将GEP纳入生态补偿绩效考核评估分析
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摘要
随着十八大以来我国生态文明建设进程的加快,生态补偿的实践也在快速推进,在生态补偿机制不断完善的过程中,对生态补偿机制的实施效果进行考核评估是确保机制运行效率的核心问题。对将GEP纳入生态补偿绩效考核的必要性和可行性进行了研究。研究表明:现有的生态补偿绩效考核机制存在一定缺陷,而基于GEP的生态补偿绩效考核能够激发受偿主体在生态系统服务供给方面的创新潜力;从与基于生态系统服务产出的其他绩效考核的相容性来看,GEP对于生态系统服务评估的扭曲程度更低,可以作为县域环境考核的优化指标;从与基于活动类型的绩效考核的相容性来看,将GEP纳入生态补偿绩效考核体系并不是简单否定基于活动类型的绩效考核体系的作用。将GEP纳入生态补偿绩效考核需要将其与现有绩效考核体系有机结合,它特别适用于生态综合补偿机制下生态补偿绩效考核。
With the promotion of ecological civilization in China,since the 18 th CPC National Congress,eco-compensation practices have advanced rapidly. Evaluation of implementation effectiveness is the core issue to ensure continuous improvement in the efficiency of the eco-compensation mechanism. This study analyzes the necessity and feasibility of incorporating gross ecosystem product( GEP) into the performance appraisal for ecological compensation. The existing performance appraisal mechanisms need to be further improved. The performance appraisal of eco-compensation based on GEP is a direct appraisal based on the output of ecosystem services. An appraisal based on GEP can unlock the innovation potential of subjects that receive compensation from the supply of ecosystem services. GEP has less distortions of the evaluation of ecosystem services,and thus,can be used as an optimization index for county-level environmental appraisals.However,we cannot include GEP in the performance appraisal system of eco-compensation,as this would deny the role of the performance appraisal system based on types of activities. Several policy recommendations are proposed based on these findings,such as organically combining GEP with the existing performance appraisal system,exploring the establishment of comprehensive eco-compensation mechanisms, and reducing the loss of eco-compensation efficiency through the improvement of appraisal and incentive mechanisms
With the promotion of ecological civilization in China,since the 18 th CPC National Congress,eco-compensation practices have advanced rapidly. Evaluation of implementation effectiveness is the core issue to ensure continuous improvement in the efficiency of the eco-compensation mechanism. This study analyzes the necessity and feasibility of incorporating gross ecosystem product( GEP) into the performance appraisal for ecological compensation. The existing performance appraisal mechanisms need to be further improved. The performance appraisal of eco-compensation based on GEP is a direct appraisal based on the output of ecosystem services. An appraisal based on GEP can unlock the innovation potential of subjects that receive compensation from the supply of ecosystem services. GEP has less distortions of the evaluation of ecosystem services,and thus,can be used as an optimization index for county-level environmental appraisals.However,we cannot include GEP in the performance appraisal system of eco-compensation,as this would deny the role of the performance appraisal system based on types of activities. Several policy recommendations are proposed based on these findings,such as organically combining GEP with the existing performance appraisal system,exploring the establishment of comprehensive eco-compensation mechanisms, and reducing the loss of eco-compensation efficiency through the improvement of appraisal and incentive mechanisms
引文
[1]孔德帅.区域生态补偿机制研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.
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[14]孔德帅,胡振通,靳乐山.草原生态补偿机制中的资金分配模式研究——基于内蒙古34个嘎查的实证分析.干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(5):1-6.
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[16]安迪.论县域生态环境质量阶段性考核指标体系的构建.环境保护,2014,42(12):51-52.
[17]何立环,刘海江,李宝林,王业耀.国家重点生态功能区县域生态环境质量考核评价指标体系设计与应用实践.环境保护,2014,42(12):42-45.
[18]欧阳志云,朱春全,杨广斌,徐卫华,郑华,张琰,肖燚.生态系统生产总值核算:概念、核算方法与案例研究.生态学报,2013,33(21):6747-6761.
[19]王德发,朱建中.国民经济核算概论.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006.
[20] Eigenraam M,Chua J,Hasker J. Land and Ecosystem services:measurement and accounting in practice//Proceedings of 18th Meeting of the London Group on Environmental Accounting. Ottawa,Canada,2012.
[21]马国霞,赵学涛,吴琼,潘韬.生态系统生产总值核算概念界定和体系构建.资源科学,2015,37(9):1709-1715.
[22]潘勇军.基于生态GDP核算的生态文明评价体系构建[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2013.
[23]周龙.资源环境经济综合核算与绿色GDP的建立[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2010.
[24]张颖.绿色GDP核算的理论与方法.北京:中国林业出版社,2004.
[25]胡振通.中国草原生态补偿机制[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[26] Zabel A,Roe B. Optimal design of pro-conservation incentives. Ecological Economics,2009,69(1):126-134.
[27]胡振通,孔德帅,靳乐山.草原生态补偿:弱监管下的博弈分析.农业经济问题,2016,(1):95-102.
[28]魏同洋.生态系统服务价值评估技术比较研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.
[29]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,肖玉,陈操.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法.自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.
[30]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,陈文辉,李士美.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进.自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[31] Holmstrom B. Moral hazard in teams. The Bell Journal of Economics,1982,13(2):324-340.
[2] Wunder S. The efficiency of payments for environmental services in tropical conservation. Conservation Biology,2007,21(1):48-58.
[3] Young C E F,Bakker L B D. Payments for ecosystem services from watershed protection:a methodological assessment of the Oasis Project in Brazil.Natureza&Conserva92o,2014,12(1):71-78.
[4] Noordwijk M V,Leimona B,Hoang M H,Jindal R,Villamor G,Vardhan M,Namirembe S,Catacutan D,Kerr J,Minang P,Tomich T. Payments for Environmental Services:Evolution Toward Efficient and Fair Incentives for Multifunctional Landscapes. Annual Review of Environment&Resources,2012,37(1):389-420.
[5] Schomers S,Sattler C,Matzdorf B. An analytical framework for assessing the potential of intermediaries to improve the performance of payments for ecosystem services. Land Use Policy,2015,42:58-70.
[6] Lapeyre R,Pirard R,Leimona B. Payments for environmental services in Indonesia:what if economic signals were lost in translation? Land Use Policy,2015,46:283-291.
[7] Clot S,Grolleau G,Méral P. Payment vs. Compensation for ecosystem services:do words have a voice in the design of environmental conservation programs? Ecological Economics,2017,135:299-303.
[8] Ingram J C,Wilkie D,Clements T,Mc Nab R B,Nelson F,Baur E H,Sachedina H T,Peterson D D,Foley C A H. Evidence of payments for ecosystem services as a mechanism for supporting biodiversity conservation and rural livelihoods. Ecosystem Services,2014,7:10-21.
[9] Bétrisey F,Mager C,Rist S. Local views and structural determinants of poverty alleviation through payments for environmental services:Bolivian insights. World Development Perspectives,2016,1:6-11.
[10]赖力,黄贤金,刘伟良.生态补偿理论、方法研究进展.生态学报,2008,28(6):2870-2877.
[11]汪锋.农户利益视角下的四川省退耕还林政策绩效研究[D].成都:四川省社会科学院,2012.
[12]王小龙.退耕还林:私人承包与政府规制.经济研究,2004,(4):107-116.
[13]王雨蓉,龙开胜.生态补偿对土地利用变化的影响:表现、因素与机制——文献综述及理论框架.资源科学,2015,37(9):1807-1815.
[14]孔德帅,胡振通,靳乐山.草原生态补偿机制中的资金分配模式研究——基于内蒙古34个嘎查的实证分析.干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(5):1-6.
[15]胡振通,柳荻,靳乐山.草原生态补偿:生态绩效、收入影响和政策满意度.中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):165-176.
[16]安迪.论县域生态环境质量阶段性考核指标体系的构建.环境保护,2014,42(12):51-52.
[17]何立环,刘海江,李宝林,王业耀.国家重点生态功能区县域生态环境质量考核评价指标体系设计与应用实践.环境保护,2014,42(12):42-45.
[18]欧阳志云,朱春全,杨广斌,徐卫华,郑华,张琰,肖燚.生态系统生产总值核算:概念、核算方法与案例研究.生态学报,2013,33(21):6747-6761.
[19]王德发,朱建中.国民经济核算概论.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006.
[20] Eigenraam M,Chua J,Hasker J. Land and Ecosystem services:measurement and accounting in practice//Proceedings of 18th Meeting of the London Group on Environmental Accounting. Ottawa,Canada,2012.
[21]马国霞,赵学涛,吴琼,潘韬.生态系统生产总值核算概念界定和体系构建.资源科学,2015,37(9):1709-1715.
[22]潘勇军.基于生态GDP核算的生态文明评价体系构建[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2013.
[23]周龙.资源环境经济综合核算与绿色GDP的建立[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2010.
[24]张颖.绿色GDP核算的理论与方法.北京:中国林业出版社,2004.
[25]胡振通.中国草原生态补偿机制[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[26] Zabel A,Roe B. Optimal design of pro-conservation incentives. Ecological Economics,2009,69(1):126-134.
[27]胡振通,孔德帅,靳乐山.草原生态补偿:弱监管下的博弈分析.农业经济问题,2016,(1):95-102.
[28]魏同洋.生态系统服务价值评估技术比较研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.
[29]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,肖玉,陈操.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法.自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.
[30]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,陈文辉,李士美.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进.自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[31] Holmstrom B. Moral hazard in teams. The Bell Journal of Economics,1982,13(2):324-340.