黄土丘陵区沟坡典型植物群落枯落物蓄积量及其持水性能
|
摘要
为探讨黄土丘陵区植被恢复后沟坡植物群落枯落物蓄积状况及其水文功能,以纸坊沟小流域沟坡7个典型植物群落为调查对象,采用野外调查、全收获法和室内浸泡的方法,对其枯落物蓄积量、盖度、持水性能进行系统研究。结果表明:枯落物盖度表现为草本群落均值(43. 1%)>灌木群落(39. 8%),且赖草群落显著大于其他植物群落(P <0. 05);枯落物蓄积量表现为灌木群落(486. 94 g/m~2)显著大于草本群落(230. 87 g/m~2)(P <0. 05);枯落物有效拦蓄量灌木群落均值(567. 40 g/m~2)显著大于草本群落(323. 90 g/m~2),柠条群落最大(685. 26 g/m~2),白羊草群落最小(149. 11 g/m~2)。通过对植物群落枯落物持水量与浸泡时间进行分析拟合,得到该时段二者之间的函数关系式U=alnt+b。
[Background] Gully steep slopes is the geomorphic position where soil erosion is the most serious in the Loess Plateau,in which soil and water conservation has always been paid more attention to.The litter layer presents many functions effectively,such as capturing precipitation,regulating surface runoff,and preserving soil and water from erosion. However,compared with hilly slopes,relative few studies have been conducted to quantify the accumulative amount and water-holding capacity of plant litters on gully steep slopes. Moreover,the comparative study of litter on hilly slopes and gully slopes is less. [Methods]To clarify the eco-hydrological functions of plant litters located on gully steep slopes of the loess hilly-gully region,seven typical vegetation communities were selected in Zhifanggou small watershed in Ansai district,Shaanxi province. The accumulative amount of litter was determined by harvesting method. Water-holding capacity and absorption rate was measured by the immersion method.Litter coverage was estimated by sighting estimation. [Results]1) The mean litter accumulation of shrub communities( 486. 94 g/m2) was significantly greater than that of herb communities( 230. 87 g/m2)( P <0. 05). 2) The mean litter coverage of herb communities( 43. 1%) was higher than that of shrub communities( 39. 8%). The litter coverage of Leymus secalinus( Georgi) Tzvel. community was obviously greater than other communities( P < 0. 05). 3) The mean litter effective interception capacity of shrub communities( 567. 4 g/m2) was notably greater than that of herb communities( 323. 9 g/m2)and the largest was in Caragana korshinskii Kom. community( 685. 26 g/m2),while the smallest was in Bothriochloa ischaemum( L.) Keng( 149. 11 g/m2). 4) By analyzing and fitting the water-holding capacity and soaking time of different communities,the relationship between water-holding capacity and soaking time was obtained as: U = alnt + b. [Conclusions] The shrub litter is more effective than herbaceous litter in reducing runoff and conserving soil and water on the gully slopes. The accumulative amount,coverage and effective water-holding capacity of the typical vegetation litters on gully steep slopes were lower than those of hilly slope in the same small watershed. C. Korshinskii Kom. and Hippophae rhamnoides are the better choice for sunny slope to control erosion,L. secalinus( Georgi) Tzvel. is the preferable plant for shadow slope. The results are conducive to assessing the hydrological benefits of litter layer and allocation of soil conservation measures on gully steep slopes in the hilly-gully region.
[Background] Gully steep slopes is the geomorphic position where soil erosion is the most serious in the Loess Plateau,in which soil and water conservation has always been paid more attention to.The litter layer presents many functions effectively,such as capturing precipitation,regulating surface runoff,and preserving soil and water from erosion. However,compared with hilly slopes,relative few studies have been conducted to quantify the accumulative amount and water-holding capacity of plant litters on gully steep slopes. Moreover,the comparative study of litter on hilly slopes and gully slopes is less. [Methods]To clarify the eco-hydrological functions of plant litters located on gully steep slopes of the loess hilly-gully region,seven typical vegetation communities were selected in Zhifanggou small watershed in Ansai district,Shaanxi province. The accumulative amount of litter was determined by harvesting method. Water-holding capacity and absorption rate was measured by the immersion method.Litter coverage was estimated by sighting estimation. [Results]1) The mean litter accumulation of shrub communities( 486. 94 g/m2) was significantly greater than that of herb communities( 230. 87 g/m2)( P <0. 05). 2) The mean litter coverage of herb communities( 43. 1%) was higher than that of shrub communities( 39. 8%). The litter coverage of Leymus secalinus( Georgi) Tzvel. community was obviously greater than other communities( P < 0. 05). 3) The mean litter effective interception capacity of shrub communities( 567. 4 g/m2) was notably greater than that of herb communities( 323. 9 g/m2)and the largest was in Caragana korshinskii Kom. community( 685. 26 g/m2),while the smallest was in Bothriochloa ischaemum( L.) Keng( 149. 11 g/m2). 4) By analyzing and fitting the water-holding capacity and soaking time of different communities,the relationship between water-holding capacity and soaking time was obtained as: U = alnt + b. [Conclusions] The shrub litter is more effective than herbaceous litter in reducing runoff and conserving soil and water on the gully slopes. The accumulative amount,coverage and effective water-holding capacity of the typical vegetation litters on gully steep slopes were lower than those of hilly slope in the same small watershed. C. Korshinskii Kom. and Hippophae rhamnoides are the better choice for sunny slope to control erosion,L. secalinus( Georgi) Tzvel. is the preferable plant for shadow slope. The results are conducive to assessing the hydrological benefits of litter layer and allocation of soil conservation measures on gully steep slopes in the hilly-gully region.
引文
[1]刘强,彭少麟.植物凋落物生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:1.LIU Qiang,PENG Shaolin.Plant litter ecology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:1.
[2]栾莉莉,张光辉,孙龙,等.黄土丘陵区典型植被枯落物持水性能空间变化特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(3):225.LUAN Lili,ZHANG Guanghui,SUN Long,et al.Spatial variation in water-holding properties of typical plant litters in the Loess Plateau[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(3):225.
[3]林波,刘庆,吴彦,等.森林凋落物研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1):60.LIN Bo,LIU Qing,WU Yan,et al.Research progress of forest litter[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(1):60.
[4]王佑民.中国林地枯落物持水保土作用研究概况[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(4):108.WANG Youmin.Summary of researches on water and soil conservative function of litter in forestland in China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(4):108.
[5]王云琦,王玉杰,张洪江,等.重庆缙云山几种典型植被枯落物水文特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):41.WANG Yunqi,WANG Yujie,ZHANG Hongjiang,et al.Research on litter hydrology characteristic of typical vegetation in Jinyun Mountain in Chongqing City[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(3):41.
[6]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝,刘国彬.黄土高原人工油松林枯枝落叶层的水土保持功能研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(1):168.ZHAO Hongyan,WU Qingxiao,LIU Guobin.Study on soil and water conservation function of litter layer of artificial Chinese pine in Loess Plateau[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2003,39(1):168.
[7]叶海英,赵廷宁,赵陟峰.半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区几种不同人工水土保持林枯落物储量及持水特性研究[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(1):121.YE Haiying,ZHAO Tingning,ZHAO Zhifeng.The litter storage and its water capacity characteristics in different artificial soil and water conservation forest stands of hilly and gully regions on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(1):121.
[8]SUN L,ZHANG G H,LUAN L L,et al.Temporal variation in soil resistance to flowing water erosion for soil incorporated with plant litters in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Catena,2016(145):239.
[9]李兆松,王兵,汪建芳,等.铁杆蒿与白羊草枯落物覆盖量对黄土坡面流水动力特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(17):151.LI Zhaosong,WANG Bing,WANG Jianfang,et al.Effects of Artemisia gmelinii and Bothriochloa ischcemum litter mass coverage on hydrodynamic characteristics of loess overland flow[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(17):151.
[10]唐克丽.中国水土保持[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:144.TANG Keli.Soil and water conservation in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004:144.
[11]蒋德麒,赵诚信,陈章霖.黄河中游小流域径流泥沙来源初步分析[J].地理学报,1966,32(1):22.JIANG Deqi,ZHAO Chengxin,CHEN Zhanglin.The preliminary analysis on the source of runoff sediment in the middle reaches of Yellow River[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1966,32(1):22.
[12]寇萌,焦菊英,尹秋龙,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区主要草种枯落物的持水能力与养分潜在归还能力[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1337.KOU Meng,JIAO Juying,YIN Qiulong,et al.Water holding capacity and potential nutrient return capacity of main herb species litter in the hill-gully Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(5):133.
[13]江忠善,郑粉莉.纸坊沟流域水土流失综合治理减沙效益评价[J].泥沙研究,2004,29(2):56.JIANG Zhongshan,ZHENG Fenli.Assessment on benefit of sediment reduction by comprehensive controls in the Zhifanggou Watershed[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2004,29(2):56.
[14]吴钦孝,刘向东.山杨次生林枯枝落叶蓄积量及其水文作用[J].水土保持学报,1992,6(1):71.WU Qinxiao,LIU Xiangdong.Litter reserves and their hydrological function in the secondary-forest of Populus davidiana[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1992,6(1):71.
[15]齐治军,许明祥.黄土丘陵区小流域土地覆被物空间分布特征及影响因素研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(8):75.QI Zhijun,XU Mingxiang.Spatial distribution characteristics of landcover of small watershed and its influencing factors in hilly-gullied region of Loess Plateau in China[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat.Sci.Ed),2010,38(8):75.
[16]师阳阳,张光辉,陈云明,等.黄土丘陵区不同退耕模式林下草本变化特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(5):64.SHI Yangyang,ZHANG Guanghui,CHEN Yunming,et al.Characteristics of undergrowth herbage of different restoration models in the loess hilly region[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(5):64.
[17]黄奕龙,陈利顶,傅伯杰,等.黄土丘陵小流域沟坡水热条件及其生态修复初探[J].自然资源学报,2004,1(2):183.HUANG Yilong,CHEN Liding,FU Bojie,et al.The water and heat condition and the ecological rehabilitation in the hilly-gully catchment of Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2004,1(2):183.
[18]杜华栋.陕北黄土高原优势物种叶片结构与生理特性不同立地环境的生态响应[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010:25.DU Huadong.Ecological responses of foliar anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of dominant plants at different site conditions in North Shaanxi Loess Plateau[D].Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2010:25.
[2]栾莉莉,张光辉,孙龙,等.黄土丘陵区典型植被枯落物持水性能空间变化特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(3):225.LUAN Lili,ZHANG Guanghui,SUN Long,et al.Spatial variation in water-holding properties of typical plant litters in the Loess Plateau[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(3):225.
[3]林波,刘庆,吴彦,等.森林凋落物研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1):60.LIN Bo,LIU Qing,WU Yan,et al.Research progress of forest litter[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(1):60.
[4]王佑民.中国林地枯落物持水保土作用研究概况[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(4):108.WANG Youmin.Summary of researches on water and soil conservative function of litter in forestland in China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(4):108.
[5]王云琦,王玉杰,张洪江,等.重庆缙云山几种典型植被枯落物水文特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):41.WANG Yunqi,WANG Yujie,ZHANG Hongjiang,et al.Research on litter hydrology characteristic of typical vegetation in Jinyun Mountain in Chongqing City[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(3):41.
[6]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝,刘国彬.黄土高原人工油松林枯枝落叶层的水土保持功能研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(1):168.ZHAO Hongyan,WU Qingxiao,LIU Guobin.Study on soil and water conservation function of litter layer of artificial Chinese pine in Loess Plateau[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2003,39(1):168.
[7]叶海英,赵廷宁,赵陟峰.半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区几种不同人工水土保持林枯落物储量及持水特性研究[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(1):121.YE Haiying,ZHAO Tingning,ZHAO Zhifeng.The litter storage and its water capacity characteristics in different artificial soil and water conservation forest stands of hilly and gully regions on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(1):121.
[8]SUN L,ZHANG G H,LUAN L L,et al.Temporal variation in soil resistance to flowing water erosion for soil incorporated with plant litters in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Catena,2016(145):239.
[9]李兆松,王兵,汪建芳,等.铁杆蒿与白羊草枯落物覆盖量对黄土坡面流水动力特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(17):151.LI Zhaosong,WANG Bing,WANG Jianfang,et al.Effects of Artemisia gmelinii and Bothriochloa ischcemum litter mass coverage on hydrodynamic characteristics of loess overland flow[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(17):151.
[10]唐克丽.中国水土保持[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:144.TANG Keli.Soil and water conservation in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004:144.
[11]蒋德麒,赵诚信,陈章霖.黄河中游小流域径流泥沙来源初步分析[J].地理学报,1966,32(1):22.JIANG Deqi,ZHAO Chengxin,CHEN Zhanglin.The preliminary analysis on the source of runoff sediment in the middle reaches of Yellow River[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1966,32(1):22.
[12]寇萌,焦菊英,尹秋龙,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区主要草种枯落物的持水能力与养分潜在归还能力[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1337.KOU Meng,JIAO Juying,YIN Qiulong,et al.Water holding capacity and potential nutrient return capacity of main herb species litter in the hill-gully Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(5):133.
[13]江忠善,郑粉莉.纸坊沟流域水土流失综合治理减沙效益评价[J].泥沙研究,2004,29(2):56.JIANG Zhongshan,ZHENG Fenli.Assessment on benefit of sediment reduction by comprehensive controls in the Zhifanggou Watershed[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2004,29(2):56.
[14]吴钦孝,刘向东.山杨次生林枯枝落叶蓄积量及其水文作用[J].水土保持学报,1992,6(1):71.WU Qinxiao,LIU Xiangdong.Litter reserves and their hydrological function in the secondary-forest of Populus davidiana[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1992,6(1):71.
[15]齐治军,许明祥.黄土丘陵区小流域土地覆被物空间分布特征及影响因素研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(8):75.QI Zhijun,XU Mingxiang.Spatial distribution characteristics of landcover of small watershed and its influencing factors in hilly-gullied region of Loess Plateau in China[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat.Sci.Ed),2010,38(8):75.
[16]师阳阳,张光辉,陈云明,等.黄土丘陵区不同退耕模式林下草本变化特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(5):64.SHI Yangyang,ZHANG Guanghui,CHEN Yunming,et al.Characteristics of undergrowth herbage of different restoration models in the loess hilly region[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(5):64.
[17]黄奕龙,陈利顶,傅伯杰,等.黄土丘陵小流域沟坡水热条件及其生态修复初探[J].自然资源学报,2004,1(2):183.HUANG Yilong,CHEN Liding,FU Bojie,et al.The water and heat condition and the ecological rehabilitation in the hilly-gully catchment of Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2004,1(2):183.
[18]杜华栋.陕北黄土高原优势物种叶片结构与生理特性不同立地环境的生态响应[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010:25.DU Huadong.Ecological responses of foliar anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of dominant plants at different site conditions in North Shaanxi Loess Plateau[D].Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2010:25.