尾矿库湿地重金属污染的生物富集特征及风险评价
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摘要
为了评估和量化尾矿库湿地中重金属的污染水平,了解重金属的生物富集特征。以包头市昆都仑水库桃儿湾湿地为对照样地,分别采集水体、底泥和花背蟾蜍(Strauchbufo raddei)样品,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定重金属含量,对花背蟾蜍肌肉、皮、骨和肝脏中重金属含量进行对比分析,并采用目标危险系数对其组织中重金属风险进行评价。结果显示,尾矿库水体和底泥中重金属含量均有不同程度超标。尾矿库南侧湿地和昆都仑水库桃儿湾湿地花背蟾蜍肝脏中Cd、Cu和Pb含量明显高于其他组织,尾矿库湿地花背蟾蜍肌肉中Cd和Pb含量超出GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》和NY 5053—2005《无公害食品普通淡水鱼》标准限值,肝脏与骨的目标危险系数分别达4. 22和1. 15。研究表明,尾矿库湿地水体属轻度污染,主要为Cd污染;尾矿库湿地底泥污染属重污染,其中,以Zn、Pb污染为较严重。花背蟾蜍组织器官中Cu和Zn含量较高,且肝脏极易富集Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb,肝脏中Cu含量可以作为生物安全和生态保护领域的重金属污染警示指标。研究地区两栖类花背蟾蜍的肝脏和骨存在一定的食用风险,应引起相关部门重视。
In order to evaluate and quantify the pollution levels of heavy metals in tailings wetland,and to understand the biological enrichment characteristics of metals,the Tao' erwan wetland of Kundulun Reservoir was selected as the control site,and the water,sediment and toad Strauchbufo raddei were collected in the two wetlands respectively. The heavy metal contents of these samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry,including toad's muscle,liver,skin and bone,and their consumption risks were assessed by the target risk factor. The results show that heavy metal contents in water and sediment of tailings wetland exceeded the standards to some extent. Cd,Cu,and Pb contents of toad livers in the two wetlands were significantly higher than that in other tissues. Cd and Pb contents of toad muscle in tailing wetland were higher than the National Standards for Food Safety( GB 2762-2017) and Pollution-Free Food Standard for Freshwater Fish( NY 5053-2005),and the risk factors of liver and bone were 4. 22 and 1. 15,respectively. This study indicated that in tailings wetland,water pollution was mild,and mainly was Cd,but the sediment pollution was heavy,especially for Zn and Pb. The Cu and Zn contents in tissues of toads was higher,and Cd,Cu,Zn,Pb were easily enriched in the liver. Among them,Cu content in toad liver could be used as a warning indicator of heavy metal pollution in the field of biological safety and ecological protection. Livers and bones of local amphibians Strauchbufo raddei poses some consump-tion risks,and should be given attention by relevant authorities.
In order to evaluate and quantify the pollution levels of heavy metals in tailings wetland,and to understand the biological enrichment characteristics of metals,the Tao' erwan wetland of Kundulun Reservoir was selected as the control site,and the water,sediment and toad Strauchbufo raddei were collected in the two wetlands respectively. The heavy metal contents of these samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry,including toad's muscle,liver,skin and bone,and their consumption risks were assessed by the target risk factor. The results show that heavy metal contents in water and sediment of tailings wetland exceeded the standards to some extent. Cd,Cu,and Pb contents of toad livers in the two wetlands were significantly higher than that in other tissues. Cd and Pb contents of toad muscle in tailing wetland were higher than the National Standards for Food Safety( GB 2762-2017) and Pollution-Free Food Standard for Freshwater Fish( NY 5053-2005),and the risk factors of liver and bone were 4. 22 and 1. 15,respectively. This study indicated that in tailings wetland,water pollution was mild,and mainly was Cd,but the sediment pollution was heavy,especially for Zn and Pb. The Cu and Zn contents in tissues of toads was higher,and Cd,Cu,Zn,Pb were easily enriched in the liver. Among them,Cu content in toad liver could be used as a warning indicator of heavy metal pollution in the field of biological safety and ecological protection. Livers and bones of local amphibians Strauchbufo raddei poses some consump-tion risks,and should be given attention by relevant authorities.
引文
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[9]余杨,王雨春,周怀东,等.三峡水库蓄水初期鲤鱼重金属富集特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(7):2012-2019.[YU Yang,WANG Yu-chun,ZHOU Huai-dong,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Carp(Cyprinus carpio)From the Three Gorges Reservoir After 175 m Impoundment[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(7):2012-2019.]
[10] CARRANZA-ALVAREZ C,ALONSO-CASTRO A J,ALFARO-DE LA TORRE M C,et al. Accumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Scirpus americanus and Typha latifolia From an Artificial Lagoon in San Luis Potosi,Mexico[J]. Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2008,188(1/2/3/4):297-309.
[11] IKEM A,EGIEBOR N O,NYAVOR K.Trace Elements in Water,Fish and Sediment From Tuskegee Lake,Southeastern USA[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2003,149(1/2/3/4):51-75.
[12] SI W T,ZHANG W Y,YUE L. Heavy Metal Removal in a Constructed Wetland and Benefits for the Development of the Toad Bufo raddei[J].Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,2014,23(6):2207-2215.
[13] GB 3838—2002,地表水环境质量标准[S].[GB 3838-2002,Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water[S].]
[14]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1991,12(4):12-19.[WEI Fu-sheng,CHEN Jing-sheng,WU Yan-yu,et al[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,1991,12(4):12-19.]
[15]顾永瑞,张彤,白红玉.内蒙古土壤环境背景值属性分类[J].内蒙古环境保护,1995,7(1):6-9.
[16] GB 2762—2017,食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量[S].
[17] NY 5053—2005,无公害食品普通淡水鱼[S].
[18]司万童,李海东,林乃峰,等.内蒙古达茂旗萤石矿区土壤重金属分布特征与复合污染评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(3):404-409.[SI Wan-tong,LI Hai-dong,LIN Nai-feng,et al.Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soil of Fluorite Mining Area in Damao County,Inner Mongolia and Evaluation of Their Composite Pollution[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(3):404-409.]
[19]王博,韩合.内梅罗指数法在水质评价中的应用及缺陷[J].中国城乡企业卫生,2005(6):16-17.
[20]储昭霞,王兴明,涂俊芳,等.重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb)在淮南塌陷塘鲫鱼体内的分布特征及健康风险[J].环境化学,2014,33(9):1433-1438.[CHU Zhao-xia,WANG Xing-ming,TU Junfang,et al.Distribution and Health Risk of Heavy Metals(Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb)in Crucian Carp(Carassius auratus Gibelio)Collected From Subsidence Pools in Huainan Coal Field[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(9):1433-1438.]
[21] REY J,MARTINEZ J,HIDALGO M C,et al.Heavy Metal Pollution in the Quaternary Garza Basin:A Multidisciplinary Study of the Environmental Risks Posed by Mining(Linares,Southern Spain)[J].Catena,2013,110:234-242.
[22]方斌斌,于洋,姜伟立,等.太湖流域水体和沉积物重金属时空分布特征及潜在生态风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(3):215-224.[FANG Bin-bin,YU Yang,JIANG Weili,et al. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Surface Water and Sediment of the Lake Taihu Basin and Assessment of Their Potential Ecological Risks[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(3):215-224.]
[23] WANG Y M,PENG C,CUI R N,et al.Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water,Sediment,and Tissues of Two Fish Species(Triplohysa pappenheimi,Gobio hwanghensis)From the Lanzhou Section of the Yellow River, China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2010,165(1/2/3/4):97-102.
[24] PROKIC'M D,BORKOVIC'-MITIC'S S,KRIZMANIC'I I,et al.Oxidative Stress Parameters in Two Pelophylax esculentus Complex Frogs During Pre-and Post-Hibernation:Arousal vs Heavy Metals[J]. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology C:Toxicology Pharmacology,2017,202:19-25.
[25]蔡深文,倪朝辉,李云峰,等.长江上游珍稀、特有鱼类国家级自然保护区鱼体肌肉重金属残留调查与分析[J].中国水产科学,2011,18(6):1351-1357.[CAI Shen-wen,NI Zhao-hui,LI Yun-feng,et al. Heavy Metal Residues in the Muscle of Fishes From the Rare and Endemic Fishes National Nature Reserve in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River,China[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2011,18(6):1351-1357.]
[26]史利军,张乃生,杨正涛.锌参与动物骨代谢机理的研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2002,23(3):30-32.[SHI Li-jun,ZAHNG Nai-sheng,YANG Zheng-tao. Advance in Mechanism Research About Zinc and Animal Bone Metabolism[J]. Progress in Veterinary Medicine,2002,23(3):30-32.]
[27] MUATAFA C,GULUZAR A. The Relationships Between Heavy Metal(Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Pb,Zn)Levels and the Size of Six Mediterranean Fish Species[J]. Environmental Pollution,2003,121(1):129-136.
[28] FIDAN A F,CIGERCI H H,KONUK M,et al. Determination of Some Heavy Metal Levels and Oxidative Status in Carassius carassius L. 1758 From Eber Lake[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,147(1/2/3):35-41.
[29]李鸣,刘琪璟.鄱阳湖水体和底泥重金属污染特征与评价[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2010,34(5):486-489,494.[LI Ming,LIU Qi-jing.Characteristics and Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Poyang Lake[J].Journal of Nanchang University(Natural Science),2010,34(5):486-489,494.]
[2]刘娟,张雪峰,司万童,等.尾矿库周边地下水对SD大鼠的毒性效应研究[J].环境科学与技术,2014,34(12):129-133.[LIU Juan,ZHANG Xue-feng,SI Wan-tong,et al.Toxicology Study on Contaminated Groundwater Close to a Tailing Reservoir[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,34(12):129-133.]
[3]司万童,代静,赵雪波,等.稀土尾矿库湿地土壤重金属污染生态风险评价[J].人民黄河,2017,39(8):77-82.[SI Wan-tong,DAI Jing,ZHAO Xue-bo,et al. Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Rare Tailings Wetland Soils[J].Yellow River,2017,39(8):77-82.]
[4]王丽,陈凡,马千里,等.东江惠州段鱼类重金属污染及健康风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(1):70-76.[WANG Li,CHEN Fan,MA Qian-li,et al.Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Fish in Huizhou Section of the Dongjiang River[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(1):70-76.]
[5] GALE N L,ADAMS C D,WIXSON B G,et al.Lead,Zinc,Copper,and Cadmium in Fish and Sediments From the Big River and Flat River Creek of Missouri's Old Lead Belt[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2004,26(1):37-49.
[6] FIANKO J R,OSEAE S,ADOMAKO D,et al.Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of the Iture Estuary in the Central Region of Ghana[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,131(1/2/3):467-473.
[7]涂宗财,庞娟娟,郑婷婷,等.吴城鄱阳湖自然保护区鱼体重金属的富集及安全性评价[J].水生生物学报,2017,41(4):878-883.[TU Zong-cai,PANG Juan-juan,ZHENG Ting-ting,et al.Heavy Metal Content and Safety Evaluation of Fishes Nature Reserve in Wucheng Section of Poyang Lake,China[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2017,41(4):878-883.]
[8]蔡深文,倪朝辉,刘斌,等.赤水河主要经济鱼类重金属含量及风险评价[J].淡水渔业,2017,47(3):105-112.[CAI Shenwen,NI Zhao-hui,LIU Bin,et al. Concentration and RiskAssessment of Heavy Metals in the Main Economic Fishes From Chishui River[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2017,47(3):105-112.]
[9]余杨,王雨春,周怀东,等.三峡水库蓄水初期鲤鱼重金属富集特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(7):2012-2019.[YU Yang,WANG Yu-chun,ZHOU Huai-dong,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Carp(Cyprinus carpio)From the Three Gorges Reservoir After 175 m Impoundment[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(7):2012-2019.]
[10] CARRANZA-ALVAREZ C,ALONSO-CASTRO A J,ALFARO-DE LA TORRE M C,et al. Accumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Scirpus americanus and Typha latifolia From an Artificial Lagoon in San Luis Potosi,Mexico[J]. Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2008,188(1/2/3/4):297-309.
[11] IKEM A,EGIEBOR N O,NYAVOR K.Trace Elements in Water,Fish and Sediment From Tuskegee Lake,Southeastern USA[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2003,149(1/2/3/4):51-75.
[12] SI W T,ZHANG W Y,YUE L. Heavy Metal Removal in a Constructed Wetland and Benefits for the Development of the Toad Bufo raddei[J].Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,2014,23(6):2207-2215.
[13] GB 3838—2002,地表水环境质量标准[S].[GB 3838-2002,Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water[S].]
[14]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1991,12(4):12-19.[WEI Fu-sheng,CHEN Jing-sheng,WU Yan-yu,et al[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,1991,12(4):12-19.]
[15]顾永瑞,张彤,白红玉.内蒙古土壤环境背景值属性分类[J].内蒙古环境保护,1995,7(1):6-9.
[16] GB 2762—2017,食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量[S].
[17] NY 5053—2005,无公害食品普通淡水鱼[S].
[18]司万童,李海东,林乃峰,等.内蒙古达茂旗萤石矿区土壤重金属分布特征与复合污染评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(3):404-409.[SI Wan-tong,LI Hai-dong,LIN Nai-feng,et al.Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soil of Fluorite Mining Area in Damao County,Inner Mongolia and Evaluation of Their Composite Pollution[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(3):404-409.]
[19]王博,韩合.内梅罗指数法在水质评价中的应用及缺陷[J].中国城乡企业卫生,2005(6):16-17.
[20]储昭霞,王兴明,涂俊芳,等.重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb)在淮南塌陷塘鲫鱼体内的分布特征及健康风险[J].环境化学,2014,33(9):1433-1438.[CHU Zhao-xia,WANG Xing-ming,TU Junfang,et al.Distribution and Health Risk of Heavy Metals(Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb)in Crucian Carp(Carassius auratus Gibelio)Collected From Subsidence Pools in Huainan Coal Field[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(9):1433-1438.]
[21] REY J,MARTINEZ J,HIDALGO M C,et al.Heavy Metal Pollution in the Quaternary Garza Basin:A Multidisciplinary Study of the Environmental Risks Posed by Mining(Linares,Southern Spain)[J].Catena,2013,110:234-242.
[22]方斌斌,于洋,姜伟立,等.太湖流域水体和沉积物重金属时空分布特征及潜在生态风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(3):215-224.[FANG Bin-bin,YU Yang,JIANG Weili,et al. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Surface Water and Sediment of the Lake Taihu Basin and Assessment of Their Potential Ecological Risks[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(3):215-224.]
[23] WANG Y M,PENG C,CUI R N,et al.Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water,Sediment,and Tissues of Two Fish Species(Triplohysa pappenheimi,Gobio hwanghensis)From the Lanzhou Section of the Yellow River, China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2010,165(1/2/3/4):97-102.
[24] PROKIC'M D,BORKOVIC'-MITIC'S S,KRIZMANIC'I I,et al.Oxidative Stress Parameters in Two Pelophylax esculentus Complex Frogs During Pre-and Post-Hibernation:Arousal vs Heavy Metals[J]. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology C:Toxicology Pharmacology,2017,202:19-25.
[25]蔡深文,倪朝辉,李云峰,等.长江上游珍稀、特有鱼类国家级自然保护区鱼体肌肉重金属残留调查与分析[J].中国水产科学,2011,18(6):1351-1357.[CAI Shen-wen,NI Zhao-hui,LI Yun-feng,et al. Heavy Metal Residues in the Muscle of Fishes From the Rare and Endemic Fishes National Nature Reserve in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River,China[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2011,18(6):1351-1357.]
[26]史利军,张乃生,杨正涛.锌参与动物骨代谢机理的研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2002,23(3):30-32.[SHI Li-jun,ZAHNG Nai-sheng,YANG Zheng-tao. Advance in Mechanism Research About Zinc and Animal Bone Metabolism[J]. Progress in Veterinary Medicine,2002,23(3):30-32.]
[27] MUATAFA C,GULUZAR A. The Relationships Between Heavy Metal(Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Pb,Zn)Levels and the Size of Six Mediterranean Fish Species[J]. Environmental Pollution,2003,121(1):129-136.
[28] FIDAN A F,CIGERCI H H,KONUK M,et al. Determination of Some Heavy Metal Levels and Oxidative Status in Carassius carassius L. 1758 From Eber Lake[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,147(1/2/3):35-41.
[29]李鸣,刘琪璟.鄱阳湖水体和底泥重金属污染特征与评价[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2010,34(5):486-489,494.[LI Ming,LIU Qi-jing.Characteristics and Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Poyang Lake[J].Journal of Nanchang University(Natural Science),2010,34(5):486-489,494.]
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