大城市边缘区土地利用变化对生境质量的影响评价——基于生态网络视角
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摘要
大城市边缘区土地利用变化迅速,从生态网络与物种角度分析土地利用变化对生境质量的影响更具有生态学意义。选取位于大城市边缘区的鄂州市为研究区,以具有经济、科学研究价值的普通翠鸟、棕背伯劳、池鹭为目标物种,依据目标物种栖息地条件划定生境斑块,以鸟类的最大迁移距离为连接阈值构建生态网络,从生境斑块景观格局与生态网络连通性变化两个层次入手,分析2004～2014年期间土地利用变化对生境质量的影响作用。结果表明:鄂州市建设用地与林地面积增加、水体面积减少,2004～2009年林地面积增长更加显著,2009～2014年水体面积下降较为明显,土地利用景观格局不断破碎化。从斑块角度分析,鄂州市生境质量呈下降趋势,林地生境质量先上升后下降,水体生境质量下降比林地更为明显;从连通性角度分析,生境质量表现为先上升后降低的倒"U"结构。斑块面积对维持网络连通性与生境质量具有重要作用,新城区开发、基础设施建设对林地与水体的分割、占用是典型斑块周边生境质量变化的主要原因。因此,鄂州市发展中应注重大型生境斑块的保护,将其设为禁止或限制开发区,同时也应保护"垫脚石"斑块以维持网络的连通性,提高大都市边缘地区的生态环境质量。
Land use change in metropolitan fringe area occurs frequently. It is of great significance to analyze the impact of land use change on the habitat quality from a perspective of ecological network and species. We took Ezhou City, a metropolitan fringe area in central China, as a case study, and selected Alcedo bengalensis, Rufous-Backed Shrike, Chinese Pond Heron as target species, and constructed the ecological networks based on the habitat conditions and migration distance of the target species. Based on the two scales of landscape pattern and the connectivity of ecological network, we evaluated the impact of land use change on habitat quality from 2004 to 2014.The results indicate that, the area of construction land in Ezhou increased, the area of forest land increased significantly during 2004-2009, the water decreased significantly during 2009-2014, and the land use was continuously fragmented. From the perspective of the patch, habitats quality showed a downgrading trend. Forest habitats quality represented first increased and then decreased shape, and water habitat quality downward was more obviously. Habitat quality showed an inverted "U" structure which first increased and then decreased from the perspective of connectivity. Patch plays an important role in maintaining network connectivity and habitat quality. The construction of new urban area and infrastructure result in the segmentation of forest land and water,which is the major reason for the surrounding quality change of the typical patch. Therefore, urban planners should pay more attentions to the protection of large habitat patches, which should be prohibited and restricted as the development zone. Meanwhile, in order to improve the ecological environment quality of metropolitan fringe area, "stepping-stones" patches should be protected to maintain network connectivity.
Land use change in metropolitan fringe area occurs frequently. It is of great significance to analyze the impact of land use change on the habitat quality from a perspective of ecological network and species. We took Ezhou City, a metropolitan fringe area in central China, as a case study, and selected Alcedo bengalensis, Rufous-Backed Shrike, Chinese Pond Heron as target species, and constructed the ecological networks based on the habitat conditions and migration distance of the target species. Based on the two scales of landscape pattern and the connectivity of ecological network, we evaluated the impact of land use change on habitat quality from 2004 to 2014.The results indicate that, the area of construction land in Ezhou increased, the area of forest land increased significantly during 2004-2009, the water decreased significantly during 2009-2014, and the land use was continuously fragmented. From the perspective of the patch, habitats quality showed a downgrading trend. Forest habitats quality represented first increased and then decreased shape, and water habitat quality downward was more obviously. Habitat quality showed an inverted "U" structure which first increased and then decreased from the perspective of connectivity. Patch plays an important role in maintaining network connectivity and habitat quality. The construction of new urban area and infrastructure result in the segmentation of forest land and water,which is the major reason for the surrounding quality change of the typical patch. Therefore, urban planners should pay more attentions to the protection of large habitat patches, which should be prohibited and restricted as the development zone. Meanwhile, in order to improve the ecological environment quality of metropolitan fringe area, "stepping-stones" patches should be protected to maintain network connectivity.
引文
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[24] CODY M L.Habitat selection in birds:The roles of vegetation structure,competitors,and productivity[J].Bioscience,1981,31(2):107-113.
[25] 喻锋,李晓波,张丽君,等.中国生态用地研究:内涵、分类与时空格局[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4931-4943.YU F,LI X B,ZHANG L J,et al.Study of ecological land in China:conception,classification,and spatial-temporal pattern[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(14):4931-4943.
[26] 邬建国.岛屿生物地理学理论:模型与应用[J].生态学杂志,1989(06):34-39.WU J G.The theory of island biogeography:Model and application[J].Journal of Ecology,1989(06):34-39.
[27] O’NEILL R V,RIITTERS K H,WICKHAM J D,et al.Landscape Pattern Metrics and Regional Assessment[J].Ecosystem Health,2010,5(4):225-233.
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[2] TURNER II B L,SKOLE D,SANDERSON S,et al.Land-use and land-cover change:science/research plan[R].IGBP Report No.35 and HDP Report No.7.Stochkholm:IGBP,1995.
[3] COLLINGE S K.Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation:implications for landscape architecture and planning[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1996,36(1):59-77.
[4] 包玉斌,刘康,李婷,等.基于InVEST模型的土地利用变化对生境的影响——以陕西省黄河湿地自然保护区为例[J].干旱区研究,2015(3):622-629.BAO Y B,LIU K,LI T,et al.Effects of land use change on habitat based on InVEST Model—Taking Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province as an example[J].Arid Zone Research,2015(3):622-629.
[5] 顾朝林,陈田,丁金宏,等.中国大城市边缘区特性研究[J].地理学报,1993(4):317-328.GU C L,CHEN T,DING J H,et al.The study of the urban fringes in Chinese megalopolises[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1993(4):317-328.
[6] 欧阳志云,刘建国,肖寒,等.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价[J].生态学报,2001,1(11):1869-1874.OUYANG Z Y,LIU J G,XIAO H,et al.An assessment of giant panda habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,1(11):1869-1874.
[7] 戎战磊,张晋东,洪明生,等.蜂桶寨自然保护区大熊猫生境适宜性评价与保护管理对策[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(3):621-625.RONG Z L,ZHANG J D,HONG M S,et al.Habitat suitability assessment and conservation strategies for giant pandas in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve,China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(3):621-625.
[8] RAVEN P J,HOLMES N T H,DAWSON F H,et al.Quality assessment using river habitat survey data[J].Aquatic Conservation Marine & Freshwater Ecosystems,2010,8(4):477-499.
[9] DING Y,SHAN B,ZHAO Y.Assessment of river habitat quality in the Hai River Basin,Northern China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2015,12(9):11699-11717.
[10] HE J,HUANG J,LI C.The evaluation for the impact of land use change on habitat quality:A joint contribution of cellular automata scenario simulation and habitat quality assessment model[J].Ecological Modelling,2017,366:58-67.
[11] TERRADO M,SABATER S,CHAPLIN-KRAMER B,et al.Model development for the assessment of terrestrial and aquatic habitat quality in conservation planning[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,540:63-70.
[12] 吴健生,曹祺文,石淑芹,等.基于土地利用变化的京津冀生境质量时空演变[J].应用生态学报,2015(11):3457-3466.WU J S,CAO Q W,SHI S Q,et al.Spatio-temporal variability of habitat quality in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area based on land use change[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015(11):3457-3466.
[13] ANADóN J,GIMéNEZ A,MARTíNEZ M,et al.Assessing changes in habitat quality due to land use changes in the spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca using hierarchical predictive habitat models[J].Diversity & Distributions,2007,13(3):324-331.
[14] OPDAM P,STEINGR?VER E,ROOIJ S V.Ecological networks:A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,75(3-4):322-332.
[15] 古璠,黄义雄,陈传明,等.福建省自然保护区生态网络的构建与优化[J].应用生态学报,2017(3):1013-1020.GU F,HUANG Y X,CHEN C M,et al.Construction and optimization of ecological network for nature reserves in Fujian Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017(3):1013-1020.
[16] 陈影,哈凯,贺文龙,等.冀西北间山盆地区景观格局变化及优化研究——以河北省怀来县为例[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(4):556-569.CHEN Y,HA K,HE W L,et al.Study on the change and optimization of landscape pattern in the basin of Northwest Hebei Mountains—A case study of Huailai County,Hebei Province[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(4):556-569.
[17] 陈竹安,况达,危小建,等.基于MSPA与MCR模型的余江县生态网络构建[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(8):1199-1207.CHEN Z A,KUANG D,WEI X J,et al.Developing ecological networks based on MSPA and MCR:A case study in Yujiang country[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2017,26(8):1199-1207.
[18] 王琦,付梦娣,魏来,等.基于源-汇理论和最小累积阻力模型的城市生态安全格局构建——以安徽省宁国市为例[J].环境科学学报,2016(12):4546-4554.WANG Q,FU M D,WEI L,et al.Urban ecological security pattern based on source-sink landscape theory and MCR model:A case study of Ningguo City,Anhui Province[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016(12):4546-4554.
[19] HUANG J,HE J,LIU D,et al.An ex-post evaluation approach to assess the impacts of accomplished urban structure shift on landscape connectivity[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,622-623:1143-1152.
[20] 蒙吉军,王雅,王晓东,等.基于最小累积阻力模型的贵阳市景观生态安全格局构建[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(7):1052-1061.MENG J J,WANG Y,WANG X D,et al.Construction of landscape ecological security pattern in Guiyang based on MCR model[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(7):1052-1061.
[21] 胡鸿兴,康洪莉,贡国鸿,等.湖北省湿地冬季水鸟多样性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005(4):422-428.HU H X,KANG H L,GONG G H,et al.Biodiversity of winter waterbirds in Hubei,China[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2005(4):422-428.
[22] 约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.MACKINNON J,PHILLIPPS K,HE F Q.A Field Guide to the Birds of China[M].Hunan Education Publishing House,2000.
[23] SUTHERLAND G D,HARESTAD A S,PRICE K,et al.Scaling of natal dispersal distances in terrestrial birds and mammals[J].Ecology & Society,2000,4(1):920.
[24] CODY M L.Habitat selection in birds:The roles of vegetation structure,competitors,and productivity[J].Bioscience,1981,31(2):107-113.
[25] 喻锋,李晓波,张丽君,等.中国生态用地研究:内涵、分类与时空格局[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4931-4943.YU F,LI X B,ZHANG L J,et al.Study of ecological land in China:conception,classification,and spatial-temporal pattern[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(14):4931-4943.
[26] 邬建国.岛屿生物地理学理论:模型与应用[J].生态学杂志,1989(06):34-39.WU J G.The theory of island biogeography:Model and application[J].Journal of Ecology,1989(06):34-39.
[27] O’NEILL R V,RIITTERS K H,WICKHAM J D,et al.Landscape Pattern Metrics and Regional Assessment[J].Ecosystem Health,2010,5(4):225-233.
[28] 吴未,张敏,许丽萍,等.土地利用变化对生境网络的影响——以苏锡常地区白鹭为例[J].生态学报,2015(14):4897-4906.WU W,ZHANG M,XU L P,et al.The impact of land use change on habitat network:A case study of Egretta garzetta in Su-Xi-Chang Area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015(14):4897-4906.
[29] 孔繁花,尹海伟.济南城市绿地生态网络构建[J].生态学报,2008,28(04):1711-1719.KONG F H,YIN H W.Developing green space ecological networks in Jinan City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(04):1711-1719.
[30] SAURA S,PASCUAL-HORTAL L.A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning:Comparison with existing indices and application to a case study[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,83(2-3):91-103.
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