farmers,and the livelihood strategies of farmers were mainly non-agricultural and low-level non-agricultural;( 3) Regression analysis showed that farmers with high human capital index tended to be farmers in the field,and farmers with high physical capital and social capital index tended to be local. The three indicators of peasant farming,family annual income,per capital education investment and human relationship were the key factors to promote the transformation of farmers into nonagricultural livelihood strategies. In conclusion,the choice and transformation of farmers' livelihood strategies are based on their own capital structure. They tend to adjust their livelihood strategies in the direction of taking advantage of livelihood capital and avoiding the shortcomings of livelihood capital,so as to achieve the goal of raising the overall level of livelihood capital. Because of the dominated advantages of human capital and the fragmentation and complexity of the spatial allocation of agricultural land resources in the Huangling County,the livelihood strategies of immigrant worker will continue to be the main livelihood choices for the farmers in the near future.
引文
[1]赵立娟,康晓虹,史俊宏.农地流转对农户生计转型影响的实证分析.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(8):158-162.
[2] Scoones,Ian. Livelihoods perspectives and rural development. Journal of Peasant Studies,2009,36(1):171-196.
[3]何仁伟,刘邵权,陈国阶,等.中国农户可持续生计研究进展及趋向.地理科学进展,2013,32(4):657-670.
[4]苏芳,徐中民,尚海洋.可持续生计分析研究综述.地球科学进展,2009,24(1):61-69.
[5]杨世龙,赵文娟,徐蕊,等.元江干热河谷地区农户生计策略选择机制分析——以新平县为例.干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(7):19-23.
[6]张钦,赵雪雁,王亚茹,等.气候变化对农户生计的影响研究综述.中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(9):71-79.
[7]韩文文,刘小鹏,裴银宝,等.不同地貌背景下民族村农户生计脆弱性及其影响因子.应用生态学报,2016,27(4):1229-1240.
[8]斯琴朝克图,房艳刚,王晗,等.内蒙古半农半牧区农户生计资产与生计方式研究——以科右中旗双榆树嘎查为例.地理科学,2017(7):132-140.
[9]李广东,邱道持,王利平,等.生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响——渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析.地理学报,2012,67(4):504-515.
[10]蒙吉军,艾木入拉,刘洋,等.农牧户可持续生计资产与生计策略的关系研究——以鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2013,49(2):321-328.
[11]赵成章,王小鹏,周伟,等.退牧还草区农牧民家庭收入结构转型效益.经济地理,2011,31(3):470-475.
[12]周婧,杨庆媛,信桂新,等.贫困山区农户兼业行为及其居民点用地形态——基于重庆市云阳县568户农户调查.地理研究,2010,29(10):1767-1779.
[13]郝文渊,杨东升,张杰,等.农牧民可持续生计资本与生计策略关系研究——以西藏林芝地区为例.干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(10):37-41.
[14]苏芳,蒲欣冬,徐中民,等.生计资本与生计策略关系研究——以张掖市甘州区为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2009,19(6):119-125.
[15] R. ACramb. Participatory assessment of rural livelihoods in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Agricultural Systems,2004,81(3):255-272.
[16]张丽萍,张镱锂,阎建忠,等.青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式.地理学报,2008,18(4):499-509.
[17]赵文娟,杨世龙,王潇,等.基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究——以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例.资源科学,2016,38(1):136-143.
[18]苏芳,郑亚萍,周亚雄.农村劳动力转移与农户生计间的影响关系分析——以甘肃省为例.干旱区地理,2017,40(4):875-880.
[2] Scoones,Ian. Livelihoods perspectives and rural development. Journal of Peasant Studies,2009,36(1):171-196.
[3]何仁伟,刘邵权,陈国阶,等.中国农户可持续生计研究进展及趋向.地理科学进展,2013,32(4):657-670.
[4]苏芳,徐中民,尚海洋.可持续生计分析研究综述.地球科学进展,2009,24(1):61-69.
[5]杨世龙,赵文娟,徐蕊,等.元江干热河谷地区农户生计策略选择机制分析——以新平县为例.干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(7):19-23.
[6]张钦,赵雪雁,王亚茹,等.气候变化对农户生计的影响研究综述.中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(9):71-79.
[7]韩文文,刘小鹏,裴银宝,等.不同地貌背景下民族村农户生计脆弱性及其影响因子.应用生态学报,2016,27(4):1229-1240.
[8]斯琴朝克图,房艳刚,王晗,等.内蒙古半农半牧区农户生计资产与生计方式研究——以科右中旗双榆树嘎查为例.地理科学,2017(7):132-140.
[9]李广东,邱道持,王利平,等.生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响——渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析.地理学报,2012,67(4):504-515.
[10]蒙吉军,艾木入拉,刘洋,等.农牧户可持续生计资产与生计策略的关系研究——以鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2013,49(2):321-328.
[11]赵成章,王小鹏,周伟,等.退牧还草区农牧民家庭收入结构转型效益.经济地理,2011,31(3):470-475.
[12]周婧,杨庆媛,信桂新,等.贫困山区农户兼业行为及其居民点用地形态——基于重庆市云阳县568户农户调查.地理研究,2010,29(10):1767-1779.
[13]郝文渊,杨东升,张杰,等.农牧民可持续生计资本与生计策略关系研究——以西藏林芝地区为例.干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(10):37-41.
[14]苏芳,蒲欣冬,徐中民,等.生计资本与生计策略关系研究——以张掖市甘州区为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2009,19(6):119-125.
[15] R. ACramb. Participatory assessment of rural livelihoods in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Agricultural Systems,2004,81(3):255-272.
[16]张丽萍,张镱锂,阎建忠,等.青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式.地理学报,2008,18(4):499-509.
[17]赵文娟,杨世龙,王潇,等.基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究——以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例.资源科学,2016,38(1):136-143.
[18]苏芳,郑亚萍,周亚雄.农村劳动力转移与农户生计间的影响关系分析——以甘肃省为例.干旱区地理,2017,40(4):875-880.
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