竞技型滑雪场赛道雪质及其气候变化风险评价——以河北省万龙滑雪场为例
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摘要
2022年北京冬奥会将在我国举办,比赛项目以雪上项目为主。赛道雪质是雪务工作的核心问题,而目前国内关于竞技型滑雪场赛道雪质研究少有涉及。通过研究以人造雪为主的河北省万龙滑雪场赛道雪质特性,了解我国竞技型雪场目前赛道现状。通过比较,找出与国际雪联要求标准赛道雪质的差距,依据赛道雪质变化特性,提出雪质保持和提升方案,并对影响雪质的要素进行风险评估,以提升我国赛事雪务工作的科研能力和技术水平,为冬奥会成功举办提供科学依据和服务。
In 2022, the Beijing Winter Olympic Games will be held in China. Snowboarding is most important question. The snow quality of the track is most crucial in the snow work. However, at present, little research work has been done on the snow quality of competition-type snow track in China. By studying the snow quality characteristics of the track of Wanlong Ski Resort in Hebei Province, which is dominated by artificial snow, to understand the current situation of the competition-type skiing grounds in China, and find out the gap with the standard track snow quality required by the International Snow Federation. According to the changing characteristics of snow quality, it is put forward that the scheme of snow quality maintenance and technical improvement, and risk assessment of the factors affecting snow quality. It is necessary to enhance the scientific research capacity and technical level of the snow work in China and provide scientific basis and services for the successful hosting of the Winter Olympic Games.
In 2022, the Beijing Winter Olympic Games will be held in China. Snowboarding is most important question. The snow quality of the track is most crucial in the snow work. However, at present, little research work has been done on the snow quality of competition-type snow track in China. By studying the snow quality characteristics of the track of Wanlong Ski Resort in Hebei Province, which is dominated by artificial snow, to understand the current situation of the competition-type skiing grounds in China, and find out the gap with the standard track snow quality required by the International Snow Federation. According to the changing characteristics of snow quality, it is put forward that the scheme of snow quality maintenance and technical improvement, and risk assessment of the factors affecting snow quality. It is necessary to enhance the scientific research capacity and technical level of the snow work in China and provide scientific basis and services for the successful hosting of the Winter Olympic Games.
引文
[1] Xiao Wangxing,Xiao Cunde,Guo Xiaoyin,et al.Winter and spring snow cover features in Beijing-Zhangjiakou region[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(3):584-595.[肖王星,效存德,郭晓寅,等.北京-张家口地区冬春季积雪特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(3):584-595.]
[2] Xu Qingzhe,Zheng Jingyun,Zhang Xuezhen,et al.Characteristics of snow season and snowfall during the Olympic Winter Game in Chongli of Zhangjiakou City,China[J].Climate Change Research,2017,13(3):223-230.[徐庆喆,郑景云,张学珍,等.张家口市崇礼的雪季与冬奥会的降雪特征分析[J].气候变化研究进展,2017,13(3):223-230.]
[3] Han Lijuan.Analysis on climatic characteristics of snowfall in Zhangjiakou City in recent 53 years[J].Cultural Geography,2014(8):52.[韩丽娟.张家口市近53年降雪气候特征分析[J].环球人文地理,2014(8):52.]
[4] Jia Zhiqi,Wang Miao,Wang Xinning,et al.Analysis on the evolution of high-altitude situation of a snowfall process in Zhangjiakou[J].Agricultural Disaster Research,2015,5(2):23-24.[贾志奇,王淼,王新宁,等.张家口一次降雪天气过程高空形势演变分析[J].农业灾害研究,2015,5(2):23-24.]
[5] Luk′yanov V I,Dmitrieva T G,Vasil′ev E V.Weather services for the test event and Sochi-2014 Olympic and Paralympic Games[J].Russian Meteorology and Hydrology,2015,40(8):495-503.
[6] Wang Shijin,Xu Xinwu,Deng Jie,et al.Chinese skiing-tourism destination:spatial patterns,existing problem and development countermeasures[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(4):902-909.[王世金,徐新武,邓婕,等.中国滑雪旅游目的地空间格局、 存在问题及其发展对策[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(4):902-909.]
[7] Wang Ping,Fei Yuhong,Sun Yang.Development explorations of ski tourism industry under background of Olympic Winter Games[J].Journal of Harbin Sport University,2017,35(6):51-55.[王萍,费郁红,孙洋.冬奥会背景下我国滑雪旅游产业发展的探析[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报,2017,35(6):51-55.]
[8] Lei Guofei.Supply and transformation of ice and snow sports industry in China under the background of escalation of consumption demand[J].Journal of Guangzhou Sport University,2017,37(6):45-49.[雷国飞.消费需求升级背景下我国冰雪体育产业供给转型研究[J].广州体育学院学报,2017,37(6):45-49.]
[9] Li Xin.Analysis on the sustainable development of three core areas of skiing in China[J].Journal of Beijing Sport University,2017,40(10):9-16.[李欣.我国滑雪运动三大核心区域可持续发展研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2017,40(10):9-16.]
[10] Wang Xudong,Cui Yingbo,Gu Huazheng.Research on the current situation and development strategy of Chinese skiing[J].China Winter Sports,2011,33(5):23-27.[王旭东,崔英波,谷化铮.我国滑雪运动现状及发展战略研究[J].冰雪运动,2011,33(5):23-27.]
[11] Steiger R,Mayer M.Snow making and climate change:future options for snow production in Tyrolean Ski Resorts[J].Mountain Research and Development,2008,28:292-298.
[12] Zhang Ying,Ye Haibo,Chen Yanxia.Current development and prospect of the skiing resort in Chongli County under the background of Winter Olympics[J].China Winter Sports,2016,38(2):78-82.[张莹,叶海波,陈艳霞.冬奥会背景下崇礼县滑雪场发展现状与前景[J].冰雪运动,2016,38(2):78-82.]
[13] Mehmet Fuat Beyazlt,Koc E.An analysis of snow options for ski resort establishments[J].Tourism Management,2009,31(5):676-683.
[14] Wang Minmin.Ski resort planning and its landscape resources development and protection[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2008.[王敏敏.滑雪场规划及景观资源的开发与保护[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2008.]
[15] Yang Zhanwu.Research on the snow-making for Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Winter Paralympics[J].China Winter Sports,2017,39(1):1-8.[杨占武.北京冬奥会和冬残奥会人工造雪的研究[J].冰雪运动,2017,39(1):1-8.]
[16] Mao Mingce,Wang Qi,Tian Liang.The surface meteorological condition of snowmaking for Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games[J].Climate Change Research,2018,14(6):547-552.[毛明策,王琦,田亮.2022年北京冬季奥运会人工造雪气象条件初步研究[J].气候变化研究进展,2018,14(6):547-552.]
[17] Lu Lu,Liu Chunling,Liu Lin.Ski tourist perceived value and satisfaction in relation to behavioral intentions:a case study of Yunding Ski Resort in Chongli[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2018,32(5):202-208.[路璐,刘春玲,刘琳.滑雪游客感知价值、 满意度与行为意向的关系:以崇礼密苑云顶滑雪场为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(5):202-208.]
[18] Rammsayer T H,Bahner E,Netter P.Effect of cold on human information processing:application of a reaction time paradigm[J].Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science,1995,30(1):34-45.
[19] Beijing Organizing Committee.Zhangjiakou competition culture of Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games[EB/OL].[2018-10-29].http://www.beijing2022.cn/cn/competition_zones/zhangjiakou.htm.[北京组织委员会.北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会张家口市赛区文化[EB/OL].[2018-10-29].http://www.beijing2022.cn/cn/competition_zones/zhang jiakou.htm.]
[20] Snow at Home.Make real snow at home with a home snow machine[EB/OL].[2018-12-11].http://www.snowathome.com/free_plans.php.
[21] Lintzen N.Snowmaking and snow storage[R].Lulea,Sweden:Lulea University of Technology,2012.
[22] Hao Xiaohua,Wang Jian,Che Tao,et al.The spatial distribution and properties of snow cover in Binggou watershed,Qilian Mountains:measurement and analysis[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(2):284-292.[郝晓华,王建,车涛,等.祁连山区冰沟流域积雪分布特征及其属性观测分析[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(2):284-292.]
[23] Zhao Zhe,Chang Xiaoyu.Discussion on environmental impact assessment of construction project of ski resorts[J].Environmental Science and Management,2007,32(9):177-179.[赵哲,常晓宇.浅谈滑雪场建设项目环境影响评价[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(9):177-179.]
[24] Cross Country Ski Association of Manitoba.Course preparation and tracksetting[EB/OL].[2019-04-18].http://ccsam.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/grooming_CCC_CoursePrep_Trackseting3.4.pdf.
[25] Lu Heng,Wei Wenshou,Liu Mingzhe,et al.A study on the vertical profile of forest snow liquid water content and variation with time in the snowmelt period[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(7):1244-1253.[陆恒,魏文寿,刘明哲,等.季节性森林积雪融雪期雪层含水率垂直廓线与时间变化特征[J].地理研究,2011,30(7):1244-1253.]
[26] You Jinsheng,Tarboton D G,Luce C H.Modeling the snow surface temperature with a one-layer energy balance snowmelt model[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2014,10(12):15071-15118.
[27] Huai Baojuan,Li Zhongqin,Sun Meiping,et al.RS analysis of glaciers change in the Heihe River basin in the last 50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(3):365-377.[怀保娟,李忠勤,孙美平,等.近50年黑河流域的冰川变化遥感分析[J].地理学报,2014,69(3):365-377.]
[28] Hu Ruji.Physical geography of the Tianshan Mountains in China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2004:155-162.[胡汝骥.中国天山自然地理[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2004:155-162.]
[29] Rawlins M A,McDonald K C,Frolking S,et al.Remote sensing of snow thaw at the pan-Arctic scale using the Sea-Winds scatterometer[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,312(1):294-311.
[30] Cao Zhi,Fan Haoming.Research on the snow characteristics at different slope position in the low mountain areas in Northeast China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(5):989-996.[曹志,范昊明.我国东北低山区不同坡位积雪特性研究[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(5):989-996.]
(1)雪粒烧结作用:由于太阳辐射、 感热及潜热等影响,白天赛道摄入能量,积雪部分消融,析出的液态水填充雪粒间空隙;晚上液态水在低温条件下凝结黏合雪粒,积雪强度增强。
[2] Xu Qingzhe,Zheng Jingyun,Zhang Xuezhen,et al.Characteristics of snow season and snowfall during the Olympic Winter Game in Chongli of Zhangjiakou City,China[J].Climate Change Research,2017,13(3):223-230.[徐庆喆,郑景云,张学珍,等.张家口市崇礼的雪季与冬奥会的降雪特征分析[J].气候变化研究进展,2017,13(3):223-230.]
[3] Han Lijuan.Analysis on climatic characteristics of snowfall in Zhangjiakou City in recent 53 years[J].Cultural Geography,2014(8):52.[韩丽娟.张家口市近53年降雪气候特征分析[J].环球人文地理,2014(8):52.]
[4] Jia Zhiqi,Wang Miao,Wang Xinning,et al.Analysis on the evolution of high-altitude situation of a snowfall process in Zhangjiakou[J].Agricultural Disaster Research,2015,5(2):23-24.[贾志奇,王淼,王新宁,等.张家口一次降雪天气过程高空形势演变分析[J].农业灾害研究,2015,5(2):23-24.]
[5] Luk′yanov V I,Dmitrieva T G,Vasil′ev E V.Weather services for the test event and Sochi-2014 Olympic and Paralympic Games[J].Russian Meteorology and Hydrology,2015,40(8):495-503.
[6] Wang Shijin,Xu Xinwu,Deng Jie,et al.Chinese skiing-tourism destination:spatial patterns,existing problem and development countermeasures[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(4):902-909.[王世金,徐新武,邓婕,等.中国滑雪旅游目的地空间格局、 存在问题及其发展对策[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(4):902-909.]
[7] Wang Ping,Fei Yuhong,Sun Yang.Development explorations of ski tourism industry under background of Olympic Winter Games[J].Journal of Harbin Sport University,2017,35(6):51-55.[王萍,费郁红,孙洋.冬奥会背景下我国滑雪旅游产业发展的探析[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报,2017,35(6):51-55.]
[8] Lei Guofei.Supply and transformation of ice and snow sports industry in China under the background of escalation of consumption demand[J].Journal of Guangzhou Sport University,2017,37(6):45-49.[雷国飞.消费需求升级背景下我国冰雪体育产业供给转型研究[J].广州体育学院学报,2017,37(6):45-49.]
[9] Li Xin.Analysis on the sustainable development of three core areas of skiing in China[J].Journal of Beijing Sport University,2017,40(10):9-16.[李欣.我国滑雪运动三大核心区域可持续发展研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2017,40(10):9-16.]
[10] Wang Xudong,Cui Yingbo,Gu Huazheng.Research on the current situation and development strategy of Chinese skiing[J].China Winter Sports,2011,33(5):23-27.[王旭东,崔英波,谷化铮.我国滑雪运动现状及发展战略研究[J].冰雪运动,2011,33(5):23-27.]
[11] Steiger R,Mayer M.Snow making and climate change:future options for snow production in Tyrolean Ski Resorts[J].Mountain Research and Development,2008,28:292-298.
[12] Zhang Ying,Ye Haibo,Chen Yanxia.Current development and prospect of the skiing resort in Chongli County under the background of Winter Olympics[J].China Winter Sports,2016,38(2):78-82.[张莹,叶海波,陈艳霞.冬奥会背景下崇礼县滑雪场发展现状与前景[J].冰雪运动,2016,38(2):78-82.]
[13] Mehmet Fuat Beyazlt,Koc E.An analysis of snow options for ski resort establishments[J].Tourism Management,2009,31(5):676-683.
[14] Wang Minmin.Ski resort planning and its landscape resources development and protection[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2008.[王敏敏.滑雪场规划及景观资源的开发与保护[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2008.]
[15] Yang Zhanwu.Research on the snow-making for Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Winter Paralympics[J].China Winter Sports,2017,39(1):1-8.[杨占武.北京冬奥会和冬残奥会人工造雪的研究[J].冰雪运动,2017,39(1):1-8.]
[16] Mao Mingce,Wang Qi,Tian Liang.The surface meteorological condition of snowmaking for Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games[J].Climate Change Research,2018,14(6):547-552.[毛明策,王琦,田亮.2022年北京冬季奥运会人工造雪气象条件初步研究[J].气候变化研究进展,2018,14(6):547-552.]
[17] Lu Lu,Liu Chunling,Liu Lin.Ski tourist perceived value and satisfaction in relation to behavioral intentions:a case study of Yunding Ski Resort in Chongli[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2018,32(5):202-208.[路璐,刘春玲,刘琳.滑雪游客感知价值、 满意度与行为意向的关系:以崇礼密苑云顶滑雪场为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(5):202-208.]
[18] Rammsayer T H,Bahner E,Netter P.Effect of cold on human information processing:application of a reaction time paradigm[J].Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science,1995,30(1):34-45.
[19] Beijing Organizing Committee.Zhangjiakou competition culture of Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games[EB/OL].[2018-10-29].http://www.beijing2022.cn/cn/competition_zones/zhangjiakou.htm.[北京组织委员会.北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会张家口市赛区文化[EB/OL].[2018-10-29].http://www.beijing2022.cn/cn/competition_zones/zhang jiakou.htm.]
[20] Snow at Home.Make real snow at home with a home snow machine[EB/OL].[2018-12-11].http://www.snowathome.com/free_plans.php.
[21] Lintzen N.Snowmaking and snow storage[R].Lulea,Sweden:Lulea University of Technology,2012.
[22] Hao Xiaohua,Wang Jian,Che Tao,et al.The spatial distribution and properties of snow cover in Binggou watershed,Qilian Mountains:measurement and analysis[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(2):284-292.[郝晓华,王建,车涛,等.祁连山区冰沟流域积雪分布特征及其属性观测分析[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(2):284-292.]
[23] Zhao Zhe,Chang Xiaoyu.Discussion on environmental impact assessment of construction project of ski resorts[J].Environmental Science and Management,2007,32(9):177-179.[赵哲,常晓宇.浅谈滑雪场建设项目环境影响评价[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(9):177-179.]
[24] Cross Country Ski Association of Manitoba.Course preparation and tracksetting[EB/OL].[2019-04-18].http://ccsam.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/grooming_CCC_CoursePrep_Trackseting3.4.pdf.
[25] Lu Heng,Wei Wenshou,Liu Mingzhe,et al.A study on the vertical profile of forest snow liquid water content and variation with time in the snowmelt period[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(7):1244-1253.[陆恒,魏文寿,刘明哲,等.季节性森林积雪融雪期雪层含水率垂直廓线与时间变化特征[J].地理研究,2011,30(7):1244-1253.]
[26] You Jinsheng,Tarboton D G,Luce C H.Modeling the snow surface temperature with a one-layer energy balance snowmelt model[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2014,10(12):15071-15118.
[27] Huai Baojuan,Li Zhongqin,Sun Meiping,et al.RS analysis of glaciers change in the Heihe River basin in the last 50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(3):365-377.[怀保娟,李忠勤,孙美平,等.近50年黑河流域的冰川变化遥感分析[J].地理学报,2014,69(3):365-377.]
[28] Hu Ruji.Physical geography of the Tianshan Mountains in China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2004:155-162.[胡汝骥.中国天山自然地理[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2004:155-162.]
[29] Rawlins M A,McDonald K C,Frolking S,et al.Remote sensing of snow thaw at the pan-Arctic scale using the Sea-Winds scatterometer[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,312(1):294-311.
[30] Cao Zhi,Fan Haoming.Research on the snow characteristics at different slope position in the low mountain areas in Northeast China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(5):989-996.[曹志,范昊明.我国东北低山区不同坡位积雪特性研究[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(5):989-996.]
(1)雪粒烧结作用:由于太阳辐射、 感热及潜热等影响,白天赛道摄入能量,积雪部分消融,析出的液态水填充雪粒间空隙;晚上液态水在低温条件下凝结黏合雪粒,积雪强度增强。