我国畜禽饲料资源中微量元素锌含量分布的调查
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摘要
【目的】研究我国不同地区间各种饲料原料中锌含量分布情况,以及我国畜禽基础饲粮中锌水平,为饲粮中合理添补锌提供科学依据。【方法】对采自全国31个省、直辖市和自治区的37种共3 919个主要畜禽饲料原料,经微波消解后,用IRIS Intrepid II等离子体发射光谱仪测定其锌含量。主要畜禽饲料原料可分为七大类,包括谷类籽实(玉米、小麦、稻谷及大麦)、谷物籽实加工副产品(碎米、次粉、小麦麸、米糠、玉米DDGS、小麦DDGS、玉米胚芽粕及玉米蛋白粉)、植物性蛋白饲料(膨化大豆、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉粕、花生粕、亚麻粕、葵花粕)、动物性蛋白饲料(鱼粉、肉粉、水解羽毛粉、肠系膜蛋白粉、血浆蛋白粉和血球蛋白粉)、秸秆类饲料(玉米秸、甘薯藤、稻秸和小麦秸)、牧草类饲料(羊草、黑麦草、苜蓿和青贮玉米)和矿物质饲料(石粉、磷酸氢钙、贝壳粉和骨粉)。【结果】结果表明:这37种饲料原料的平均锌含量范围为5.5—268.2 mg·kg~(-1)之间,而各类饲料原料锌含量分布规律是:矿物质饲料(107.8 mg·kg~(-1))>动物性蛋白饲料(69.8 mg·kg~(-1))>植物性蛋白饲料(54.9mg·kg~(-1))>谷类籽实加工副产品(43.0 mg·kg~(-1))>牧草类饲料(26.4 mg·kg~(-1))>谷类籽实(22.7 mg·kg~(-1))>秸秆类饲料(18.8 mg·kg~(-1))。同一类饲料中,除牧草类饲料中的锌含量无显著差异(P>0.05)外,其他类别的不同饲料中的锌含量均存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中矿物质饲料锌含量以磷酸氢钙最高(268.2 mg·kg~(-1)),石粉最低(7.3mg·kg~(-1));动物性蛋白饲料锌含量以水解羽毛粉最高(120.8 mg·kg~(-1)),血球蛋白粉最低(19.6 mg·kg~(-1));植物性蛋白饲料锌含量以亚麻粕最高(85.2 mg·kg~(-1)),膨化大豆最低(38.9 mg·kg~(-1));谷物籽实加工副产品锌含量以小麦麸最高(86.2 mg·kg~(-1)),碎米最低(12.5 mg·kg~(-1));谷类籽实锌含量以小麦最高(30.4 mg·kg~(-1)),玉米最低(16.9 mg·kg~(-1));秸秆类饲料锌含量以稻秸最高(27.6 mg·kg~(-1)),小麦秸最低(5.5 m·kg~(-1))。通过比较不同省(区)玉米、小麦和豆粕的锌含量发现,不同省(区)同一种饲料原料的锌含量均存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中广东省玉米锌含量最高(20.6 mg·kg~(-1)),而吉林省最低(13.7 mg·kg~(-1));四川省小麦锌含量最高(41.4 mg·kg~(-1)),甘肃省最低(22.4 mg·kg~(-1));山西省豆粕锌含量最高(51.5 mg·kg~(-1)),江苏省最低(46.6 mg·kg~(-1))。根据全国各地猪、鸡常用的142个饲粮配方所计算出的基础饲粮中锌含量范围为21.3—31.0 mg·kg~(-1),如按我国猪、鸡饲养标准或美国NRC畜禽锌营养需要量的要求,基础饲粮中锌含量可提供猪、鸡前期约1/4的锌营养需要,可提供猪、鸡后期约1/2的锌营养需要。【结论】不同种类和不同地区饲料原料中锌含量差异较大,全国各地猪、鸡常用的基础饲粮配方中锌含量可提供猪、鸡部分锌营养需要量。因此,在实际生产中,应充分考虑不同地区基础饲粮中的锌含量,精准配制饲粮,以满足畜禽高效生产的需要,同时减少锌的添加和排放对环境的污染。
【Objective】The purpose of this survey was to study the zinc(Zn)contents in various feed ingredients from different provinces and the basal diets of pigs and chickens in China,so as to provide a scientific basis for the reasonable addition of Zn in the livestock and poultry’s diets.【Method】A total of 37 kinds of 3 919 feed samples from 31 provinces,municipalities and regions were digested by microwave,and then the Zn contents were measured by IRIS IntrepidⅡplasma emission spectrometer.The feed samples fall into seven types:cereals(corn,wheat,rice and barley),cereal by-products(broken rice,wheat middling,wheat bran,rice bran,corn DDGS,wheat DDGS,corn germ meal and corn gluten meal),plant protein ingredients(extruded soybean,soybean meal,rapeseed meal,cottonseed meal,peanut meal,linseed meal and sunflower seed meal),animal protein ingredients(fish meal,meat meal,hydrolyzed feather meal,dried porcine solubles,plasma protein powder and dried blood cells),straw ingredients(corn straw,sweet potato vine,rice straw and wheat straw),pasture ingredients(Leymus chinensis,ryegrass,alfalfa and corn silage)and mineral ingredients(limestone,dicalcium phosphate,oyster shell meal and bone meal).【Result】The results showed that the average Zn contents of these 37 kinds of feed ingredients ranged from 5.5 to 268.2 mg·kg~(-1),and the distribution of Zn contents in different species of feed ingredients was as follows:mineral ingredients(107.8 mg·kg~(-1))>animal protein ingredients(69.8 mg·kg~(-1))>plant protein ingredients(54.9 mg·kg~(-1))>cereal by-products(43.0 mg·kg~(-1))>pasture ingredients(26.4 mg·kg~(-1))>cereals(22.7 mg·kg~(-1))>straw ingredients(18.8 mg·kg~(-1)).Among the same kind of feed samples,there were significant differences(P<0.05)in the Zn contents from other six types of feed ingredients except pasture ingredients.In the mineral ingredients,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the dicalcium phosphate(268.2 mg·kg~(-1))and limestone(7.3 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the animal protein ingredients,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the hydrolyzed feather meal(120.8 mg·kg~(-1))and dried blood cells(19.6 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the plant protein ingredients,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the linseed meal(85.2 mg·kg~(-1))and extruded soybean(38.9 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the cereal by-products,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the wheat bran(86.2 mg·kg~(-1))and broken rice(12.5 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the cereals,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the wheat(30.4 mg·kg~(-1))and corn(16.9 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the straw ingredients,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the rice straw(27.6 mg·kg~(-1))and wheat straw(5.5 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively.Regional comparison of Zn contents on a basis of provinces(regions)were made for Zn contents of corn,wheat and soybean meal,showing a significant effect(P<0.05)of regional environments on Zn contents of the same ingredient.The highest and lowest Zn contents of corn were observed in Guangdong(20.6 mg·kg~(-1))and Jilin(13.7 mg·kg~(-1))provinces,respectively;the highest and lowest Zn contents of wheat were observed in Sichuan(41.4 mg·kg~(-1))and Gansu(22.4 mg·kg~(-1))provinces,respectively;the highest and lowest Zn contents of soybean meal were observed in Shanxi(51.5 mg·kg~(-1))and Jiangsu(46.6 mg·kg~(-1))provinces,respectively.Calculated Zn contents in basal diets from 142 common formulations of pigs and chickens in our country ranged from 21.3 to 31.0 mg·kg~(-1).According to Zn requirements of pigs and chicks from feeding standards of China and NRC of United States,the Zn contents in the basal diets could provide about one-fourth and one-second of the recommended Zn requirements for pigs and chickens in growing and finishing phase,respectively.【Conclusion】Results showed that the Zn contents in feed ingredients varied greatly among different kinds and regions,and the Zn contents in basal diets from common formulations of pigs and chickens could partly meet the nutrient requirements of pigs and chickens.Therefore,the Zn contents in basal diets from different regions should be considered in the preparation of diets,so as to meet the need of efficient production of livestock and poultry and to reduce supplemental Zn level and environmental pollution caused by Zn emission.
【Objective】The purpose of this survey was to study the zinc(Zn)contents in various feed ingredients from different provinces and the basal diets of pigs and chickens in China,so as to provide a scientific basis for the reasonable addition of Zn in the livestock and poultry’s diets.【Method】A total of 37 kinds of 3 919 feed samples from 31 provinces,municipalities and regions were digested by microwave,and then the Zn contents were measured by IRIS IntrepidⅡplasma emission spectrometer.The feed samples fall into seven types:cereals(corn,wheat,rice and barley),cereal by-products(broken rice,wheat middling,wheat bran,rice bran,corn DDGS,wheat DDGS,corn germ meal and corn gluten meal),plant protein ingredients(extruded soybean,soybean meal,rapeseed meal,cottonseed meal,peanut meal,linseed meal and sunflower seed meal),animal protein ingredients(fish meal,meat meal,hydrolyzed feather meal,dried porcine solubles,plasma protein powder and dried blood cells),straw ingredients(corn straw,sweet potato vine,rice straw and wheat straw),pasture ingredients(Leymus chinensis,ryegrass,alfalfa and corn silage)and mineral ingredients(limestone,dicalcium phosphate,oyster shell meal and bone meal).【Result】The results showed that the average Zn contents of these 37 kinds of feed ingredients ranged from 5.5 to 268.2 mg·kg~(-1),and the distribution of Zn contents in different species of feed ingredients was as follows:mineral ingredients(107.8 mg·kg~(-1))>animal protein ingredients(69.8 mg·kg~(-1))>plant protein ingredients(54.9 mg·kg~(-1))>cereal by-products(43.0 mg·kg~(-1))>pasture ingredients(26.4 mg·kg~(-1))>cereals(22.7 mg·kg~(-1))>straw ingredients(18.8 mg·kg~(-1)).Among the same kind of feed samples,there were significant differences(P<0.05)in the Zn contents from other six types of feed ingredients except pasture ingredients.In the mineral ingredients,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the dicalcium phosphate(268.2 mg·kg~(-1))and limestone(7.3 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the animal protein ingredients,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the hydrolyzed feather meal(120.8 mg·kg~(-1))and dried blood cells(19.6 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the plant protein ingredients,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the linseed meal(85.2 mg·kg~(-1))and extruded soybean(38.9 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the cereal by-products,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the wheat bran(86.2 mg·kg~(-1))and broken rice(12.5 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the cereals,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the wheat(30.4 mg·kg~(-1))and corn(16.9 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;in the straw ingredients,the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the rice straw(27.6 mg·kg~(-1))and wheat straw(5.5 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively.Regional comparison of Zn contents on a basis of provinces(regions)were made for Zn contents of corn,wheat and soybean meal,showing a significant effect(P<0.05)of regional environments on Zn contents of the same ingredient.The highest and lowest Zn contents of corn were observed in Guangdong(20.6 mg·kg~(-1))and Jilin(13.7 mg·kg~(-1))provinces,respectively;the highest and lowest Zn contents of wheat were observed in Sichuan(41.4 mg·kg~(-1))and Gansu(22.4 mg·kg~(-1))provinces,respectively;the highest and lowest Zn contents of soybean meal were observed in Shanxi(51.5 mg·kg~(-1))and Jiangsu(46.6 mg·kg~(-1))provinces,respectively.Calculated Zn contents in basal diets from 142 common formulations of pigs and chickens in our country ranged from 21.3 to 31.0 mg·kg~(-1).According to Zn requirements of pigs and chicks from feeding standards of China and NRC of United States,the Zn contents in the basal diets could provide about one-fourth and one-second of the recommended Zn requirements for pigs and chickens in growing and finishing phase,respectively.【Conclusion】Results showed that the Zn contents in feed ingredients varied greatly among different kinds and regions,and the Zn contents in basal diets from common formulations of pigs and chickens could partly meet the nutrient requirements of pigs and chickens.Therefore,the Zn contents in basal diets from different regions should be considered in the preparation of diets,so as to meet the need of efficient production of livestock and poultry and to reduce supplemental Zn level and environmental pollution caused by Zn emission.
引文
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[2]GAITHER L A,EIDE D J.Eukaryotic zinc transporters and their regulation.Biometals,2001,14:251-270.
[3]HUANG Y L,LU L,LUO X G,LIU B.An optimal dietary zinc level of broilers chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet.Poultry Science,2007,86(12):2582-2589.
[4]YU Y,LU L,LI S F,ZHANG L Y,LUO X G.Organic zinc absorption by the intestine of broilers in vivo.British Journal of Nutrition,2017,117(8):1086-1094.
[5]邵玉新.锌营养对肉鸡肠黏膜及Caco-2细胞肠上皮屏障功能的作用及机制[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.SHAO Y X.The mechanism of supplementation of zinc on intestinal mucosa barrier function[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[6]苏琪,段玉琴,刘金旭,陆肇海.我国畜禽饲料中微量元素锌含量的调查研究.中国农业科学,1994,27(2):82-88.SU Q,DUAN Y Q,LIU J X,LU Z H.A study on zinc contents in feedstuffs for livestock and poultry in China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1994,27(2):82-88.(in Chinese)
[7]HUANG Y L,LU L,LI S F,LUO X G,LIU B.Relative bioavailabilities of organic zinc sources with different chelation strengths for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet.Journal of Animal Sciencce,2009,87(6):2038-2046.
[8]SUO H Q,LU L,ZHANG L Y,ZHANG X Y,LI H,LU Y F,LUO XG.Relative bioavailability of zinc-methionine chelate for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet.Biological Trace Element Research,2015,165(2):206-213.
[9]YU Y,LU L,LUO X G,LIU B.Kinetics of zinc absorption by in situ ligated intestinal loops of broilers involved in zinc transporters.Poultry Science,2008,87(6):1146-1155.
[10]SAS user’s guide:statistics.Version 9.4.SAS Institute Inc.2003,Cary,NC.
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