SPARROW模型及其应用研究进展
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摘要
SPARROW模型是由美国地质调查局开发的一个基于流域空间属性的估算污染物负荷、浓度等的非线性回归模型。由于模型通过质量守恒来约束污染物的传输,并以统计学的方法实现变量参数的校准,因而SPARROW模型在量化污染物的传输过程中具有足够高的精确度与合理性。总体来看,SPARROW模型在流域污染源及环境因子分析、水质评估与模拟、监测管理优化等方面发挥出了重要作用,并被广泛地应用于国内外的不同流域。针对SPARROW模型在不确定性分析中存在的自相关问题,贝叶斯分析的引入优化了模型在不确定性方面的评估。目前,SPARROW模型在国内流域中以估算总氮、总磷、COD等污染物负荷为主要应用。随着国内相关数据的积累以及共享程度的提高,其应用范围将会愈加广泛。
The SPARROW( SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) model,which was developed by USGS,is a non-linear statistic modeling approach based on watershed attributes. Since of being constrained by mass balance,the SPARROW model has relative high accuracy and rationality in quantifying migration of contaminant. In general,the SPARROW model has been performed well on identifying contaminant sources,analyzing land-to-water delivery factors,evaluating water quality,simulating water quality and optimizing watershed environment management in various basins. Recently,the Bayesian analysis has been introduced to improve the uncertainty issue of this model. Although there are only a few applications of the SPARROW model in China,its application will be more extensive since of the rapid growth of accumulation and sharing of data.
The SPARROW( SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) model,which was developed by USGS,is a non-linear statistic modeling approach based on watershed attributes. Since of being constrained by mass balance,the SPARROW model has relative high accuracy and rationality in quantifying migration of contaminant. In general,the SPARROW model has been performed well on identifying contaminant sources,analyzing land-to-water delivery factors,evaluating water quality,simulating water quality and optimizing watershed environment management in various basins. Recently,the Bayesian analysis has been introduced to improve the uncertainty issue of this model. Although there are only a few applications of the SPARROW model in China,its application will be more extensive since of the rapid growth of accumulation and sharing of data.
引文
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[5]仵彦卿.环境污染数值模拟[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:9-21.
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[11]Alexander R B,Elliott A H,Shankar U,et al.Estimating the sources and transport of nutrients in the Waikato River Basin,New Zealand[J].Water Resources Research,2002,38(12):1268-1290.
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[15]Kronholm S C,Capel P D,Terziotti S.Statistically extracted fundamental watershed variables for estimating the loads of total nitrogen in small streams[J].Environmental Modeling&Assessment,2016,21(6):681-690.
[16]Hayashi S,Murakami S,Xu K Q,et al.Daily runoff simulation by an integrated catchment model in the middle and lower regions of the Changjiang Basin,China[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2008,13(9):846-862.
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[18]Amin M G M,Veith T L,Collick A S,et al.Simulating hydrological and nonpoint source pollution processes in a karst watershed:A variable source area hydrology model evaluation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,180:212-223.
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[22]Wise D R,Johnson H M.Surface-water nutrient conditions and sources in the United States Pacific Northwest[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(5):1110-1135.
[23]Domagalski J,Saleh D.Sources and transport of phosphorus to rivers in California and adjacent states,U.S.as determined by SPARROW modeling[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2015,51(6):1463-1486.
[24]Saleh D,Domagalski J.SPARROW Modeling of nitrogen sources and transport in rivers and streams of California and adjacent States,U.S.[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2016,51(6):1487-1507.
[25]Li X,Wellen C,Liu G,et al.Estimation of nutrient sources and transport using Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watershed Attributes:Acase study in Songhuajiang River Basin,China.[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(9):6989-7001.
[26]Morales-Marín L,Wheater H,Lindenschmidt K E.Assessing the transport of total phosphorus from a prairie river basin using SPARROW[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29(18):4144-4160.
[27]Mccrackin M L,Harrison J A,Compton J E.A comparison of NEWS and SPARROW models to understand sources of nitrogen delivered to UScoastal areas[J].Biogeochemistry,2013,114(1-3):281-297.
[28]Ator S W,Brakebill J W,Blomquist J D.Sources,fate,and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Chesapeake Bay watershed:An empirical model[R].Scientific Investigations Report,2011.
[29]Ator S W,Garcia A M.Application of SPARROW modeling to understanding contaminant fate and transport from uplands to streams[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2016,52(3):685-704.
[30]Garcia A M,Alexander R B,Arnold J,et al.Regional effects of agricultural conservation practices on nutrient transport in the Upper Mississippi River Basin[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,50(13):6991-7000.
[31]Brown J B,Sprague L A,Dupree J A.Nutrient sources and transport in the Missouri River Basin,with emphasis on the effects of irrigation and reservoirs[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(5):1034-1060.
[32]Alexander R B,Smith R A,Schwarz G E,et al.Differences in phosphorus and nitrogen delivery to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River Basin[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(3):822-830.
[33]Morales-Marín L A,Wheater H S,Lindenschmidt K E.Assessment of nutrient loadings of a large multipurpose prairie reservoir[J].Journal of Hydrology,2017,550:166-185.
[34]Milstead W B,Hollister J W,Moore R B,et al.Estimating summer nutrient concentrations in Northeastern lakes from SPARROW load predictions and modeled lake depth and volume[J].Plos One,2013,8(11),e81457.
[35]Robertson D M,Saad D A.Nutrient inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by source and watershed estimated using SPARROW watershed models[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(5):1011-1033.
[36]Morales-Marín L A,Wheater H S,Lindenschmidt K E,et al.Estimating sediment loadings in the South Saskatchewan River Catchment[J].Water Resources Management,2017,32(12):1-15.
[37]Benoy G A,Jenkinson R W,Robertson D M,et al.Nutrient delivery to Lake Winnipeg from the Red-Assiniboine River Basin-A binational application of the SPARROW model[J].Canadian Water Resources Journal,2016,41(3):429-447.
[38]Kim D-K,Zhang W,Hiriart-Baer V,et al.Towards the development of integrated modelling systems in aquatic biogeochemistry:A Bayesian approach[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research,2014,40:73-87.
[39]Anning D W.Modeled sources,transport and accumulation of dissolved solids in water resources of the southwestern United States[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(5):1087-1109.
[40]Kenney T A,Gerner S J,Buto S G,et al.Spatially referenced statistical assessment of dissolved solids load sources and transport in streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin[R].Scientific Investigations Report,2009.
[41]Duan W L,He B,Takara K,et al.Modeling suspended sediment sources and transport in the Ishikari River basin,Japan using SPARROW[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2015,19(3):1293-1306.
[42]Wellen C C,Shatilla N J,Carey S K.Regional scale selenium loading associated with surface coal mining,Elk Valley,British Columbia,Canada[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,532:791-802.
[43]任岩.基于SPARROW模型的艾比湖流域地表水水质评价及污染负荷研究[D].新疆:新疆大学,2017.
[44]Roberts A D,Prince S D,Jantz C A,et al.Effects of projected future urban land cover on nitrogen and phosphorus runoff to Chesapeake Bay[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35:1758-1772.
[45]Alshawaf M,Douglas E,Ricciardi K.Estimating nitrogen load resulting from biofuel mandates[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2016,13:478-497.
[46]Alam M J,Goodall J L.Toward disentangling the effect of hydrologic and nitrogen source changes from 1992 to 2001 on incremental nitrogen yield in the contiguous United States[J].Water Resources Research,2012,48,W04506.
[47]National Research Council.Assessing the TMDL approach to water quality management[M].Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001:68-88.
[48]Moore R B.Estimation of total nitrogen and phosphorus in New England streams using spatially referenced regression models[R].Scientific Investigations Report,2004.
[49]Puri D,Borel K,Vance C,et al.Optimization of a water quality monitoring network using a spatially referenced water quality model and a genetic algorithm[J].Water,2017,9:704-714.
[50]Zhou P,Huang J,Hong H.Modeling nutrient sources,transport and management strategies in a coastal watershed,Southeast China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,610-611:1298-1309.
[51]Qian S,Reckhow K H,Zhai J,et al.Nonlinear regression modeling of nutrient loads in streams:A Bayesian approach[J].Water Resources Research,2005,41,W070121.
[52]Hensley R T,Cohen M J,Korhnak L V.Hydraulic effects on nitrogen removal in a tidal spring-fed river[J].Water Resources Research,2015,51:1443-1456.
[53]Hoos A B,Gerard M.Spatial analysis of instream nitrogen loads and factors controlling nitrogen delivery to streams in the southeastern United States using spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes(SPARROW)and regional classification frameworks[J].Hydrological Processes,2009,23(16):2275-2294.
[54]Wellen C,Arhonditsis G B,Labencki T,et al.A Bayesian methodological framework for accommodating interannual variability of nutrient loading with the SPARROW model[J].Water Resources Research,2012,48,W10505.
[55]Wellen C,Arhonditsis G B,Labencki T,et al.Application of the SPARROW model in watersheds with limited information:A Bayesian assessment of the model uncertainty and the value of additional monitoring[J].Hydrological Processes,2014,28:1260-1283.
[56]Li X,Feng J,Wellen C,et al.A Bayesian approach of high impaired river reaches identification and total nitrogen load estimation in a sparsely monitored basin[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(1):987-996.
[57]Elliot A H,Alexander R B,Schwarz G E,et al.Estimation of nutrient sources and transport for New Zealand using the hybrid mechanistic-statistical model SPARROW[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,44(1):1-27.
[58]Duan W L,He B,Takara K,et al.Estimating the sources and transport of nitrogen pollution in the Ishikari River Basin,Japan[J].Advanced Materials Research,2012,518-523:3007-3010.
[59]Aguilera R,MarcéR,Sabater S.Linking in-stream nutrient flux to land use and inter-annual hydrological variability at the watershed scale[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,440:72-81.
[60]Aguilera R,MarcéR,Sabater S.Modeling nutrient retention at the watershed scale:Does small stream research apply to the whole river network?[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2013,118:728-740.
[61]吴在兴,王晓燕.流域空间统计模型SPARROW及其研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(9):87-90.
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[63]刘光逊.基于流域空间属性的水环境响应关系研究[D].天津:南开大学,2012.
[64]何锋.北京山区流域土地利用系统非点源污染环境风险评价与SPARROW模拟[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[65]卢诚,李国光,齐作达,等.SPARROW模型的传输过程研究---以新安江流域总氮为例[J].水资源与水工程学报,2017,28(1):7-13.
[2]周利.农业非点源污染迁移转化机理及规律研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.
[3]郝芳华,李春晖,赵彦伟,等.流域水质模型与模拟[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008:260-271.
[4]Yang Y S,Wang L.A review of modelling tools for implementation of the EU water framework directive in handling diffuse water pollution[J].Water Resources Management,2010,24(9):1819-1843.
[5]仵彦卿.环境污染数值模拟[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:9-21.
[6]Bricker S B,Clement C G,Pirhalla D E,et al.National estuarine eutrophication assessment:Effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation’s estuaries[R].NOAA-NOS Special Projects Office and the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science,1999.
[7]Alexander R B,Smith R A,Schwarz G E.Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico[J].Nature,2000,403:758-761.
[8]Mc Mahon G,Alexander R B,Qian S.Support of total maximum daily load programs using spatially referenced regression models[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2003,129:315-329.
[9]Smith R A,Schwarz G E,Alexander R B.Regional interpretation of water-quality monitoring data[J].Water Resources Research,1997,33(12):2781-2798.
[10]Schwarz G E,Hoos A B,Alexander R B,et al.The SPARROW surface water-quality model:Theory,application and user documentation[M].Reston:U.S.Geological Survey Press,2006:1-74.
[11]Alexander R B,Elliott A H,Shankar U,et al.Estimating the sources and transport of nutrients in the Waikato River Basin,New Zealand[J].Water Resources Research,2002,38(12):1268-1290.
[12]李柏山.水资源开发利用对汉江流域水生态环境影响及生态系统健康评价研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2013.
[13]朱乾德.平原河网典型区域非点源污染规律与调控模拟研究[D].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2010.
[14]王红,姚君兰,李艳蔷,等.基于主成分分析法的梁子湖水质评价分析[J].湖北大学学报(自科科学版),2017,39(6):601-608.
[15]Kronholm S C,Capel P D,Terziotti S.Statistically extracted fundamental watershed variables for estimating the loads of total nitrogen in small streams[J].Environmental Modeling&Assessment,2016,21(6):681-690.
[16]Hayashi S,Murakami S,Xu K Q,et al.Daily runoff simulation by an integrated catchment model in the middle and lower regions of the Changjiang Basin,China[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2008,13(9):846-862.
[17]Mishra A,Kar S,Raghuwanshi N S.Modeling nonpoint source pollutant losses from a small watershed using HSPF model[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2009,135(2):92-100.
[18]Amin M G M,Veith T L,Collick A S,et al.Simulating hydrological and nonpoint source pollution processes in a karst watershed:A variable source area hydrology model evaluation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,180:212-223.
[19]Kourgialas N N,Karatzas G P,Nikolaidis N P.An integrated framework for the hydrologic simulation of a complex geomorphological river basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,381(3):308-321.
[20]Alexander R B,Smith R A,Schwarz G E,et al.Atmospheric nitrogen flux from the watersheds of major estuaries of the united states:An application of the SPARROW watershed model[M].Washington,D.C.:American Geophysical Union Press,2001:119-170.
[21]Rebich R A,Houston N A,Mize S V,et al.Sources and delivery of nutrients to the northwestern Gulf of Mexico from streams in the South-Central United States[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(5):1061-1086.
[22]Wise D R,Johnson H M.Surface-water nutrient conditions and sources in the United States Pacific Northwest[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(5):1110-1135.
[23]Domagalski J,Saleh D.Sources and transport of phosphorus to rivers in California and adjacent states,U.S.as determined by SPARROW modeling[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2015,51(6):1463-1486.
[24]Saleh D,Domagalski J.SPARROW Modeling of nitrogen sources and transport in rivers and streams of California and adjacent States,U.S.[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2016,51(6):1487-1507.
[25]Li X,Wellen C,Liu G,et al.Estimation of nutrient sources and transport using Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watershed Attributes:Acase study in Songhuajiang River Basin,China.[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(9):6989-7001.
[26]Morales-Marín L,Wheater H,Lindenschmidt K E.Assessing the transport of total phosphorus from a prairie river basin using SPARROW[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29(18):4144-4160.
[27]Mccrackin M L,Harrison J A,Compton J E.A comparison of NEWS and SPARROW models to understand sources of nitrogen delivered to UScoastal areas[J].Biogeochemistry,2013,114(1-3):281-297.
[28]Ator S W,Brakebill J W,Blomquist J D.Sources,fate,and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Chesapeake Bay watershed:An empirical model[R].Scientific Investigations Report,2011.
[29]Ator S W,Garcia A M.Application of SPARROW modeling to understanding contaminant fate and transport from uplands to streams[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2016,52(3):685-704.
[30]Garcia A M,Alexander R B,Arnold J,et al.Regional effects of agricultural conservation practices on nutrient transport in the Upper Mississippi River Basin[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,50(13):6991-7000.
[31]Brown J B,Sprague L A,Dupree J A.Nutrient sources and transport in the Missouri River Basin,with emphasis on the effects of irrigation and reservoirs[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(5):1034-1060.
[32]Alexander R B,Smith R A,Schwarz G E,et al.Differences in phosphorus and nitrogen delivery to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River Basin[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(3):822-830.
[33]Morales-Marín L A,Wheater H S,Lindenschmidt K E.Assessment of nutrient loadings of a large multipurpose prairie reservoir[J].Journal of Hydrology,2017,550:166-185.
[34]Milstead W B,Hollister J W,Moore R B,et al.Estimating summer nutrient concentrations in Northeastern lakes from SPARROW load predictions and modeled lake depth and volume[J].Plos One,2013,8(11),e81457.
[35]Robertson D M,Saad D A.Nutrient inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by source and watershed estimated using SPARROW watershed models[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(5):1011-1033.
[36]Morales-Marín L A,Wheater H S,Lindenschmidt K E,et al.Estimating sediment loadings in the South Saskatchewan River Catchment[J].Water Resources Management,2017,32(12):1-15.
[37]Benoy G A,Jenkinson R W,Robertson D M,et al.Nutrient delivery to Lake Winnipeg from the Red-Assiniboine River Basin-A binational application of the SPARROW model[J].Canadian Water Resources Journal,2016,41(3):429-447.
[38]Kim D-K,Zhang W,Hiriart-Baer V,et al.Towards the development of integrated modelling systems in aquatic biogeochemistry:A Bayesian approach[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research,2014,40:73-87.
[39]Anning D W.Modeled sources,transport and accumulation of dissolved solids in water resources of the southwestern United States[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(5):1087-1109.
[40]Kenney T A,Gerner S J,Buto S G,et al.Spatially referenced statistical assessment of dissolved solids load sources and transport in streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin[R].Scientific Investigations Report,2009.
[41]Duan W L,He B,Takara K,et al.Modeling suspended sediment sources and transport in the Ishikari River basin,Japan using SPARROW[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2015,19(3):1293-1306.
[42]Wellen C C,Shatilla N J,Carey S K.Regional scale selenium loading associated with surface coal mining,Elk Valley,British Columbia,Canada[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,532:791-802.
[43]任岩.基于SPARROW模型的艾比湖流域地表水水质评价及污染负荷研究[D].新疆:新疆大学,2017.
[44]Roberts A D,Prince S D,Jantz C A,et al.Effects of projected future urban land cover on nitrogen and phosphorus runoff to Chesapeake Bay[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35:1758-1772.
[45]Alshawaf M,Douglas E,Ricciardi K.Estimating nitrogen load resulting from biofuel mandates[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2016,13:478-497.
[46]Alam M J,Goodall J L.Toward disentangling the effect of hydrologic and nitrogen source changes from 1992 to 2001 on incremental nitrogen yield in the contiguous United States[J].Water Resources Research,2012,48,W04506.
[47]National Research Council.Assessing the TMDL approach to water quality management[M].Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001:68-88.
[48]Moore R B.Estimation of total nitrogen and phosphorus in New England streams using spatially referenced regression models[R].Scientific Investigations Report,2004.
[49]Puri D,Borel K,Vance C,et al.Optimization of a water quality monitoring network using a spatially referenced water quality model and a genetic algorithm[J].Water,2017,9:704-714.
[50]Zhou P,Huang J,Hong H.Modeling nutrient sources,transport and management strategies in a coastal watershed,Southeast China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,610-611:1298-1309.
[51]Qian S,Reckhow K H,Zhai J,et al.Nonlinear regression modeling of nutrient loads in streams:A Bayesian approach[J].Water Resources Research,2005,41,W070121.
[52]Hensley R T,Cohen M J,Korhnak L V.Hydraulic effects on nitrogen removal in a tidal spring-fed river[J].Water Resources Research,2015,51:1443-1456.
[53]Hoos A B,Gerard M.Spatial analysis of instream nitrogen loads and factors controlling nitrogen delivery to streams in the southeastern United States using spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes(SPARROW)and regional classification frameworks[J].Hydrological Processes,2009,23(16):2275-2294.
[54]Wellen C,Arhonditsis G B,Labencki T,et al.A Bayesian methodological framework for accommodating interannual variability of nutrient loading with the SPARROW model[J].Water Resources Research,2012,48,W10505.
[55]Wellen C,Arhonditsis G B,Labencki T,et al.Application of the SPARROW model in watersheds with limited information:A Bayesian assessment of the model uncertainty and the value of additional monitoring[J].Hydrological Processes,2014,28:1260-1283.
[56]Li X,Feng J,Wellen C,et al.A Bayesian approach of high impaired river reaches identification and total nitrogen load estimation in a sparsely monitored basin[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(1):987-996.
[57]Elliot A H,Alexander R B,Schwarz G E,et al.Estimation of nutrient sources and transport for New Zealand using the hybrid mechanistic-statistical model SPARROW[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,44(1):1-27.
[58]Duan W L,He B,Takara K,et al.Estimating the sources and transport of nitrogen pollution in the Ishikari River Basin,Japan[J].Advanced Materials Research,2012,518-523:3007-3010.
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