北京市监测站布局差异分析
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摘要
为评估北京市空气质量监测站点布局的合理性,对比分析北京市2014年8月-2015年7月市内国家级和全市级空气质量数据,结果表明:全市级监测PM_(2.5)数据高于国家级监测数据5.5μg/m~3(7%),冬季差异最大(15%),国家级站点数据对北京市南部地区评估结果偏低32.5%,北部地区评估结果偏高8.7%;结合监测站点所在地区的污染源、天气扩散条件和常住人口等因素分析,北京市北部地区应增设国家级监测站点,南部地区应对国家级监测网络站点进行加密。
To evaluate the rationality of Beijing air quality monitoring site layout, the national air quality monitoring sites network(NS) and monitoring sites network(AS) evaluating air quality of each county in Beijing from August 2014 to July 2015 were compared and analyzed.The results show that the average PM_(2.5) concentration from AS is 5.5 μg/m~3(6.9%) higher than that from NS.The concentration differences between AS and NS are the largest in winter, which is 15% in average.Comparing to AS, data from NS sites lead to a 33% reduction in PM_(2.5) concentration in southern Beijing and a 8.7% increase in concentration in northern area. Based on the analysis of the pollution sources, atmospheric conditions and resident population in the area where the monitoring site is located, there should be more NS monitoring sites in northern counties of Beijing and should be densely-distributed NS monitoring sites in southern counties.
To evaluate the rationality of Beijing air quality monitoring site layout, the national air quality monitoring sites network(NS) and monitoring sites network(AS) evaluating air quality of each county in Beijing from August 2014 to July 2015 were compared and analyzed.The results show that the average PM_(2.5) concentration from AS is 5.5 μg/m~3(6.9%) higher than that from NS.The concentration differences between AS and NS are the largest in winter, which is 15% in average.Comparing to AS, data from NS sites lead to a 33% reduction in PM_(2.5) concentration in southern Beijing and a 8.7% increase in concentration in northern area. Based on the analysis of the pollution sources, atmospheric conditions and resident population in the area where the monitoring site is located, there should be more NS monitoring sites in northern counties of Beijing and should be densely-distributed NS monitoring sites in southern counties.
引文
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[2] Querol X,Alastuey A,Rodriguez S,et al.PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment in the Barcelona Metropolitan area,Catalonia, Spain[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(36):6407-6419.
[3] Chow J C,Watson J G,Fujita E M,et al.Temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5,and PM10,aerosol in the Southern California air quality study[J].Atmospheric Environment,1994,28(12):2061-2080.
[4] Lonati G,Butelli G P,Romele L,et al.Major chemical components of PM2.5 in Milan (Italy)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(10):1925-1934.
[5] F Wei,E Teng,G Wu,et al.Ambient Concentrations and Elemental Compositions of PM10 and PM2.5 in Four Chinese Cities[J].Environmental Science & Technology,1999,33(23):4188-4193.
[6] Xiaolin L I,Zhang Y,Tan M,et al.Atmospheric lead pollution in fine particulate matter in Shanghai,China[J].环境科学学报(英文版),2009,21(8):1118-1124.
[7] Wu X,Chen Y,Guo J,et al.Spatial concentration,impact factors and prevention-control measures of PM2.5, pollution in China[J].Natural Hazards,2016,86:1-18.
[8] Cao J L S,Ho K F,Zhang X Y,et al.Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta Region,China during 2001 winter period[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(11):1451-1460.
[9] 黄鹂鸣,王格慧,王荟,等.南京市空气中颗粒物PM10、PM2.5污染水平[J].中国环境科学,2002,22(4):334-337.
[10] 张霖琳,王超,刀谞,等.京津冀地区城市环境空气颗粒物及其元素特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):2993-3000.
[11] Ren Z H,Wan B T,Fu-Qing S U,et al.Several Characteristics of Atmospheric Environmental Quality in China at Present[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(1):1-6.
[12] 王帅,丁俊男,王瑞斌,等.关于我国环境空气质量监测点位设置的思考[J].环境与可持续发展,2012,37(4):21-25.
[13] 岳丽.北京市空气细颗粒物PM2.5污染特征及来源解析[D].济南:山东师范大学,2007.
[14] 贺克斌,杨复沫,段凤魁,等.大气颗粒物与区域复合污染[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:165-185.
[15] Sun Y,Zhuang G,Tang A A,et al.Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 in haze-fog episodes in Beijing[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(10):3148-3203.
[16] 杨复沫.北京PM污染特征与来源研究[D].北京:清华大学,2002.
[17] 孙珍全,邵龙义,黄宇婷,等.北京市空气中PM10与PM2.5的污染水平状况研究[J].北京工业职业技术学院学报,2006,5(3):29-34.
[18] 郑瑶,邢梦林,李明,等.郑州市PM2.5和PM10质量浓度变化特征分析[J].干旱环境监测,2014(3):104-108.
[19] 赵晨曦,王云琦,王玉杰,等.北京地区冬春PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象条件的关系[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):418-427.
[20] Hu J,Wang Y,Ying Q,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of PM2.5,and PM10,over the North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,95(1):598-609.
[21] 于建华,虞统,魏强,等.北京地区PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(1):45-47.
[22] 杨圣杰,陈莎,袁波祥.北京市2.5 μm小颗粒大气气溶胶特征及来源[J].北京交通大学学报,2001,25(6):50-53.
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[24] Kitanidis P K.Introduction to Geostatistics[M].Cambridge University Press,1997.
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[26] Bayraktar H,Turalioglu F S.A Kriging-based approach for locating a sampling site-in the assessment of air quality[J].Stochastic Environmental Research & Risk Assessment,2005,19(4):301-305.
[27] Wang J,Liu J,Zhuan D,et al.Spatial sampling design for monitoring the area of cultivated land[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2002,23(2):263-284.
[28] Cressie N.The origins of kriging[J].Mathematical Geology,1990,22(3):239-252.
[29] Almashagbah A,Aladamat R,Salameh E.The use of Kriging Techniques with in GIS Environment to Investigate Groundwater Quality in the Amman-Zarqa Basin/Jordan[J].Research Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences,2012,4(2):177-185.
[30] Caetano H,Pereira M J,Guimaràes C.Use of Factorial Kriging to Incorporate Meteorological Information in Estimation of Air Pollutants[J].Quantitative Geology & Geostatistics,2004,13:55-65.
[31] Gaston A,Lo Seen D,Secka Y.Use of kriging for spatial distribution of ecological indicators in the Sahel[J].Secheresse,1993(1).
[32] Liu F R,Hung M J,Kuo J Y,et al.Using GIS and Kriging to Analyze the Spatial Distributions of the Health Risk of Indoor Air Pollution[J].Journal of Geoscience & Environment Protection,2015,3(6):20-25.
[33] Wang Y Q,Zhang X Y,Draxler R R.TrajStat: GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J].Environmental Modelling & Software,2009,24(8):938-939.
[34] Na L,Ye Y,He J,et al.Integrated modeling of urban-scale pollutant transport: application in a semi-arid urban valley,Northwestern China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2013,4(3):306-314.
[35] Wehner B,Birmili W,Ditas F,et al.Relationships between submicrometer particulate air pollution and air mass history in Beijing,China,2004-2006[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,2008,8(3):6155-6168.
[36] Xu X,Akhtar U S.Identification of potential regional sources of atmospheric total gaseous mercury in Windsor, Ontario,Canada using hybrid receptor modeling[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions,2009,10(15):7073-7083.
[37] Hsu Y K,Holsen T M,Hopke P K.Comparison of hybrid receptor models to locate PCB sources in Chicago[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):545-562.
[38] Polissar A V,Hopke P K,Paatero P,et al.The aerosol at Barrow,Alaska: long-term trends and source locations[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(16):2441-2458.
[39] Wang H.Chemical Composition and Light Extinction Contribution of PM2.5 in Urban Beijing for a 1Year Period[J].Aerosol & Air Quality Research,2015,15(6S):2200-2211.
[40] Kebin H E,Jia Y,Yongliang M A,et al.Regionality of episodic aerosol pollution in Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(3):482-487.
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