有机材料结合集雨措施对山地果园理化性质的影响
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摘要
为了解黄土丘陵区雨养条件下山地果园有机材料结合集雨措施(organic materials combined with rainwater collection measures,OMR)对苹果园土壤理化性质的影响,2016年4月在陕西延安山地苹果园,以果树树冠投影面反坡修建鱼鳞坑和集雨坑,研究了有机材料用量分别为5 250kg/hm2(OMR1),4 500kg/hm2(OMR2),3 750kg/hm2(OMR3),0kg/hm2(CK)以及传统处理T对苹果园土壤理化性质的影响,测定了0—300cm土层土壤含水率和土壤电导率,0—200cm土壤土层硝态氮含量和0—100cm土层土壤容重和饱和导水率。结果表明:有机材料结合集雨措施能够显著增加果园0—300cm土层土壤含水率,OMR2处理土壤平均含水率增加最显著,有机材料结合集雨措施处理(OMR1、OMR2、OMR3)的土壤根系湿润区主要集中在0—100cm土层。0—300cm土层OMR2处理土壤多次平均含水率值最高,为14.87%;OMR1、OMR3、CK和T处理的土壤多次平均含水率分别为14.74%,14.80%,12.79%和8.66%。有机材料结合集雨措施处理能够显著增加0—200cm土层土壤硝态氮含量,尤其增加40—100cm土层土壤的硝态氮含量;有机材料结合集雨措施能够显著降低土壤容重,尤其是20—60cm土层的土壤容重;有机材料结合集雨措施能够增加土壤饱和导水率,尤其增加0—40cm土层土壤的饱和导水率;有机材料结合集雨措施能够增大土壤的电导率,并且峰值出现在60—100cm土层中,0—300cm土层土壤电导率呈现OMR2>OMR1>OMR3>CK>T。总体而言,在陕西延安采用有机材料结合集雨措施能够显著提高山地苹果园土壤含水率和土壤硝态氮含量,降低土壤容重,增大饱和导水率和电导率,使果树在适宜的环境中生长,促进当地山地果业可持续发展。
In order to explore the effects of organic materials combined with rainwater collection measures(OMR)on soil physicochemical properties of apple orchard under rain-fed conditions on the Loess Plateau,apple orchards in Yan'an of Shaanxi Province were selected to conduct the experiments in April 2016.Fish scale pit and rain-collecting pit were conducted on the reverse slope of crown projection surface of apple trees,and the effects of different dosages of organic materials(5 250 kg/hm~2(OMR1),4 500 kg/hm~2(OMR2),3 750 kg/hm2(OMR3)and 0 kg/hm2(CK))and traditional treatment(T)on soil physicochemical properties were studied.Soil water content and electrical conductivity in 0—300 cm soil layer,nitrate nitrogen content in 0—200 cm soil layer and soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity in 0—100 cm soil layer were determined.The results showed that OMR could significantly increase the soil moisture content in 0—300 cm soil layer,and the average soil moisture content increased most significantly in OMR2 treatment.The soil root wetting areas in OMR1,OMR2 and OMR3 treatment were mainly concentrated in 0—100 cm soil layer.In the 0—300 cm soil layer,the multiple average moisture content of OMR2 treatment was the highest(14.87%),while that of OMR1,OMR3,CK and T treatment was 14.74%,14.80%,12.79% and 8.66%,respectively.The OMR could significantly increase the content of nitrate nitrogen in 0—200 cm soil layer,especially in 40—100 cm soil layer.The OMR could significantly reduce soil bulk density,especially the bulk density of 20—60 cm soil layer.The OMR could increase soil saturated hydraulic conductivity,especially in0—40 cm soil layer.The OMR could increase soil electrical conductivity,and the peak value appeared in 60—100 cm soil layer,and the electrical conductivity of 0—300 cm soil layer followed the order of OMR2>OMR1>OMR3>CK>T.Overall,the OMR in Yan'an,Shaanxi could significantly improve soil moisture content,and nitrate nitrogen content,soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and electrical conductivity,reduce soil bulk density,with make fruit trees grow in suitable environment and promote sustainable development of local fruit industry.
In order to explore the effects of organic materials combined with rainwater collection measures(OMR)on soil physicochemical properties of apple orchard under rain-fed conditions on the Loess Plateau,apple orchards in Yan'an of Shaanxi Province were selected to conduct the experiments in April 2016.Fish scale pit and rain-collecting pit were conducted on the reverse slope of crown projection surface of apple trees,and the effects of different dosages of organic materials(5 250 kg/hm~2(OMR1),4 500 kg/hm~2(OMR2),3 750 kg/hm2(OMR3)and 0 kg/hm2(CK))and traditional treatment(T)on soil physicochemical properties were studied.Soil water content and electrical conductivity in 0—300 cm soil layer,nitrate nitrogen content in 0—200 cm soil layer and soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity in 0—100 cm soil layer were determined.The results showed that OMR could significantly increase the soil moisture content in 0—300 cm soil layer,and the average soil moisture content increased most significantly in OMR2 treatment.The soil root wetting areas in OMR1,OMR2 and OMR3 treatment were mainly concentrated in 0—100 cm soil layer.In the 0—300 cm soil layer,the multiple average moisture content of OMR2 treatment was the highest(14.87%),while that of OMR1,OMR3,CK and T treatment was 14.74%,14.80%,12.79% and 8.66%,respectively.The OMR could significantly increase the content of nitrate nitrogen in 0—200 cm soil layer,especially in 40—100 cm soil layer.The OMR could significantly reduce soil bulk density,especially the bulk density of 20—60 cm soil layer.The OMR could increase soil saturated hydraulic conductivity,especially in0—40 cm soil layer.The OMR could increase soil electrical conductivity,and the peak value appeared in 60—100 cm soil layer,and the electrical conductivity of 0—300 cm soil layer followed the order of OMR2>OMR1>OMR3>CK>T.Overall,the OMR in Yan'an,Shaanxi could significantly improve soil moisture content,and nitrate nitrogen content,soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and electrical conductivity,reduce soil bulk density,with make fruit trees grow in suitable environment and promote sustainable development of local fruit industry.
引文
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[17]高洪军,朱平,彭畅,等.等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):318-325.
[18]潘婷,高明霞,孙本华.扩蓄增容肥对土娄土土壤有机碳和氮的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(8):174-180.
[19]赵聪,曹莹菲,刘克,等.长期不同施肥对塿土氮素分布的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(7):1375-1381.
[20]王道中,花可可,郭志彬.长期施肥对砂姜黑土作物产量及土壤物理性质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(23):4781-4789.
[21]孙蕾,王益权,张育林,等.种植果树对土壤物理性状的双重效应[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(1):19-23.
[22]Herath H M S K,Marta C A,Mike H.Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils:An Alfisol and an Andisol[J].Geoderma,2010,209/210:188-197.
[23]魏彬萌,王益权.渭北果园土壤物理退化特征及其机理研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(3):694-701.
[24]Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P,et al.Regional-scale variation and distribution patterns of soil saturated hydraulic conductivities in surface and subsurface layers in the loessial soils of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,487:13-23.
[25]曲成闯,陈效民,韩召强,等.生物有机肥对潮土物理性状及微生物量碳、氮的影响[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(5):70-76.
[26]刘祖香,陈效民,靖彦,等.典型旱地红壤水力学特性及其影响因素研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):21-25.
[27]吴三鼎,董强,党廷辉.减量施氮及秸秆深埋对春玉米地土壤电导率和硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(6):46-51.
[2]路永莉,白凤华,杨宪龙,等.水肥一体化技术对不同生态区果园苹果生产的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(11):1281-1288.
[3]闫明灏,翟丙年,于昕阳,等.水肥优化管理对渭北旱塬红富士苹果水分利用的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(1):81-90.
[4]王力,王艳萍.黄土塬区苹果树干液流特征[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(10):152-158.
[5]李小英,段争虎,刘理臣,等.黄土高原西部不同集雨保水措施下土壤水分变异特征[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(3):118-123.
[6]高义民,同延安,路永莉,等.长期施用氮磷钾肥对黄土高原地区苹果产量及土壤养分累积与分布的影响[J].果树学报,2012,29(3):322-327.
[7]刘贤赵,衣华鹏,李世泰.渭北旱塬苹果种植分区土壤水分特征[J].应用生态学报,2014,15(11):2025-2066.
[8]Zhao Y G,Ma J J,Sun X H,et al.Spatial distribution of soil moisture and fine roots of apple trees under water storage pit irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineer,2014,140(1):333-340.
[9]Song X L,Gao X D,Zhao X N,et al.Spatial distribution of soil moisture and fine roots in rain-fed apple orchards employing a Rainwater Collection and Infiltration(RWCI)system on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,184:170-177.
[10]冯浩,吴普特,杜健,等.一种生活炉渣制备的土壤扩蓄增容剂及其生产方法:中国,ZL200710017801.9[P].2007-10-10.
[11]曹丽花,赵世伟,赵勇钢,等.土壤结构改良剂对风沙土水稳性团聚体改良效果及机理的研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(2):65-68.
[12]周立峰,冯浩,杜健.土壤扩蓄增容肥对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,29(4):81-87.
[13]张雪英,周立祥.江苏地区城市污水处理厂污泥泥质研究Ⅰ:污泥养分特征与供肥潜力[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(1):110-114.
[14]周立峰,冯浩,杜健.干旱条件下土壤扩蓄增容肥保水增产效应研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2011,30(1):65-68.
[15]Song X L,Gao X D,Miles D,et al.Soil water and root distribution of apple tree(Malus pumila Mill)stands in relation to stand age and rainwater collection and infiltration system(RWCI)in a hilly region of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2018,170:324-334.
[16]王秀康,李占斌,邢英英.覆膜和施肥对玉米产量和土壤温度、硝态氮分布的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):884-897.
[17]高洪军,朱平,彭畅,等.等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):318-325.
[18]潘婷,高明霞,孙本华.扩蓄增容肥对土娄土土壤有机碳和氮的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(8):174-180.
[19]赵聪,曹莹菲,刘克,等.长期不同施肥对塿土氮素分布的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(7):1375-1381.
[20]王道中,花可可,郭志彬.长期施肥对砂姜黑土作物产量及土壤物理性质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(23):4781-4789.
[21]孙蕾,王益权,张育林,等.种植果树对土壤物理性状的双重效应[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(1):19-23.
[22]Herath H M S K,Marta C A,Mike H.Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils:An Alfisol and an Andisol[J].Geoderma,2010,209/210:188-197.
[23]魏彬萌,王益权.渭北果园土壤物理退化特征及其机理研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(3):694-701.
[24]Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P,et al.Regional-scale variation and distribution patterns of soil saturated hydraulic conductivities in surface and subsurface layers in the loessial soils of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,487:13-23.
[25]曲成闯,陈效民,韩召强,等.生物有机肥对潮土物理性状及微生物量碳、氮的影响[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(5):70-76.
[26]刘祖香,陈效民,靖彦,等.典型旱地红壤水力学特性及其影响因素研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):21-25.
[27]吴三鼎,董强,党廷辉.减量施氮及秸秆深埋对春玉米地土壤电导率和硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(6):46-51.
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