河北坝上地区坡面尺度土壤机械组成的空间变异
|
摘要
土壤机械组成是土壤重要的性质之一,其空间变异研究主要在大尺度开展,小尺度的研究也具有重要意义,却较少受到关注。本研究采用吸管法测定河北坝上地区坡面尺度32个采样点6个深度的土壤机械组成,利用地统计与GIS相结合方法分析土壤机械组成的三维空间变异,探究坡面尺度土壤机械组成空间变异的主要影响因素。结果表明:坡面尺度土壤各粒级含量具有较强的空间自相关性。凸坡、坡上和坡中的砂粒含量较高,粉粒、黏粒则与之相反。随着深度的增加,土壤砂粒含量波动增加,粉粒含量波动下降,黏粒含量则比较稳定,且土壤机械组成空间变异性有增强趋势。研究坡共存在黏壤土等5种土壤质地类型。坡型和坡位是影响土壤机械组成空间分布的主要因素,该尺度存在与大尺度相当数量的土壤质地类型,表明小尺度土壤机械组成与土壤质地的空间变异信息不容忽视。
[Background] Particle size distribution( PSD) is one of the most important properties of soil,and its spatial variability is important for soil erosion modeling and soil and water conservation planning. Previous studies mainly focused on the spatial variability of PSD at large scales and paid little attention to it at small scales. However,the spatial variability of PSD at small scales is an important and undissolved problem as it can effectively refine soil and water conservation practices. Bashang area is a typical agro-pastoral transition zone with serious soil erosion problem,and the spatial variability of PSD of this area is rarely reported and urgently need to be investigated. [Methods] In this study,PSD at 6 depths( 0-5 cm,5-10 cm,15-20 cm,25-30 cm,40-45 cm and 55-60 cm) from 32 sampling points which were located at different slope types and positions in a slope of Bashang area,Hebei province was determined by pipette method. Spatial variation of PSD was analyzed using geostatistics and spatial interpolation for each depth,and the vertical variation of PSD was also analyzed. Soil texture was determined based on the PSD,and its spatial variability was also investigated. The main influencing factors of the spatial variability of PSD and soil texture at slope scale were discussed. [Results] The results show that the spherical model and Gaussian model could be used to describe the semi-variograms of sand,silt and clay particles at all depths. Most of sand,silt and clay particles at most depths have a strong spatial autocorrelation at this slope scale. The sand particles in convex slope,upper slope and central slope are high,while the silt and clay particles are the opposite. With the increase of soil depth,the sand particles tend to increase,the silt particles tend to decrease,and the clay particles are relatively stable. Furthermore,the spatial variation intensity tends to increase with depth as well. There are totally five soil texture types in the slope including clay loam,silt clay loam,loam,sand clay loam and sandy loam,and the main soil texture is clay loam. The spatial variability of soil texture is strong at convex slope and deep layer. Topographic factors including slope position and slope type affect the intensity of soil erosion and lead to the redistribution of soil particles in the slope. Sand particles are less easily to be eroded,thus they are higher in the convex slope,upper slope and central slope. [Conclusions] Slope position and slope type are the main factors that influence the spatial distribution of PSD at slope scale.The number of soil texture types at slope scale is almost equal to that of large scale,and this verifies the importance of the study on spatial variation of soil texture at small scale. Such studies can provide important information for more reliable soil mapping and more precise land management.
[Background] Particle size distribution( PSD) is one of the most important properties of soil,and its spatial variability is important for soil erosion modeling and soil and water conservation planning. Previous studies mainly focused on the spatial variability of PSD at large scales and paid little attention to it at small scales. However,the spatial variability of PSD at small scales is an important and undissolved problem as it can effectively refine soil and water conservation practices. Bashang area is a typical agro-pastoral transition zone with serious soil erosion problem,and the spatial variability of PSD of this area is rarely reported and urgently need to be investigated. [Methods] In this study,PSD at 6 depths( 0-5 cm,5-10 cm,15-20 cm,25-30 cm,40-45 cm and 55-60 cm) from 32 sampling points which were located at different slope types and positions in a slope of Bashang area,Hebei province was determined by pipette method. Spatial variation of PSD was analyzed using geostatistics and spatial interpolation for each depth,and the vertical variation of PSD was also analyzed. Soil texture was determined based on the PSD,and its spatial variability was also investigated. The main influencing factors of the spatial variability of PSD and soil texture at slope scale were discussed. [Results] The results show that the spherical model and Gaussian model could be used to describe the semi-variograms of sand,silt and clay particles at all depths. Most of sand,silt and clay particles at most depths have a strong spatial autocorrelation at this slope scale. The sand particles in convex slope,upper slope and central slope are high,while the silt and clay particles are the opposite. With the increase of soil depth,the sand particles tend to increase,the silt particles tend to decrease,and the clay particles are relatively stable. Furthermore,the spatial variation intensity tends to increase with depth as well. There are totally five soil texture types in the slope including clay loam,silt clay loam,loam,sand clay loam and sandy loam,and the main soil texture is clay loam. The spatial variability of soil texture is strong at convex slope and deep layer. Topographic factors including slope position and slope type affect the intensity of soil erosion and lead to the redistribution of soil particles in the slope. Sand particles are less easily to be eroded,thus they are higher in the convex slope,upper slope and central slope. [Conclusions] Slope position and slope type are the main factors that influence the spatial distribution of PSD at slope scale.The number of soil texture types at slope scale is almost equal to that of large scale,and this verifies the importance of the study on spatial variation of soil texture at small scale. Such studies can provide important information for more reliable soil mapping and more precise land management.
引文
[1]李天杰，赵烨，张科利，等．土壤地理学[M]．北京:高等教育出版社，2004:36.LI Tianjie,ZHAO Ye,ZHANG Keli,et al. Soil geography[M]. Beijing:Higher Education Press,2004:36.
[2] AKPA S,ODEH I,BISHOP T,et al. Digital mapping of soil particle-size fractions for Nigeria[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2014,78(6):1953.
[3] LIEΒM,GLASER B,HUWE B. Uncertainty in the spatial prediction of soil texture:Comparison of regression tree and random forest models[J]. Geoderma,2012,170:70.
[4]刘剑刚，张华，朱岩，等．辽东山地冰缘地貌表层土壤粒度特征[J]．中国水土保持科学，2016,14(1):36.LIU Jiangang,ZHANG Hua,ZHU Yan,et al. Grain size characteristics of overlying soil on periglacial landforms in mountainous region of eastern Liaoning[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(1):36.
[5]方肖晨，王春红，张荣华，等．伏牛山区迎河小流域不同土地利用类型的土壤粒径分布特征[J]．中国水土保持科学，2017,15(3):9.FANG Xiaochen,WANG Chunhong,ZHANG Ronghua,et al. Soil particle size distribution characteristics under different land use types in Yinghe Watershed of Funiu Mountain Area[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(3):9.
[6]朱阿兴，杨琳，樊乃卿，等．数字土壤制图研究综述与展望[J]．地理科学进展，2018,37(1):66.ZHU Axing,YANG Lin,FAN Naiqing,et al. The review and outlook of digital soil mapping[J]. Progress in Geography,2018,37(1):66.
[7]刘付程，史学正，潘贤章，等．苏南典型地区土壤颗粒的空间变异特征[J]．土壤通报，2003(4):246.LIU Fuchen,SHI Xuezheng,PAN Xianzhang,et al.Characteristics of spatial variability of soil granules in a typical area of southern Jiangsu province[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2003(4):246.
[8]马黎春，盛建东，蒋平安，等．克拉玛依干旱生态农业区土壤质地的空间异质性研究[J]．干旱区地理，2006(1):109.MA Lichun,SHENG Jiandong,JIANG Pingan,et al.Spatial variability of soil texture in Karamay arid zone[J]. Arid Land Geography,2006(1):109.
[9]江厚龙，王新中，刘国顺，等．豫西典型烟田土壤颗粒组成的空间变异性分析[J]．中国烟草科学，2012,33(2):62.JIANG Houlong,WANG Xinzhong,LIU Guoshun,et al.Spatial variability of soil particle composition based on geostatistics[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science,2012,33(2):62.
[10]张娜，张栋良，屈忠义，等．内蒙古河套灌区区域土壤质地空间变异分析:以解放闸灌域为例[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2015,29(12):155.ZHANG Na,ZHANG Dongliang,QU Zhongyi,et al. The spatial variation of soil texture in Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(12):155.
[11]张世文，黄元仿，苑小勇，等．县域尺度表层土壤质地空间变异与因素分析[J]．中国农业科学，2011,44(6):1154.ZHANG Shiwen,HUANG Yuanfang,YUAN Xiaoyong,et al. The spatial variability and factor analyses of top soil texture on a county scale[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(6):1154.
[12]杨秀清，史婵，王旭刚，等．关帝山云杉次生林土壤的空间异质性及其与地形相关性[J]．中国水土保持科学，2017,15(4):16.YANG Xiuqing,SHI Chan,WANG Xugang,et al. Spatial heterogeneity of soil in the secondary Picea forest of Guandi Mountain and its correlation with topography[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(4):16.
[13]崔钦彬．城市土壤质地多尺度空间变异特征及对其水分性质影响研究[D]．上海:上海师范大学，2018:13.CUI qinbin. Multi-scale spatial variability of urban soil texture and its effect on water properties[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University,2018:13.
[14]王冬冬，高磊，陈效民，等．红壤丘陵区坡地土壤颗粒组成的空间分布特征研究[J]．土壤，2016,48(2):361.WANG Dongdong,GAO Lei,CHEN Xiaomin,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of soil particle composition of slope land red soil region,China[J]. Soils,2016,48(2):361.
[15] PATERSON S,MINASNY B,MCBRATNEY A. Spatial variability of Australian soil texture:A multiscale analysis[J]. Geoderma,2018(309):60.
[16]冯娜娜，李廷轩，张锡洲，等．不同尺度下低山茶园土壤颗粒组成空间变异性特征[J]．水土保持学报，2006(3):123.FENG Nana,LI Tingxuan,ZHANG Xizhou,et al. Spatial variability of soil particle composition in hilly tea plantation soils with different sampling scales[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006(3):123.
[17]王彦芳，裴宏伟．1980—2015年河北坝上地区生态环境状况评价与对策研究[J]．生态经济，2018,34(1):186.WANG Yanfang,PEI Honwei. Evaluation on eco-environment quality of Bashang region in Hebei province from1980 to 2015[J]. Ecological Economy,2018,34(1):186.
[18]苏王新，李卓，陈书琴，等．河北坝上地区植被覆盖演化特征及其风险评估[J]．干旱区研究，2018,35(3):686.SU Wangxin,LI Zhuo,CHEN Shuqin,et al. Evolution trend of vegetation coverage and its risk assessment in the Bashang region in Hebei province[J]. Arid Zone Research,2018,35(3):686.
[19]张科利，王志强，高晓飞等．土壤地理综合实践教程[M]．北京:科学出版社，2014:211.ZHANG Keli,WANG Zhiqiang,GAO Xiaofei,et al. Soil geography comprehensive practice course[M]. Beijng:Science Press,2014:211.
[20]中国科学院南京土壤研究所．土壤理化分析[M]．上海:上海科学技术出版社，1978:481.Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing. Analysis of soil physico-chemical properties[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1978:481.
[21] NIELSEN D R,BOUMA J. Soil spatial variability[M].Wageningen:Las Vegas Pudoc,1985.
[22]王军，傅伯杰，邱扬，等．黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分的时空变异特征:半变异函数[J]．地理学报，2000(4):428.WANG Jun,FU Bojie,QIU Yang,et al. Spatiotemporal variability of soil moisture in small catchment on Loess Plateau:Semivariograms[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2000(4):428.
[23] CAMBARDELLA C,MOORMAN T,NOVAK J,et al.Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils[J]. Soil Science of America Journal,1994,58(5):1501.
[24]陈晓燕，牛青霞，周继，等．人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土陡坡地土壤颗粒分布空间变异特征[J]．水土保持学报，2010,24(5):163.CHEN Xiaoyan,NIU Qingxia,ZHOU Ji,et al. Study on spatial variability characters of steep purple soil particles under rainfall simulation condition[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):163.
[25]赵明月，赵文武，刘源鑫．不同尺度下土壤粒径分布特征及其影响因子:以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例[J]．生态学报，2015,35(14):4625.ZHAO Mingyue,ZHAO Wenwu,LIU Yuanxin. Comparative analysis of soil particle size distribution and its influence factors in different scales:A case study in the Loess hilly-gully area[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(14):4625.
[26]缪驰远，刘宝元，刘刚，等．东北典型黑土区剖面粒径分布特征及其可蚀性研究[J]．水土保持学报，2008,22(3):18.MIAO Chiyuan,LIU Baoyuan,LIU Gang,et al. Study on particle distribution and its erodibility in typical black soil area of Northeast China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(3):18.
[27]白雅芳，商建英，唐士明，等．河北坝上农牧交错带草地不同方式持续利用对土壤颗粒空间分布的影响[J]．草地学报，2016,24(3):530.BAI Yafang,SHANG Jianying,TANG Shiming,et al.The effect of different uses of grassland on spatial distribution of soil particle size in Hebei ectone[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(3):530.
[28]张丽萍，王小云，张赫斯．沙盖黄土丘陵坡地土壤理化特性随地形变化规律研究[J]．地理科学，2011,31(2):178.ZHANG Liping,WANG Xiaoyun,ZHANG Hesi. Evolution of physical and chemical characteristics of loess with different landforms in slope field under sand cover[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(2):178.
[29] SAFARI Y,BOROUJENI I E,KAMALI A,et al. Mapping of the soil texture using geostatistical method(a case study of the Shahrekord plain,central Iran)[J]. Arabian Journal of Geoscience,2013,6(9):3331.
[30]张洪江．土壤侵蚀原理[M]．北京:中国林业出版社，2000:49.ZHANG Hongjiang. Principle of soil erosion[M]. Beijng:China Forestry Publishing House,2000:49.
[31]张合兵，聂小军，程静霞．137Cs示踪采煤沉陷坡土壤侵蚀及其对土壤养分的影响[J]．农业工程学报，2015,31(4):137.ZHANG Hebing,NIE Xiaojun,CHENG Jingxia.137Cs tracing of soil erosion and its impact on soil nutrients across subsidence slope induced by coal mining[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(4):137.
[32]王雪妍，张卓栋，罗梦婷，等．河北坝上地区坡面尺度根系生物量空间变异[J]．水土保持研究，2015,22(6):72.WANG Xueyan,ZHANG Zhuodong,LUO Mengting,et al. Spatial variability of root biomass at slope scale in Bashang region of Hebei province[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(6):72.
[33]卢纪元，朱清科，陈文思，等．陕北黄土区植被特征对坡面微地形的响应[J]．中国水土保持科学，2016,14(1):53.LU Jiyuan,ZHU Qingke,CHEN Wensi,et al. Response of vegetation characteristics to slope micro-topography in loess area of north Shanxi province[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(1):53.
[2] AKPA S,ODEH I,BISHOP T,et al. Digital mapping of soil particle-size fractions for Nigeria[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2014,78(6):1953.
[3] LIEΒM,GLASER B,HUWE B. Uncertainty in the spatial prediction of soil texture:Comparison of regression tree and random forest models[J]. Geoderma,2012,170:70.
[4]刘剑刚，张华，朱岩，等．辽东山地冰缘地貌表层土壤粒度特征[J]．中国水土保持科学，2016,14(1):36.LIU Jiangang,ZHANG Hua,ZHU Yan,et al. Grain size characteristics of overlying soil on periglacial landforms in mountainous region of eastern Liaoning[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(1):36.
[5]方肖晨，王春红，张荣华，等．伏牛山区迎河小流域不同土地利用类型的土壤粒径分布特征[J]．中国水土保持科学，2017,15(3):9.FANG Xiaochen,WANG Chunhong,ZHANG Ronghua,et al. Soil particle size distribution characteristics under different land use types in Yinghe Watershed of Funiu Mountain Area[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(3):9.
[6]朱阿兴，杨琳，樊乃卿，等．数字土壤制图研究综述与展望[J]．地理科学进展，2018,37(1):66.ZHU Axing,YANG Lin,FAN Naiqing,et al. The review and outlook of digital soil mapping[J]. Progress in Geography,2018,37(1):66.
[7]刘付程，史学正，潘贤章，等．苏南典型地区土壤颗粒的空间变异特征[J]．土壤通报，2003(4):246.LIU Fuchen,SHI Xuezheng,PAN Xianzhang,et al.Characteristics of spatial variability of soil granules in a typical area of southern Jiangsu province[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2003(4):246.
[8]马黎春，盛建东，蒋平安，等．克拉玛依干旱生态农业区土壤质地的空间异质性研究[J]．干旱区地理，2006(1):109.MA Lichun,SHENG Jiandong,JIANG Pingan,et al.Spatial variability of soil texture in Karamay arid zone[J]. Arid Land Geography,2006(1):109.
[9]江厚龙，王新中，刘国顺，等．豫西典型烟田土壤颗粒组成的空间变异性分析[J]．中国烟草科学，2012,33(2):62.JIANG Houlong,WANG Xinzhong,LIU Guoshun,et al.Spatial variability of soil particle composition based on geostatistics[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science,2012,33(2):62.
[10]张娜，张栋良，屈忠义，等．内蒙古河套灌区区域土壤质地空间变异分析:以解放闸灌域为例[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2015,29(12):155.ZHANG Na,ZHANG Dongliang,QU Zhongyi,et al. The spatial variation of soil texture in Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(12):155.
[11]张世文，黄元仿，苑小勇，等．县域尺度表层土壤质地空间变异与因素分析[J]．中国农业科学，2011,44(6):1154.ZHANG Shiwen,HUANG Yuanfang,YUAN Xiaoyong,et al. The spatial variability and factor analyses of top soil texture on a county scale[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(6):1154.
[12]杨秀清，史婵，王旭刚，等．关帝山云杉次生林土壤的空间异质性及其与地形相关性[J]．中国水土保持科学，2017,15(4):16.YANG Xiuqing,SHI Chan,WANG Xugang,et al. Spatial heterogeneity of soil in the secondary Picea forest of Guandi Mountain and its correlation with topography[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(4):16.
[13]崔钦彬．城市土壤质地多尺度空间变异特征及对其水分性质影响研究[D]．上海:上海师范大学，2018:13.CUI qinbin. Multi-scale spatial variability of urban soil texture and its effect on water properties[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University,2018:13.
[14]王冬冬，高磊，陈效民，等．红壤丘陵区坡地土壤颗粒组成的空间分布特征研究[J]．土壤，2016,48(2):361.WANG Dongdong,GAO Lei,CHEN Xiaomin,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of soil particle composition of slope land red soil region,China[J]. Soils,2016,48(2):361.
[15] PATERSON S,MINASNY B,MCBRATNEY A. Spatial variability of Australian soil texture:A multiscale analysis[J]. Geoderma,2018(309):60.
[16]冯娜娜，李廷轩，张锡洲，等．不同尺度下低山茶园土壤颗粒组成空间变异性特征[J]．水土保持学报，2006(3):123.FENG Nana,LI Tingxuan,ZHANG Xizhou,et al. Spatial variability of soil particle composition in hilly tea plantation soils with different sampling scales[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006(3):123.
[17]王彦芳，裴宏伟．1980—2015年河北坝上地区生态环境状况评价与对策研究[J]．生态经济，2018,34(1):186.WANG Yanfang,PEI Honwei. Evaluation on eco-environment quality of Bashang region in Hebei province from1980 to 2015[J]. Ecological Economy,2018,34(1):186.
[18]苏王新，李卓，陈书琴，等．河北坝上地区植被覆盖演化特征及其风险评估[J]．干旱区研究，2018,35(3):686.SU Wangxin,LI Zhuo,CHEN Shuqin,et al. Evolution trend of vegetation coverage and its risk assessment in the Bashang region in Hebei province[J]. Arid Zone Research,2018,35(3):686.
[19]张科利，王志强，高晓飞等．土壤地理综合实践教程[M]．北京:科学出版社，2014:211.ZHANG Keli,WANG Zhiqiang,GAO Xiaofei,et al. Soil geography comprehensive practice course[M]. Beijng:Science Press,2014:211.
[20]中国科学院南京土壤研究所．土壤理化分析[M]．上海:上海科学技术出版社，1978:481.Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing. Analysis of soil physico-chemical properties[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1978:481.
[21] NIELSEN D R,BOUMA J. Soil spatial variability[M].Wageningen:Las Vegas Pudoc,1985.
[22]王军，傅伯杰，邱扬，等．黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分的时空变异特征:半变异函数[J]．地理学报，2000(4):428.WANG Jun,FU Bojie,QIU Yang,et al. Spatiotemporal variability of soil moisture in small catchment on Loess Plateau:Semivariograms[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2000(4):428.
[23] CAMBARDELLA C,MOORMAN T,NOVAK J,et al.Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils[J]. Soil Science of America Journal,1994,58(5):1501.
[24]陈晓燕，牛青霞，周继，等．人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土陡坡地土壤颗粒分布空间变异特征[J]．水土保持学报，2010,24(5):163.CHEN Xiaoyan,NIU Qingxia,ZHOU Ji,et al. Study on spatial variability characters of steep purple soil particles under rainfall simulation condition[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):163.
[25]赵明月，赵文武，刘源鑫．不同尺度下土壤粒径分布特征及其影响因子:以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例[J]．生态学报，2015,35(14):4625.ZHAO Mingyue,ZHAO Wenwu,LIU Yuanxin. Comparative analysis of soil particle size distribution and its influence factors in different scales:A case study in the Loess hilly-gully area[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(14):4625.
[26]缪驰远，刘宝元，刘刚，等．东北典型黑土区剖面粒径分布特征及其可蚀性研究[J]．水土保持学报，2008,22(3):18.MIAO Chiyuan,LIU Baoyuan,LIU Gang,et al. Study on particle distribution and its erodibility in typical black soil area of Northeast China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(3):18.
[27]白雅芳，商建英，唐士明，等．河北坝上农牧交错带草地不同方式持续利用对土壤颗粒空间分布的影响[J]．草地学报，2016,24(3):530.BAI Yafang,SHANG Jianying,TANG Shiming,et al.The effect of different uses of grassland on spatial distribution of soil particle size in Hebei ectone[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(3):530.
[28]张丽萍，王小云，张赫斯．沙盖黄土丘陵坡地土壤理化特性随地形变化规律研究[J]．地理科学，2011,31(2):178.ZHANG Liping,WANG Xiaoyun,ZHANG Hesi. Evolution of physical and chemical characteristics of loess with different landforms in slope field under sand cover[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(2):178.
[29] SAFARI Y,BOROUJENI I E,KAMALI A,et al. Mapping of the soil texture using geostatistical method(a case study of the Shahrekord plain,central Iran)[J]. Arabian Journal of Geoscience,2013,6(9):3331.
[30]张洪江．土壤侵蚀原理[M]．北京:中国林业出版社，2000:49.ZHANG Hongjiang. Principle of soil erosion[M]. Beijng:China Forestry Publishing House,2000:49.
[31]张合兵，聂小军，程静霞．137Cs示踪采煤沉陷坡土壤侵蚀及其对土壤养分的影响[J]．农业工程学报，2015,31(4):137.ZHANG Hebing,NIE Xiaojun,CHENG Jingxia.137Cs tracing of soil erosion and its impact on soil nutrients across subsidence slope induced by coal mining[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(4):137.
[32]王雪妍，张卓栋，罗梦婷，等．河北坝上地区坡面尺度根系生物量空间变异[J]．水土保持研究，2015,22(6):72.WANG Xueyan,ZHANG Zhuodong,LUO Mengting,et al. Spatial variability of root biomass at slope scale in Bashang region of Hebei province[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(6):72.
[33]卢纪元，朱清科，陈文思，等．陕北黄土区植被特征对坡面微地形的响应[J]．中国水土保持科学，2016,14(1):53.LU Jiyuan,ZHU Qingke,CHEN Wensi,et al. Response of vegetation characteristics to slope micro-topography in loess area of north Shanxi province[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(1):53.