基于变异字典的中国工尺谱即兴演奏研究
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摘要
今人解读工尺谱的最大难点在于处理不确定的节奏型,即工尺谱只规定了节拍的起始位置,而未分配音符的具体时值.本文的研究对象是昆曲、京剧以及古乐器演奏中的工尺谱,重点研究工尺谱符号,包括音高、节拍、歌词及其读音的音乐学和语言学的量化语义.本文针对演唱者的即兴演唱问题,利用数据驱动的方法,自动生成基于每一拍实际演唱音符的变异字典.希望能够通过本文的研究,将千百年来中国人在使用工尺谱中凝结的智慧,以数据的形式保存下来,并通过使用统计模型与计算机技术,更好地传承、传播和发扬中国传统文化.
The major obstacle for today's researchers is the uncertain rhythm pattern,which means that the score only specifies the starting position of the beat but does not specify the duration of the notes in Gongchepu.This paper aims at the problem of improvisation by singers.To solve this problem,a data-driven method is used to automatically generate a variation dictionary based on actual singing data.By this study,the human wisdom that Chinese people condense from generation to generation in the oral practice may be preserved in the form of data,and through the use of statistical models and computer technology,Chinese culture can be inherited in the new era.
The major obstacle for today's researchers is the uncertain rhythm pattern,which means that the score only specifies the starting position of the beat but does not specify the duration of the notes in Gongchepu.This paper aims at the problem of improvisation by singers.To solve this problem,a data-driven method is used to automatically generate a variation dictionary based on actual singing data.By this study,the human wisdom that Chinese people condense from generation to generation in the oral practice may be preserved in the form of data,and through the use of statistical models and computer technology,Chinese culture can be inherited in the new era.
引文
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[17]LI R F,DING Y L,LI W X,et al.Literarily dependent Chinese music:A cross-culture research of Chinese and western musical score based on automatic interpretation[C/OL]∥International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition(ICMPC).http:∥icmpc-escom2012.web.auth.gr/files/papers/586_Proc.pdf.
[18]LI R F,DING Y L,LI W X,et al.Automatically interpretation of Chinese traditional musical notation using conditional random field[C/OL]∥International Symposium on Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval(CMMR).http:∥citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.638.7125&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[19]LI R F,DING Y L,LI W X,et al.A classification approach to interpretation of traditional Chinese musical score[C]∥International Conference on Information Science and Technology(ICIST).Wuhan,China:ICIST,2012:655-659.
[20]李荣锋,毕明辉,李学明,等.基于时间序列分析的工尺谱自动翻译研究[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2018,57(3):372-378.
[21]LI R F,ZHANG X Y,BI M H.Music poet:A performance-driven composing system[C/OL]∥International Computer Music Conference(ICMC2016).https:∥quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/music-poet-a-performance-driven-composing-system.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.2016.110;format=pdf.
[22]LI R F,ZHANG X Y.Automatic composing based on pitch detection of Chinese poetry recitation[C/OL]∥International Conference on System Engineering and Technology(ICSET2016).https:∥download.atlantis-press.com/article/25866063.pdf.
[23]钱仁康.请君试唱前朝曲[M].上海:上海音乐学院出版社,2006.
[24][清]谢元淮.碎金词谱[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,1996.
[2]布鲁诺·奈特尔著,张明坚译,张娜整理.世界民族音乐中的即兴演奏观念[J].中央音乐学院学报,2007(3):3-7+24.
[3]杨荫浏.工尺谱浅说[M].北京:人民音乐出版社,1962.
[4]林石城.工尺谱常识[M].北京:音乐出版社,1959.
[5]吴晓萍.中国工尺谱研究[M].上海:上海音乐出版社,2005.
[6]许莉莉.试探昆曲工尺谱的译谱“公式”及简明译法[J].中央音乐学院学报,2016(3):70-84.
[7]俞振飞.振飞曲谱[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1982.
[8]周秦.寸心书屋曲谱[M].苏州:苏州大学出版社,1993.
[9]全国政协京昆室.中国昆曲精选剧目曲谱大成[M].上海:上海音乐出版社,2004.
[10]陈荣鑫,陈维斌.南音工尺谱排版软件的设计与实现[J].计算机工程与设计,2005,26(8):2246-2248.
[11]陈根方.中国工尺谱数字实现研究[D].上海:上海大学,2011.
[12]CHEN G F,XU J X.An optical music recognition system for traditional Chinese Kunqu opera scores written in Gong-Che Notation[J].EURASIP Journal on Audio,Speech,and Music Processing,2014(7):1-12.
[13]陈根方,董凌宇.基于聚类分析的多谱式工尺谱曲谱的有效空间信息提取研究[J].杭州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,15(3):321-324.
[14][清]允禄,周祥钰,邹金生,等.九宫大成南北词宫谱[M].影印版.台北,中国:台湾学生书局,1987.
[15][清]叶堂.纳书楹曲谱[M].影印版.台北,中国:台湾学生书局,1987.
[16]高宋俤,周昌乐.现代乐谱的古琴减字谱自动翻译研究[J].心智与计算,2010(1):45-54.
[17]LI R F,DING Y L,LI W X,et al.Literarily dependent Chinese music:A cross-culture research of Chinese and western musical score based on automatic interpretation[C/OL]∥International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition(ICMPC).http:∥icmpc-escom2012.web.auth.gr/files/papers/586_Proc.pdf.
[18]LI R F,DING Y L,LI W X,et al.Automatically interpretation of Chinese traditional musical notation using conditional random field[C/OL]∥International Symposium on Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval(CMMR).http:∥citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.638.7125&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[19]LI R F,DING Y L,LI W X,et al.A classification approach to interpretation of traditional Chinese musical score[C]∥International Conference on Information Science and Technology(ICIST).Wuhan,China:ICIST,2012:655-659.
[20]李荣锋,毕明辉,李学明,等.基于时间序列分析的工尺谱自动翻译研究[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2018,57(3):372-378.
[21]LI R F,ZHANG X Y,BI M H.Music poet:A performance-driven composing system[C/OL]∥International Computer Music Conference(ICMC2016).https:∥quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/music-poet-a-performance-driven-composing-system.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.2016.110;format=pdf.
[22]LI R F,ZHANG X Y.Automatic composing based on pitch detection of Chinese poetry recitation[C/OL]∥International Conference on System Engineering and Technology(ICSET2016).https:∥download.atlantis-press.com/article/25866063.pdf.
[23]钱仁康.请君试唱前朝曲[M].上海:上海音乐学院出版社,2006.
[24][清]谢元淮.碎金词谱[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,1996.
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