藏北高原牧区人工草地建设布局的适宜性分析
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摘要
人工草地是缓解天然草地退化和提升草地生产力的一种有效途径,但人工草地建设发展需注重区域布局、种植区划、经营管理等战略问题,尤其是在高寒牧区建立人工草地,目前还存在诸多值得探讨的科学问题。为此,选取藏北高原高寒牧区为研究区,基于遥感数据,土壤数据,气象数据,地形和土地利用数据,结合野外实地调查,从可利用土地资源角度考虑,通过分析藏北现有人工草地建设的立地条件,识别出区域适宜人工草地建设的潜在分布区,并与现有人工草地分布位置及其面积进行对比分析和验证,以期为区域未来人工草地建设布局提供科学指导。研究结果表明:在各种约束因子的限制下,藏北满足人工草地建设条件的适宜区域极其有限,难以发展大面积的人工草地建设工程。水热条件和海拔是限制区域人工草地建设的主要地理因素,尤其是那曲地区,绝大部分区域无法满足人工牧草生长活动的积温需求。因此,区域牧草种植规划中需重点考虑牧草品种的生物学特性。另一方面,在藏北高寒牧区建立人工草地必须慎重,今后人工草地种植规划还需要加强牧草的抗寒性和抗旱性研究,在人工草地的管理方面要特别关注已建人工草地的可持续性和稳定性,防止出现草地退化和沙化等问题。
Sown pasture development is an effective means to relieve rangeland degradation and improve grassland productivity. However, sown pasture development requires effective planning, planting, and management. Particularly, there are still many scientific questions and challenges in the sown pasture development of the alpine rangeland on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, based on field investigations of current sown pasture distribution, in combination with analyses of climate, soil, topography, land use and remote sensing data, we analyzed the site conditions of sown pasture planning and identified potential areas suitable for sown pasture development in the northern Tibetan Plateau. We compared the distribution location and area of potential sown pasture with the existing one to provide scientific insight into future sown pasture planning in the region. The results showed that the suitable area for sown pasture development is very limited, with an area about 15333 hm~2 in Ngari Prefecture on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Altitude and hydrothermal conditions are the main factors restricting the construction of sown pasture in the region. Especially, in Nagqu Prefecture, most areas cannot meet the demand of accumulated temperature for forage growth activities. Therefore, the biological characteristics of forage varieties should be taken into account in regional sown pasture planning in the future. We concluded that caution should be taken into developing sown pasture in the alpine rangeland above an average altitude of 4500 m. Further study on the cold and drought resistance of forage varieties should also be strengthened. For effective management, the sustainability and stability of sown pasture should be considered to prevent rangeland degradation and desertification.
Sown pasture development is an effective means to relieve rangeland degradation and improve grassland productivity. However, sown pasture development requires effective planning, planting, and management. Particularly, there are still many scientific questions and challenges in the sown pasture development of the alpine rangeland on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, based on field investigations of current sown pasture distribution, in combination with analyses of climate, soil, topography, land use and remote sensing data, we analyzed the site conditions of sown pasture planning and identified potential areas suitable for sown pasture development in the northern Tibetan Plateau. We compared the distribution location and area of potential sown pasture with the existing one to provide scientific insight into future sown pasture planning in the region. The results showed that the suitable area for sown pasture development is very limited, with an area about 15333 hm~2 in Ngari Prefecture on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Altitude and hydrothermal conditions are the main factors restricting the construction of sown pasture in the region. Especially, in Nagqu Prefecture, most areas cannot meet the demand of accumulated temperature for forage growth activities. Therefore, the biological characteristics of forage varieties should be taken into account in regional sown pasture planning in the future. We concluded that caution should be taken into developing sown pasture in the alpine rangeland above an average altitude of 4500 m. Further study on the cold and drought resistance of forage varieties should also be strengthened. For effective management, the sustainability and stability of sown pasture should be considered to prevent rangeland degradation and desertification.
引文
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[4] 方精云,白永飞,李凌浩,蒋高明,黄建辉,黄振英,张文浩,高树琴.我国草原牧区可持续发展的科学基础与实践.科学通报,2016,61(2):155- 164.
[5] 方精云,潘庆民,高树琴,景海春,张文浩.“以小保大”原理:用小面积人工草地建设换取大面积天然草地的保护与修复.草业科学,2016,33(10):1913- 1916.
[6] 西藏农牧信息网.区农牧厅关于改革开放40年来西藏农牧业重大发展成就的报告.(2018-05- 31).http://xznm.agri.gov.cn/index/xinxi/gonggao/2018/0725/1640.html.
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[9] 沈海花,朱言坤,赵霞,耿晓庆,高树琴,方精云.中国草地资源的现状分析.科学通报,2016,61(2):139- 154.
[10] 白永飞,玉柱,杨青川,万宏伟,黄建辉,纪宝明,李昂.人工草地生产力和稳定性的调控机理研究:问题、进展与展望.科学通报,2018,63(5/6):511- 520.
[11] 王海青,田育红,黄薇霖,肖随丽.不同灌溉量对内蒙古人工草地主要牧草产量和水分利用效率的影响.生态学报,2015,35(10):3225- 3232.
[12] 贾纳提,刘梦,梁维维,李学森,麦丽亚·伊尔斯比克.旱作条件下新疆天山北坡中山带人工草地建植效果评价.草地学报,2016,24(5):1126- 1130.
[13] 王博杰,唐海萍,何丽,林国辉,赵世杰,赵明旭.农牧交错区旱作条件下苜蓿和冰草人工草地稳定性研究.草业学报,2016,25(4):222- 229.
[14] 李达,王笛,陈金强,辛晓平,徐丽君,杨桂霞,唐雪娟,郭明英.呼伦贝尔人工栽培草地土壤微生物对无芒雀麦不同播种密度的响应.草业学报,2018,27(1):53- 61.
[15] 张耀生,赵新全.高寒牧区中华羊茅人工草地退化演替的数量特征研究.应用生态学报,2002,13(3):285- 289.
[16] 张耀生,赵新全,黄德清.青藏高寒牧区多年生人工草地持续利用的研究.草业学报,2003,12(3):22- 27.
[17] 周华坤,赵新全,赵亮,韩发,古松.高山草甸垂穗披碱草人工草地群落特征及稳定性研究.中国草地学报,2007,29(2):13- 25.
[18] 董全民,马玉寿,赵新全.江河源区“黑土型”退化人工草地管理技术研究.草业科学,2007,24(8):9- 15.
[19] 董全民,赵新全,马玉寿,施建军,王彦龙,李世雄,杨时海,盛丽.放牧强度对高寒混播人工草地群落特征及地上现存量的影响.草地学报,2012,20(1):10- 16.
[20] O′Reagain P,Bushell J,Holloway C,Reid A.Managing for rainfall variability:effect of grazing strategy on cattle production in a dry tropical savanna.Animal Production Science,2009,49(2):85- 99.
[21] O′Reagain P,Bushell J,Holmes B.Managing for rainfall variability:long-term profitability of different grazing strategies in a northern Australian tropical savanna.Animal Production Science,2011,51(3):210- 224.
[22] O′Reagain P J,Scanlan J C.Sustainable management for rangelands in a variable climate:evidence and insights from northern Australia.Animal,2013,7 Suppl 1:68- 78.
[23] O′Reagain P,Scanlan J,Hunt L,Cowley R,Walsh D.Sustainable grazing management for temporal and spatial variability in North Australian rangelands – a synthesis of the latest evidence and recommendations.The Rangeland Journal,2014,36(3):223- 232.
[24] 高清竹,李玉娥,林而达,江村旺扎,万运帆,熊伟,王宝山,李文福.藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征.地理学报,2005,60(6):965- 973.
[25] 孙鸿烈,郑度,姚檀栋,张镱锂.青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设.地理学报,2012,67(1):3- 12.
[26] Harris R B.Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:a review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes.Journal of Arid Environments,2010,74(1):1- 12.
[27] Chen B X,Zhang X Z,Tao J,Wu J S,Wang J S,Shi P L,Zhang Y J,Yu C Q.The impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014,189- 190:11- 18.
[28] 何永涛,张宪洲,余成群.西藏高原农牧系统耦合发展及其生态效应.中国科学院院刊,2016,31(1):112- 117.
[29] 赵新全,张耀生,周兴民.高寒草甸畜牧业可持续发展:理论与实践.资源科学,2000,22(4):50- 61.
[30] 牛书丽,蒋高明.人工草地在退化草地恢复中的作用及其研究现状.应用生态学报,2004,15(9):1662- 1666.
[31] 张新时,唐海萍,董孝斌,李波,黄永梅,龚吉蕊.中国草原的困境及其转型.科学通报,2016,61(2):165- 177.
[32] 李凌浩,路鹏,顾雪莹,毛小涛,高树琴,张英俊.人工草地建设原理与生产范式.科学通报,2016,61(2):193- 200.
[33] 李明森.藏北高原草地资源合理利用.自然资源学报,2000,15(4):335- 339.
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