华北引黄灌区粮食产量与农业土壤资源质量时空分布特征
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摘要
明确作物产量和土壤养分时空变异可以更好地掌握农田生产力和土壤质量情况,对农业资源合理配置以及提高生产力可持续性有着非常重要的意义。利用华北平原引黄灌区下游农田作物产量数据和耕地质量监测数据,对华北平原引黄灌区下游作物产量的演变以及有机质和养分的空间分布进行分析,阐明该地区作物产量、土壤养分的空间分布特征。结果表明:灌区的农田生产力水平存在显著的空间和时空差异。20世纪80年代末以来,农田生产力水平整体呈上升趋势,冬小麦高产田分布在黄河下游北岸中部地区的齐河县和下游南岸三个县,范围是6084.0～6861.0 kg/hm~2,夏玉米产量空间分布整体上呈现出中间高两端低的特征,其中齐河县的产量最高,为7524.0 kg/hm~2。灌区农田土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾养分具有明显的时空分布差异,有机质和速效钾含量最高的德州市分别为16.30 g/kg和202.40 mg/kg,全氮含量最高的淄博市为1.17 g/kg,有效磷含量最高的泰安市为34.56 mg/kg。研究表明,灌区的生产力水平一直不断在提升,仍有很大的增长空间。掌握养分分布特征和土壤肥力的空间差异来制定合理的施肥措施,可为今后该地区实现精准农业和高产稳产提供科学依据。
Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of crop yield and soil nutrient can optimize the agricultural resources utilization and sustain the agro-productivity, which is of great significance for agricultural production activities. In this study, the quality monitoring data of crop yield and soil nutrients were used to analyse the evolution of crop yield and the spatial distribution of soil organic matter and other nutrients in the irrigated area at the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The results showed that there were significant spatial and temporal differences in the level of agricultural productivity within the irrigated area. Since the late 1980 s, the overall level of farmland productivity had been on the rise. The high yield field of winter wheat was distributed in Qihe county in the north part and the three counties in the south part of the lower reaches of the Yellow River with a range of6084.0-6861.0 kg/hm2. The spatial distribution of summer maize yield showed that the intermediate area was higher than the two sides, and the yield of Qihe county was the highest with the yield of 7524.0 kg/hm2. The lowest yields of winter wheat and summer maize were found in Dongying county, which were 4705.5 and 5092.5 kg/hm2 respectively. The distribution of organic matter and nutrient of farmland in the irrigated area had obvious spatial and temporal differences. The highest organic matter content and available potassium were observed in Dezhou, being 16.30 g/kg and 202.40 mg/kg, respectively. The highest total nitrogen content was in Zibo, being 1.17 g/kg. The highest phosphorus content was in Tai'an,being 34.56 mg/kg. However, the lowest contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were observed in Dongying, being 9.90 g/kg, 0.60 g/kg and 19.10 mg/kg,respectively. The results suggested that the level of agricultural productivity in the irrigated area had been continuously improving, which indicated that a great potential of agricultural productivity still exists. In addition, identifying the spatial difference of nutrient distribution can give the guidance to design the reasonable fertilization strategies for precision agriculture,and higher and more stable productivity.
Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of crop yield and soil nutrient can optimize the agricultural resources utilization and sustain the agro-productivity, which is of great significance for agricultural production activities. In this study, the quality monitoring data of crop yield and soil nutrients were used to analyse the evolution of crop yield and the spatial distribution of soil organic matter and other nutrients in the irrigated area at the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The results showed that there were significant spatial and temporal differences in the level of agricultural productivity within the irrigated area. Since the late 1980 s, the overall level of farmland productivity had been on the rise. The high yield field of winter wheat was distributed in Qihe county in the north part and the three counties in the south part of the lower reaches of the Yellow River with a range of6084.0-6861.0 kg/hm2. The spatial distribution of summer maize yield showed that the intermediate area was higher than the two sides, and the yield of Qihe county was the highest with the yield of 7524.0 kg/hm2. The lowest yields of winter wheat and summer maize were found in Dongying county, which were 4705.5 and 5092.5 kg/hm2 respectively. The distribution of organic matter and nutrient of farmland in the irrigated area had obvious spatial and temporal differences. The highest organic matter content and available potassium were observed in Dezhou, being 16.30 g/kg and 202.40 mg/kg, respectively. The highest total nitrogen content was in Zibo, being 1.17 g/kg. The highest phosphorus content was in Tai'an,being 34.56 mg/kg. However, the lowest contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were observed in Dongying, being 9.90 g/kg, 0.60 g/kg and 19.10 mg/kg,respectively. The results suggested that the level of agricultural productivity in the irrigated area had been continuously improving, which indicated that a great potential of agricultural productivity still exists. In addition, identifying the spatial difference of nutrient distribution can give the guidance to design the reasonable fertilization strategies for precision agriculture,and higher and more stable productivity.
引文
[1]SHI W J,TAO F L,LIU J Y.Changes in quantity and quality of cropland and the implications for grain production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China.Food Security,2013,5(1):69-82.
[2]孙颌.中国农业自然资源与区域发展.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1994.[SUN H,SHEN Y Q,SHI Y L,et al.Agricultural Natural Resources and Regional Development of China.Nanjing:Jiangsu Science and Technology Press,1994.]
[3]陈印军,肖碧林,方琳娜,等.中国耕地质量状况分析.中国农业科学,2011,44(17):3557-3564.[CHEN Y J,XIAO BL,FANG L N,et al.The quality analysis of cultivated land in China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(17):3557-3564.]
[4]许红卫.田间土壤养分与作物产量的时空变异及其相关性研究.杭州:浙江大学,2004.[XU H W.Spatial and temporal within-field variability of soil nutrients,corp yield,crop nutrients and their correlation.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2004.]
[5]吴玉红,田霄鸿,侯永辉,等.基于田块尺度的土壤肥力模糊评价研究.自然资源学报,2009,24(8):1422-1431.[WUY H,TIAN X H,HOU Y H,et al.Preliminary study on the subject concerning fuzzy assessment method of soil fertility based on fieldscale.Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(8):1422-1431.]
[6]张俊华,李国栋,南忠仁,等.耕作历史和种植制度对绿洲农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响.自然资源学报,2012,27(2):196-203.[ZHANG J H,LI G D,NAN Z G,et al.Effects of cultivation history and cropping system on soil organic carbon and its components in oasis soils.Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(2):196-203.]
[7]赵业婷,李志鹏,常庆瑞.关中盆地县域农田土壤碱解氮空间分异及变化研究.自然资源学报,2013,28(6):1030-1038.[ZHAO Y T,LI Z P,CHANG Q R.Study on spatial variability and change of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in Guanzhong basin county-level farmland.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(6):1030-1038.]
[8]高祥照,胡克林,郭焱,等.土壤养分与作物产量的空间变异特征与精确施肥.中国农业科学,2002,35(6):660-666.[GAO X Z,HU K L,GUO Y,et al.Spatial variability of soil nutrients and crop yield and site-specific fertilizer management.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(6):660-666.]
[9]赵艺,施泽明,师刚强.土壤养分空间变异特征与作物产量关系分析.农家之友:理论版,2010,(8):6-7,26.[ZHAOY,SHI Z M,SHI G Q.Relationship between spatial variability of soil nutrients and crop yield.A Friend of the Peasant Family:Theoretical Edition,2010,(8):6-7,26.]
[10]陈晨,梁银丽,吴瑞俊,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区坡地土壤有机碳变化及碳循环初步研究.自然资源学报,2010,25(4):668-676.[CHEN C,LIANG Y L,WU R J,et al.A preliminary on the change of soil organic carbon and carbon cycling of the slope land in the Loess Hilly-Gully areas.Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(4):668-676.]
[11]宋小顺,李路平,陈荣江.河南省新乡市土壤养分施入量与作物产量变化的分析.贵州农业科学,2008,36(3):89-92.[SONG X S,LI L P,CHEN R J.Analysis on the relationship between application quantity of soil nutrient and crop yield in Xinxiang city,Henan.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2008,36(3):89-92.]
[12]全国农业技术推广服务中心.华北小麦玉米轮作区耕地地力.北京:中国农业出版社,2015.[The National AgroTech Extension and Service Center.The Cultivated Land Fertility of Wheat Maize Rotation Area in North China.Beijing:Chinese Agricultural Press,2015.]
[13]WALKLEY A J,BLACK I A.An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter,and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method.Soil Science,1934,37(1):29-38.
[14]BLACK C A,EVANS D D,WHITE J L,et al.Methods of soil analysis.Pt.1.Physical and mineralogical properties,including statistics of measurement and sampling.Pt.2.Chemical and microbiological properties.1965,499-510.
[15]OLSEN S R.Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate.Miscellaneous Paper Institute for Agricultural Research Samaru,1954,939:19.
[16]南京农业大学.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,1990.[Nanjing Agricultural University.Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis.Beijing:Chinese Agricultural Press,1990.]
[17]ZHANG X B,SUN N,WU L H,et al.Effects of enhancing soil organic carbon sequestration in the topsoil by fertilization on crop productivity and stability:Evidence from long-term experiments with wheat-maize cropping systems in China.Science of the Total Environment.2016,562(562):247-259.
[18]丁昆仑,许迪,蔡林根.黄河下游地区表层土壤盐分对作物产量的影响.农业工程学报,2004,20(2):88-92.[DINGK L,XU D,CAI L G.Effects of surface soil salinity on crop yield in areas of the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Transactions of the CSAE,2004,20(2):88-92.]
[19]吴凯,谢明.黄淮海平原农业综合开发的效益和粮食增产潜力.地理研究,1996,15(3):70-76.[WU K,XIE M.The synthetical benefits and the potential of grain yield-increasing during agricultural.Geographical Research,1996,15(3):70-76.]
[20]张运龙.有机肥施用对冬小麦-夏玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响.北京:中国农业大学,2017.[ZHANG Y L.Effect of organic fertilizer on yield of winter wheat-summer maize and soil fertility.Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.]
[21]聂良鹏,郭利伟,牛海燕,等.轮耕对小麦-玉米两熟农田耕层构造及作物产量与品质的影响.作物学报,2015,41(3):468-478.[NIE L P,GUO L W,NIU H Y,et al.Effects of rotational tillage on tilth soil structure and crop yield and quality in maize-wheat cropping system.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(3):468-478.]
[22]邵云,王小洁,张紧紧,等.小麦-玉米轮作区耕作及培肥方式对麦田土壤养分和小麦产量的影响.华北农学报,2013,28(3):152-158.[SHAO Y,WANG X J,ZHANG J J,et al.Effects of tillage and fertilizer on soil nutrient and wheat yield in wheat-corn rotation area.Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2013,28(3):152-158.]
[23]HAN D R,M WIESMEIER,R T CONANT,et al.Large soil organic carbon increase due to improved agronomic management in the North China Plain from 1980s to 2010s.Glob Chang Biol,2017,24(3):987-1000.
[24]亢宁.山东省耕地土壤养分数据库建立及其分异特征分析.济南:山东农业大学,2017.[HANG N.Database establishment and differentiation characteristics of soil nutrient in Shandong province.Jinan:Shandong Agricultural University,2017.]
[25]KENDY E,MOLDEN D J,STEENHUIS T S,et al.Policies drain the North China Plain:Agricultural policy and groundwater depletion in Luancheng county,1949-2000.Colombo:International Water Management Institute,Research Report 71,2003.
[26]方生,陈秀玲,范振铎,等.旱涝碱咸综合治理与生态环境良性循环.地下水,2005,27(1):12-15.[FANG S,CHEN XL,FAN Z D,et al.Comprehensive control of drought,waterlogging,salinity and saline groundwater and good circulation of eco-environment.Ground Water,2005,27(1):12-15.]
[27]赵广帅,李发东,李运生,等.长期施肥对土壤有机质积累的影响.生态环境学报,2012,21(5):840-847.[ZHANG GS,LI F D,LI Y S,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic matter accumulation.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(5):840-847.]
[28]初明光,王激清,马文奇,等.山东省粮食作物的化肥施用状况分析.中国土壤与肥料,2006,(2):12-15.[CHU G M,WANG J Q,MA W Q,et al.Analysis of fertilizer application on grain crops in Shandong province.Soil and Fertilizer Sciences,2006,(2):12-15.]
[29]肖建军,崔荣宗,魏建林,等.山东省粮食主产区农户施肥行为调查分析:以德州市平原县为例.山东农业科学,2014,(12):84-87.[XIAO J J,CUI R Z,WEI J L,et al.Investigation and analysis of farmers'fertilization behavior in major grain producing area of Shandong province:A case study in Pingyuan county of Dezhou.Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2014,(12):84-87.]
[30]鲁如坤.中国农业中的磷.中国磷肥应用研究现状与展望学术讨论会论文集,2005:19-30.[LU R K.Phosphorus in agriculture of China.The Science Colloquium Papers of the Status and Prospect of Phosphate Fertilizer Application in China,2005:19-30.]
[31]郭玉玲,姜启双.临沭县耕地有效磷含量状况及生产对策.现代化农业,2015,(2):9-10.[GUO Y L,JIANG Q S.Status of available phosphorus in cultivated land and production countermeasures in Linshu county.Modernizing Agriculture,2015,(2):9-10.]
[2]孙颌.中国农业自然资源与区域发展.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1994.[SUN H,SHEN Y Q,SHI Y L,et al.Agricultural Natural Resources and Regional Development of China.Nanjing:Jiangsu Science and Technology Press,1994.]
[3]陈印军,肖碧林,方琳娜,等.中国耕地质量状况分析.中国农业科学,2011,44(17):3557-3564.[CHEN Y J,XIAO BL,FANG L N,et al.The quality analysis of cultivated land in China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(17):3557-3564.]
[4]许红卫.田间土壤养分与作物产量的时空变异及其相关性研究.杭州:浙江大学,2004.[XU H W.Spatial and temporal within-field variability of soil nutrients,corp yield,crop nutrients and their correlation.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2004.]
[5]吴玉红,田霄鸿,侯永辉,等.基于田块尺度的土壤肥力模糊评价研究.自然资源学报,2009,24(8):1422-1431.[WUY H,TIAN X H,HOU Y H,et al.Preliminary study on the subject concerning fuzzy assessment method of soil fertility based on fieldscale.Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(8):1422-1431.]
[6]张俊华,李国栋,南忠仁,等.耕作历史和种植制度对绿洲农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响.自然资源学报,2012,27(2):196-203.[ZHANG J H,LI G D,NAN Z G,et al.Effects of cultivation history and cropping system on soil organic carbon and its components in oasis soils.Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(2):196-203.]
[7]赵业婷,李志鹏,常庆瑞.关中盆地县域农田土壤碱解氮空间分异及变化研究.自然资源学报,2013,28(6):1030-1038.[ZHAO Y T,LI Z P,CHANG Q R.Study on spatial variability and change of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in Guanzhong basin county-level farmland.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(6):1030-1038.]
[8]高祥照,胡克林,郭焱,等.土壤养分与作物产量的空间变异特征与精确施肥.中国农业科学,2002,35(6):660-666.[GAO X Z,HU K L,GUO Y,et al.Spatial variability of soil nutrients and crop yield and site-specific fertilizer management.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(6):660-666.]
[9]赵艺,施泽明,师刚强.土壤养分空间变异特征与作物产量关系分析.农家之友:理论版,2010,(8):6-7,26.[ZHAOY,SHI Z M,SHI G Q.Relationship between spatial variability of soil nutrients and crop yield.A Friend of the Peasant Family:Theoretical Edition,2010,(8):6-7,26.]
[10]陈晨,梁银丽,吴瑞俊,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区坡地土壤有机碳变化及碳循环初步研究.自然资源学报,2010,25(4):668-676.[CHEN C,LIANG Y L,WU R J,et al.A preliminary on the change of soil organic carbon and carbon cycling of the slope land in the Loess Hilly-Gully areas.Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(4):668-676.]
[11]宋小顺,李路平,陈荣江.河南省新乡市土壤养分施入量与作物产量变化的分析.贵州农业科学,2008,36(3):89-92.[SONG X S,LI L P,CHEN R J.Analysis on the relationship between application quantity of soil nutrient and crop yield in Xinxiang city,Henan.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2008,36(3):89-92.]
[12]全国农业技术推广服务中心.华北小麦玉米轮作区耕地地力.北京:中国农业出版社,2015.[The National AgroTech Extension and Service Center.The Cultivated Land Fertility of Wheat Maize Rotation Area in North China.Beijing:Chinese Agricultural Press,2015.]
[13]WALKLEY A J,BLACK I A.An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter,and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method.Soil Science,1934,37(1):29-38.
[14]BLACK C A,EVANS D D,WHITE J L,et al.Methods of soil analysis.Pt.1.Physical and mineralogical properties,including statistics of measurement and sampling.Pt.2.Chemical and microbiological properties.1965,499-510.
[15]OLSEN S R.Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate.Miscellaneous Paper Institute for Agricultural Research Samaru,1954,939:19.
[16]南京农业大学.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,1990.[Nanjing Agricultural University.Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis.Beijing:Chinese Agricultural Press,1990.]
[17]ZHANG X B,SUN N,WU L H,et al.Effects of enhancing soil organic carbon sequestration in the topsoil by fertilization on crop productivity and stability:Evidence from long-term experiments with wheat-maize cropping systems in China.Science of the Total Environment.2016,562(562):247-259.
[18]丁昆仑,许迪,蔡林根.黄河下游地区表层土壤盐分对作物产量的影响.农业工程学报,2004,20(2):88-92.[DINGK L,XU D,CAI L G.Effects of surface soil salinity on crop yield in areas of the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Transactions of the CSAE,2004,20(2):88-92.]
[19]吴凯,谢明.黄淮海平原农业综合开发的效益和粮食增产潜力.地理研究,1996,15(3):70-76.[WU K,XIE M.The synthetical benefits and the potential of grain yield-increasing during agricultural.Geographical Research,1996,15(3):70-76.]
[20]张运龙.有机肥施用对冬小麦-夏玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响.北京:中国农业大学,2017.[ZHANG Y L.Effect of organic fertilizer on yield of winter wheat-summer maize and soil fertility.Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.]
[21]聂良鹏,郭利伟,牛海燕,等.轮耕对小麦-玉米两熟农田耕层构造及作物产量与品质的影响.作物学报,2015,41(3):468-478.[NIE L P,GUO L W,NIU H Y,et al.Effects of rotational tillage on tilth soil structure and crop yield and quality in maize-wheat cropping system.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(3):468-478.]
[22]邵云,王小洁,张紧紧,等.小麦-玉米轮作区耕作及培肥方式对麦田土壤养分和小麦产量的影响.华北农学报,2013,28(3):152-158.[SHAO Y,WANG X J,ZHANG J J,et al.Effects of tillage and fertilizer on soil nutrient and wheat yield in wheat-corn rotation area.Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2013,28(3):152-158.]
[23]HAN D R,M WIESMEIER,R T CONANT,et al.Large soil organic carbon increase due to improved agronomic management in the North China Plain from 1980s to 2010s.Glob Chang Biol,2017,24(3):987-1000.
[24]亢宁.山东省耕地土壤养分数据库建立及其分异特征分析.济南:山东农业大学,2017.[HANG N.Database establishment and differentiation characteristics of soil nutrient in Shandong province.Jinan:Shandong Agricultural University,2017.]
[25]KENDY E,MOLDEN D J,STEENHUIS T S,et al.Policies drain the North China Plain:Agricultural policy and groundwater depletion in Luancheng county,1949-2000.Colombo:International Water Management Institute,Research Report 71,2003.
[26]方生,陈秀玲,范振铎,等.旱涝碱咸综合治理与生态环境良性循环.地下水,2005,27(1):12-15.[FANG S,CHEN XL,FAN Z D,et al.Comprehensive control of drought,waterlogging,salinity and saline groundwater and good circulation of eco-environment.Ground Water,2005,27(1):12-15.]
[27]赵广帅,李发东,李运生,等.长期施肥对土壤有机质积累的影响.生态环境学报,2012,21(5):840-847.[ZHANG GS,LI F D,LI Y S,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic matter accumulation.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(5):840-847.]
[28]初明光,王激清,马文奇,等.山东省粮食作物的化肥施用状况分析.中国土壤与肥料,2006,(2):12-15.[CHU G M,WANG J Q,MA W Q,et al.Analysis of fertilizer application on grain crops in Shandong province.Soil and Fertilizer Sciences,2006,(2):12-15.]
[29]肖建军,崔荣宗,魏建林,等.山东省粮食主产区农户施肥行为调查分析:以德州市平原县为例.山东农业科学,2014,(12):84-87.[XIAO J J,CUI R Z,WEI J L,et al.Investigation and analysis of farmers'fertilization behavior in major grain producing area of Shandong province:A case study in Pingyuan county of Dezhou.Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2014,(12):84-87.]
[30]鲁如坤.中国农业中的磷.中国磷肥应用研究现状与展望学术讨论会论文集,2005:19-30.[LU R K.Phosphorus in agriculture of China.The Science Colloquium Papers of the Status and Prospect of Phosphate Fertilizer Application in China,2005:19-30.]
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