室温钠离子电池用高性能碳材料研究进展
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摘要
随着大规模储能领域对性价比要求的日益提升,室温钠离子电池有望成为新一代能源存储器件。在多种备选材料中,出于综合性能、成本和安全性考虑,碳基材料是最具实用潜力的钠离子电池负极材料之一。值得注意的是,体相扩散型碳和表面吸附型碳在储钠位点、电化学行为和设计思路上有很大区别。综述了两类碳材料近年来的研究进展,探讨了储钠机理、电解液匹配以及关键性能提升等问题。最后,对钠离子电池碳基负极材料研究面临的挑战及未来发展方向进行了展望。
Sodium-Ion batteries(SIBs) operating at room temperature are very promising to serve as a new generation of energy storage choice with the increasing demand for low-cost high-performance devices for large-scale energy storage. Among different candidates, carbon-based material is one of the most promising choices for the practical applications of SIB anodes in virtue of their excellent electrochemical properties, low cost and high safety. Notably, bulk-diffusion type carbon and surface-adsorption type carbon show remarkable differences in sodium-storage sites, electrochemical behaviors and material design principles. This article reviews the state-of-the-art research progress of these two types of carbon materials. The mechanism for their sodium-storage, electrolyte matching and electrochemical performance improvement are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future research related to carbon-based anode materials for SIBs is proposed.
Sodium-Ion batteries(SIBs) operating at room temperature are very promising to serve as a new generation of energy storage choice with the increasing demand for low-cost high-performance devices for large-scale energy storage. Among different candidates, carbon-based material is one of the most promising choices for the practical applications of SIB anodes in virtue of their excellent electrochemical properties, low cost and high safety. Notably, bulk-diffusion type carbon and surface-adsorption type carbon show remarkable differences in sodium-storage sites, electrochemical behaviors and material design principles. This article reviews the state-of-the-art research progress of these two types of carbon materials. The mechanism for their sodium-storage, electrolyte matching and electrochemical performance improvement are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future research related to carbon-based anode materials for SIBs is proposed.
引文
[1] Slater M D,Kim D,Lee E,et al.Sodium-Ion batteries[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2013,23(8):947-958
[2] 胡明祥,吕瑞涛.钠离子电池碳基负极材料研究进展[J].齐鲁工业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,31(1):1-8Hu Mingxiang,Lv Ruitao.Recent progress on carbon-based anode materials for sodium-ion battery[J].Journal of Qilu University of Technology:Natural Science Edition,2017,31(1):1-8(in Chinese)
[3] Ge P.Electrochemical intercalation of sodium in graphite[J].Solid State Ionics,1988,(28/30):1 172-1 175
[4] Stevens D A,Dahn J R.The mechanisms of lithium and sodium insertion in carbon materials[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2001,148(8):A803-A811
[5] Sangster J.C-Na (carbon-sodium) system[J].Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion,2007,28(6):571-579
[6] Nobuhara K,Nakayama H,Nose M,et al.First-Principles study of alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,243:585-587
[7] Liu Y,Merinov B V,Goddard W A.Origin of low sodium capacity in graphite and generally weak substrate binding of Na and Mg among alkali and alkaline earth metals[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2016,113(14):3 735-3 739
[8] Flandrois S,Simon B.Carbon materials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries[J].Carbon,1999,37(2):165-180
[9] Jache B,Adelhelm P.Use of graphite as a highly reversible electrode with superior cycle life for sodium-ion batteries by making use of co-intercalation phenomena[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2014,53(38):10 169-10 173
[10] Kim H,Hong J,Park Y U,et al.Sodium storage behavior in natural graphite using ether-based electrolyte systems[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2015,25(4):534-541
[11] Kim H,Hong J,Yoon G,et al.Sodium intercalation chemistry in graphite[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2015,8(10):2 963-2 969
[12] Zhu Z,Cheng F,Hu Z,et al.Highly stable and ultrafast electrode reaction of graphite for sodium ion batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2015,293:626-634
[13] Tanaike O,Inagaki M.Effect of ether coordination for sodium intercalation into poly(vinyl chloride) cokes with different graphitization degree[J].Synthetic Metals,1998,96(2):109-116
[14] Cao Y,Xiao L,Sushko M L,et al.Sodium ion insertion in hollow carbon nanowires for battery applications[J].Nano Letters,2012,12(7):3 783-3 787
[15] Wen Y,He K,Zhu Y,et al.Expanded graphite as superior anode for sodium-ion batteries[J].Nature Communications,2014,5:4033,doi:10.1038/ncomms5033
[16] Doeff M M.Electrochemical insertion of sodium into carbon[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1993,140(12):L169-L170
[17] Alcántara R,Jiménez-Mateos J M,Lavela P,et al.Carbon black:A promising electrode material for sodium-ion batteries[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2001,3(11):639-642
[18] Pol V G,Lee E,Zhou D,et al.Spherical carbon as a new high-rate anode for sodium-ion batteries[J].Electrochimica Acta,2014,127:61-67
[19] Wenzel S,Hara T,Janek J,et al.Room-Temperature sodium-ion batteries:Improving the rate capability of carbon anode materials by templating strategies[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2011,4(9):3 342-3 345
[20] Luo W,Jian Z,Xing Z,et al.Electrochemically expandable soft carbon as anodes for Na-ion batteries[J].ACS Central Science,2015,1(9):516-522
[21] Li Y,Hu Y,Li H,et al.A superior low-cost amorphous carbon anode made from pitch and lignin for sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2016,4(1):96-104
[22] Li Y,Mu L,Hu Y,et al.Pitch-Derived amorphous carbon as high performance anode for sodium-ion batteries[J].Energy Storage Materials,2016,2:139-145
[23] Li Y,Hu Y,Qi X,et al.Advanced sodium-ion batteries using superior low cost pyrolyzed anthracite anode:Towards practical applications[J].Energy Storage Materials,2016,5:191-197
[24] Stevens D A,Dahn J R.High capacity anode materials for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2000,147(4):1 271-1 273
[25] Lotfabad E M,Ding J,Cui K,et al.High-Density sodium and lithium ion battery anodes from banana peels[J].ACS Nano,2014,8(7):7 115-7 129
[26] Liu P,Li Y,Hu Y,et al.A waste biomass derived hard carbon as a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2016,4(34):13 046-13 052
[27] Zhang S,Lv W,Luo C,et al.Commercial carbon molecular sieves as a high performance anode for sodium-ion batteries[J].Energy Storage Materials,2016,3:18-23
[28] Xu B,Sun N,Liu H.Facile synthesis of high performance hard carbon anode materials for sodium ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2015,3(41):20 560-20 566
[29] Li Y,Hu Y,Titirici M,et al.Hard carbon microtubes made from renewable cotton as high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2016,6(18):1600659,doi:10.1002/aenm.201600659
[30] Luo W,Schardt J,Bommier C,et al.Carbon nanofibers derived from cellulose nanofibers as a long-life anode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2013,1(36):10 662-10 666
[31] Prabakar S J R,Jeong J,Pyo M.Nanoporous hard carbon anodes for improved electrochemical performance in sodium ion batteries[J].Electrochimica Acta,2015,161:23-31
[32] Li W,Zeng L,Yang Z,et al.Free-Standing and binder-free sodium-ion electrodes with ultralong cycle life and high rate performance based on porous carbon nanofibers[J].Nanoscale,2014,6(2):693-698
[33] Ding J,Wang H,Li Z,et al.Carbon nanosheet frameworks derived from peat moss as high performance sodium ion battery anodes[J].ACS Nano,2013,7(12):11 004-11 015
[34] Thomas P,Ghanbaja J,Billaud D.Electrochemical insertion of sodium in pitch-based carbon fibres in comparison with graphite in NaClO4-ethylene carbonate electrolyte[J].Electrochimica Acta,1999,45(3):423-430
[35] Tao Z,Xue J,Dahn J R.Lithium insertion in hydrogen-containing carbonaceous materials[J].Chemistry of Materials,1996,8(2):389-393
[36] Li Y,Xu S,Wu X,et al.Amorphous monodispersed hard carbon micro-spherules derived from biomass as a high performance negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2015,3(1):71-77
[37] Luo W,Bommier C,Jian Z,et al.Low-Surface-Area hard carbon anode for Na-ion batteries via graphene oxide as a dehydration agent[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2015,7(4):2 626-2 631
[38] Matei Ghimbeu C,Górka J,Simone V,et al.Insights on the Na+ion storage mechanism in hard carbon:Discrimination between the porosity,surface functional groups and defects[J].Nano Energy,2018,44:327-335
[39] Ponrouch A,Monti D,Boschin A,et al.Non-Aqueous electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2015,3(1):22-42
[40] Komaba S,Murata W,Ishikawa T,et al.Electrochemical na insertion and solid electrolyte interphase for hard-carbon electrodes and application to Na-ion batteries[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2011,21(20):3 859-3 867
[41] Ponrouch A,Marchante E,Courty M,et al.In search of an optimized electrolyte for Na-ion batteries[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2012,5(9):8 572-8 583
[42] Komaba S,Ishikawa T,Yabuuchi N,et al.Fluorinated ethylene carbonate as electrolyte additive for rechargeable na batteries[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2011,3(11):4 165-4 168
[43] Dahbi M,Nakano T,Yabuuchi N,et al.Effect of hexafluorophosphate and fluoroethylene carbonate on electrochemical performance and the surface layer of hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries[J].Chem Electro Chem,2016,3(11):1 856-1 867
[44] Ponrouch A,Dedryvère R,Monti D,et al.Towards high energy density sodium ion batteries through electrolyte optimization[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2013,6(8):2 361-2 369
[45] Wang Y,Hou B,Guo J,et al.An ultralong lifespan and low-temperature workable sodium-ion full battery for stationary energy storage[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2018,8(18):1703252,doi:10.1002/aenm.201703252
[46] Ponrouch A,Palacín M R.On the high and low temperature performances of Na-ion battery materials:Hard carbon as a case study[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2015,54:51-54
[47] Xia X,Obrovac M N,Dahn J R.Comparison of the reactivity of NaxC6 and LixC6 with non-aqueous solvents and electrolytes[J].Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters,2011,14(9):A130-A133
[48] Zheng Y,Wang Y,Lu Y,et al.A high-performance sodium-ion battery enhanced by macadamia shell derived hard carbon anode[J].Nano Energy,2017,39:489-498
[49] Li Z,Jian Z,Wang X,et al.Hard carbon anodes of sodium-ion batteries:Undervalued rate capability[J].Chemical Communications,2017,53(17):2 610-2 613
[50] Qiu S,Xiao L,Sushko M L,et al.Manipulating adsorption-insertion mechanisms in nanostructured carbon materials for high-efficiency sodium ion storage[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2017,7(17):1700403,doi:10.1002/aenm.201700403
[51] Stevens D A,Dahn J R.An in situ small-angle X-ray scattering study of sodium insertion into a nanoporous carbon anode material within an operating electrochemical cell[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2000,147(12):4 428-4 431
[52] Bommier C,Surta T W,Dolgos M,et al.New mechanistic insights on Na-ion storage in nongraphitizable carbon[J].Nano Letters,2015,15(9):5 888-5 892
[53] Hong K,Long Q,Zeng R,et al.Biomass derived hard carbon used as a high performance anode material for sodium ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2014,2(32):12 733-12 738
[54] Fu L,Tang K,Song K,et al.Nitrogen doped porous carbon fibres as anode materials for sodium ion batteries with excellent rate performance[J].Nanoscale,2014,6(3):1 384-1 389
[55] Li D,Chen H,Liu G,et al.Porous nitrogen doped carbon sphere as high performance anode of sodium-ion battery[J].Carbon,2015,94:888-894
[56] Ye J,Zang J,Tian Z,et al.Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon spheres for sodium-ion batteries with superior cyclic and rate performance[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2016,4(34):13 223-13 227
[57] Wang S,Xia L,Yu L,et al.Sodium ion batteries:Free-Standing nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber films:integrated electrodes for sodium-ion batteries with ultralong cycle life and superior rate capability [J].Advanced Energy Materials,2016,6(7):1502217,doi:10.1002/aenm.201670044
[58] Xu J,Wang M,Wickramaratne N P,et al.High-Performance sodium ion batteries based on a 3D anode from nitrogen-doped graphene foams[J].Advanced Materials,2015,27(12):2 042-2 048
[59] Ma G,Xiang Z,Huang K,et al.Graphene-Based phosphorus-doped carbon as anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries[J].Particle & Particle Systems Characterization,2017,34(5):1600315,doi:10.1002/ppsc.201600315
[60] Yang J,Zhou X,Wu D,et al.S-Doped N-rich carbon nanosheets with expanded interlayer distance as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries[J].Advanced Materials,2017,29(6):1604108,doi:10.1002/adma.201604108
[61] Zhang J,Wang D,Lv W,et al.Achieving superb sodium storage performance on carbon anodes through an ether-derived solid electrolyte interphase[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2017,10(1):370-376
[62] Hu M,Zhou H,Gan X,et al.Ultrahigh rate sodium ion storage with nitrogen-doped expanded graphite oxide in ether-based electrolyte[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2018,6(4):1 582-1 589
[2] 胡明祥,吕瑞涛.钠离子电池碳基负极材料研究进展[J].齐鲁工业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,31(1):1-8Hu Mingxiang,Lv Ruitao.Recent progress on carbon-based anode materials for sodium-ion battery[J].Journal of Qilu University of Technology:Natural Science Edition,2017,31(1):1-8(in Chinese)
[3] Ge P.Electrochemical intercalation of sodium in graphite[J].Solid State Ionics,1988,(28/30):1 172-1 175
[4] Stevens D A,Dahn J R.The mechanisms of lithium and sodium insertion in carbon materials[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2001,148(8):A803-A811
[5] Sangster J.C-Na (carbon-sodium) system[J].Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion,2007,28(6):571-579
[6] Nobuhara K,Nakayama H,Nose M,et al.First-Principles study of alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,243:585-587
[7] Liu Y,Merinov B V,Goddard W A.Origin of low sodium capacity in graphite and generally weak substrate binding of Na and Mg among alkali and alkaline earth metals[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2016,113(14):3 735-3 739
[8] Flandrois S,Simon B.Carbon materials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries[J].Carbon,1999,37(2):165-180
[9] Jache B,Adelhelm P.Use of graphite as a highly reversible electrode with superior cycle life for sodium-ion batteries by making use of co-intercalation phenomena[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2014,53(38):10 169-10 173
[10] Kim H,Hong J,Park Y U,et al.Sodium storage behavior in natural graphite using ether-based electrolyte systems[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2015,25(4):534-541
[11] Kim H,Hong J,Yoon G,et al.Sodium intercalation chemistry in graphite[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2015,8(10):2 963-2 969
[12] Zhu Z,Cheng F,Hu Z,et al.Highly stable and ultrafast electrode reaction of graphite for sodium ion batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2015,293:626-634
[13] Tanaike O,Inagaki M.Effect of ether coordination for sodium intercalation into poly(vinyl chloride) cokes with different graphitization degree[J].Synthetic Metals,1998,96(2):109-116
[14] Cao Y,Xiao L,Sushko M L,et al.Sodium ion insertion in hollow carbon nanowires for battery applications[J].Nano Letters,2012,12(7):3 783-3 787
[15] Wen Y,He K,Zhu Y,et al.Expanded graphite as superior anode for sodium-ion batteries[J].Nature Communications,2014,5:4033,doi:10.1038/ncomms5033
[16] Doeff M M.Electrochemical insertion of sodium into carbon[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1993,140(12):L169-L170
[17] Alcántara R,Jiménez-Mateos J M,Lavela P,et al.Carbon black:A promising electrode material for sodium-ion batteries[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2001,3(11):639-642
[18] Pol V G,Lee E,Zhou D,et al.Spherical carbon as a new high-rate anode for sodium-ion batteries[J].Electrochimica Acta,2014,127:61-67
[19] Wenzel S,Hara T,Janek J,et al.Room-Temperature sodium-ion batteries:Improving the rate capability of carbon anode materials by templating strategies[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2011,4(9):3 342-3 345
[20] Luo W,Jian Z,Xing Z,et al.Electrochemically expandable soft carbon as anodes for Na-ion batteries[J].ACS Central Science,2015,1(9):516-522
[21] Li Y,Hu Y,Li H,et al.A superior low-cost amorphous carbon anode made from pitch and lignin for sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2016,4(1):96-104
[22] Li Y,Mu L,Hu Y,et al.Pitch-Derived amorphous carbon as high performance anode for sodium-ion batteries[J].Energy Storage Materials,2016,2:139-145
[23] Li Y,Hu Y,Qi X,et al.Advanced sodium-ion batteries using superior low cost pyrolyzed anthracite anode:Towards practical applications[J].Energy Storage Materials,2016,5:191-197
[24] Stevens D A,Dahn J R.High capacity anode materials for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2000,147(4):1 271-1 273
[25] Lotfabad E M,Ding J,Cui K,et al.High-Density sodium and lithium ion battery anodes from banana peels[J].ACS Nano,2014,8(7):7 115-7 129
[26] Liu P,Li Y,Hu Y,et al.A waste biomass derived hard carbon as a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2016,4(34):13 046-13 052
[27] Zhang S,Lv W,Luo C,et al.Commercial carbon molecular sieves as a high performance anode for sodium-ion batteries[J].Energy Storage Materials,2016,3:18-23
[28] Xu B,Sun N,Liu H.Facile synthesis of high performance hard carbon anode materials for sodium ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2015,3(41):20 560-20 566
[29] Li Y,Hu Y,Titirici M,et al.Hard carbon microtubes made from renewable cotton as high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2016,6(18):1600659,doi:10.1002/aenm.201600659
[30] Luo W,Schardt J,Bommier C,et al.Carbon nanofibers derived from cellulose nanofibers as a long-life anode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2013,1(36):10 662-10 666
[31] Prabakar S J R,Jeong J,Pyo M.Nanoporous hard carbon anodes for improved electrochemical performance in sodium ion batteries[J].Electrochimica Acta,2015,161:23-31
[32] Li W,Zeng L,Yang Z,et al.Free-Standing and binder-free sodium-ion electrodes with ultralong cycle life and high rate performance based on porous carbon nanofibers[J].Nanoscale,2014,6(2):693-698
[33] Ding J,Wang H,Li Z,et al.Carbon nanosheet frameworks derived from peat moss as high performance sodium ion battery anodes[J].ACS Nano,2013,7(12):11 004-11 015
[34] Thomas P,Ghanbaja J,Billaud D.Electrochemical insertion of sodium in pitch-based carbon fibres in comparison with graphite in NaClO4-ethylene carbonate electrolyte[J].Electrochimica Acta,1999,45(3):423-430
[35] Tao Z,Xue J,Dahn J R.Lithium insertion in hydrogen-containing carbonaceous materials[J].Chemistry of Materials,1996,8(2):389-393
[36] Li Y,Xu S,Wu X,et al.Amorphous monodispersed hard carbon micro-spherules derived from biomass as a high performance negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2015,3(1):71-77
[37] Luo W,Bommier C,Jian Z,et al.Low-Surface-Area hard carbon anode for Na-ion batteries via graphene oxide as a dehydration agent[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2015,7(4):2 626-2 631
[38] Matei Ghimbeu C,Górka J,Simone V,et al.Insights on the Na+ion storage mechanism in hard carbon:Discrimination between the porosity,surface functional groups and defects[J].Nano Energy,2018,44:327-335
[39] Ponrouch A,Monti D,Boschin A,et al.Non-Aqueous electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2015,3(1):22-42
[40] Komaba S,Murata W,Ishikawa T,et al.Electrochemical na insertion and solid electrolyte interphase for hard-carbon electrodes and application to Na-ion batteries[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2011,21(20):3 859-3 867
[41] Ponrouch A,Marchante E,Courty M,et al.In search of an optimized electrolyte for Na-ion batteries[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2012,5(9):8 572-8 583
[42] Komaba S,Ishikawa T,Yabuuchi N,et al.Fluorinated ethylene carbonate as electrolyte additive for rechargeable na batteries[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2011,3(11):4 165-4 168
[43] Dahbi M,Nakano T,Yabuuchi N,et al.Effect of hexafluorophosphate and fluoroethylene carbonate on electrochemical performance and the surface layer of hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries[J].Chem Electro Chem,2016,3(11):1 856-1 867
[44] Ponrouch A,Dedryvère R,Monti D,et al.Towards high energy density sodium ion batteries through electrolyte optimization[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2013,6(8):2 361-2 369
[45] Wang Y,Hou B,Guo J,et al.An ultralong lifespan and low-temperature workable sodium-ion full battery for stationary energy storage[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2018,8(18):1703252,doi:10.1002/aenm.201703252
[46] Ponrouch A,Palacín M R.On the high and low temperature performances of Na-ion battery materials:Hard carbon as a case study[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2015,54:51-54
[47] Xia X,Obrovac M N,Dahn J R.Comparison of the reactivity of NaxC6 and LixC6 with non-aqueous solvents and electrolytes[J].Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters,2011,14(9):A130-A133
[48] Zheng Y,Wang Y,Lu Y,et al.A high-performance sodium-ion battery enhanced by macadamia shell derived hard carbon anode[J].Nano Energy,2017,39:489-498
[49] Li Z,Jian Z,Wang X,et al.Hard carbon anodes of sodium-ion batteries:Undervalued rate capability[J].Chemical Communications,2017,53(17):2 610-2 613
[50] Qiu S,Xiao L,Sushko M L,et al.Manipulating adsorption-insertion mechanisms in nanostructured carbon materials for high-efficiency sodium ion storage[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2017,7(17):1700403,doi:10.1002/aenm.201700403
[51] Stevens D A,Dahn J R.An in situ small-angle X-ray scattering study of sodium insertion into a nanoporous carbon anode material within an operating electrochemical cell[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2000,147(12):4 428-4 431
[52] Bommier C,Surta T W,Dolgos M,et al.New mechanistic insights on Na-ion storage in nongraphitizable carbon[J].Nano Letters,2015,15(9):5 888-5 892
[53] Hong K,Long Q,Zeng R,et al.Biomass derived hard carbon used as a high performance anode material for sodium ion batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2014,2(32):12 733-12 738
[54] Fu L,Tang K,Song K,et al.Nitrogen doped porous carbon fibres as anode materials for sodium ion batteries with excellent rate performance[J].Nanoscale,2014,6(3):1 384-1 389
[55] Li D,Chen H,Liu G,et al.Porous nitrogen doped carbon sphere as high performance anode of sodium-ion battery[J].Carbon,2015,94:888-894
[56] Ye J,Zang J,Tian Z,et al.Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon spheres for sodium-ion batteries with superior cyclic and rate performance[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2016,4(34):13 223-13 227
[57] Wang S,Xia L,Yu L,et al.Sodium ion batteries:Free-Standing nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber films:integrated electrodes for sodium-ion batteries with ultralong cycle life and superior rate capability [J].Advanced Energy Materials,2016,6(7):1502217,doi:10.1002/aenm.201670044
[58] Xu J,Wang M,Wickramaratne N P,et al.High-Performance sodium ion batteries based on a 3D anode from nitrogen-doped graphene foams[J].Advanced Materials,2015,27(12):2 042-2 048
[59] Ma G,Xiang Z,Huang K,et al.Graphene-Based phosphorus-doped carbon as anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries[J].Particle & Particle Systems Characterization,2017,34(5):1600315,doi:10.1002/ppsc.201600315
[60] Yang J,Zhou X,Wu D,et al.S-Doped N-rich carbon nanosheets with expanded interlayer distance as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries[J].Advanced Materials,2017,29(6):1604108,doi:10.1002/adma.201604108
[61] Zhang J,Wang D,Lv W,et al.Achieving superb sodium storage performance on carbon anodes through an ether-derived solid electrolyte interphase[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2017,10(1):370-376
[62] Hu M,Zhou H,Gan X,et al.Ultrahigh rate sodium ion storage with nitrogen-doped expanded graphite oxide in ether-based electrolyte[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2018,6(4):1 582-1 589