冬作物秸秆还田对双季稻产量和土壤肥力的影响
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摘要
为探讨冬作物秸秆还田对双季稻产量和土壤肥力的影响,以冬闲—双季稻为对照,设计了油菜—双季稻、紫云英—双季稻、黑麦草—双季稻、马铃薯—双季稻4种复种模式,进行对比试验。试验结果显示:与冬闲相比,油菜、紫云英、黑麦草和马铃薯秸秆还田提高了水稻有效穗数和穗粒数,水稻平均产量增加,增幅分别为4. 44%、6. 50%、4. 76%、6. 69%;油菜、紫云英、黑麦草和马铃薯秸秆还田后土壤平均pH值比冬闲分别下降0. 07、0. 11、0. 25、0. 08个单位,平均有效磷含量分别下降25. 0%、17. 6%、22. 5%、28. 6%,降幅明显;土壤碱解氮含量增幅大小顺序为紫云英还田处理>油菜秸秆还田处理>黑麦草秸秆还田处理,增幅分别为4. 41%、1. 39%、1. 36%;有机质含量增幅大小顺序为油菜秸秆还田处理>马铃薯秸秆还田处理,增幅分别为3. 0%、1. 2%;速效钾含量增加的只有黑麦草秸秆还田处理,增幅为7. 4%。表明紫云英—双季稻和油菜—双季稻是较好的复种模式。
In order to investigate the effects of winter crops straw returning on yield and soil fertility in a double cropping rice paddy,four main multiple cropping modes,rape-double cropping rice,astragalus-double cropping rice,ryegrass-double cropping rice and potato-double cropping rice,were set up with winter fallow-double cropping rice as control. The results showed that: Rape,Chinese milk vetch,ryegrass and potato returning straw increased the rice average yield of four seasons by 4. 44%,6. 50%,4. 76% and 6. 69% respectively compared with fallow. The main way to increase yield was to increase the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle. Compared with fallow,rape,Chinese milk vetch,ryegrass and potato returning straw reduced the average pH value by 0. 07,0. 11,0. 25 and 0. 08 units; the average available phosphorus content decreased by 25. 0%,17. 6%,22. 5% and 28. 6% respectively,decline was obvious. Compared with winter fallow,the increase order of hydrolyzed nitrogen content was Chinese milk vetch straw returning treatment > rape >ryegrass,increased by 4. 41%,1. 39% and 1. 36% respectively; the increase order of organic matter content was rape straw returning treatment > potato,increased by 3. 0% and 1. 2% respectively; only ryegrass straw returning treatment increased available potassium content by 7. 4%. In conclusion,Chinese milk vetch-double cropping rice and rape-double cropping rice were the better multiple cropping model.
In order to investigate the effects of winter crops straw returning on yield and soil fertility in a double cropping rice paddy,four main multiple cropping modes,rape-double cropping rice,astragalus-double cropping rice,ryegrass-double cropping rice and potato-double cropping rice,were set up with winter fallow-double cropping rice as control. The results showed that: Rape,Chinese milk vetch,ryegrass and potato returning straw increased the rice average yield of four seasons by 4. 44%,6. 50%,4. 76% and 6. 69% respectively compared with fallow. The main way to increase yield was to increase the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle. Compared with fallow,rape,Chinese milk vetch,ryegrass and potato returning straw reduced the average pH value by 0. 07,0. 11,0. 25 and 0. 08 units; the average available phosphorus content decreased by 25. 0%,17. 6%,22. 5% and 28. 6% respectively,decline was obvious. Compared with winter fallow,the increase order of hydrolyzed nitrogen content was Chinese milk vetch straw returning treatment > rape >ryegrass,increased by 4. 41%,1. 39% and 1. 36% respectively; the increase order of organic matter content was rape straw returning treatment > potato,increased by 3. 0% and 1. 2% respectively; only ryegrass straw returning treatment increased available potassium content by 7. 4%. In conclusion,Chinese milk vetch-double cropping rice and rape-double cropping rice were the better multiple cropping model.
引文
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[12]南京农学院.土壤农化分析[M].北京:农业出版社,1980.
[13]杨旭初,叶会财,李大明,等.基于模糊数学和主成分分析的长期施肥红壤旱地土壤肥力评价[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(3):79-84.
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[15]唐海明,肖小平,汤文光,等.双季稻区冬季覆盖作物残茬还田对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(9):1666-1675.
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[18]费聪,李飞飞,吕尊富.水稻不同时期群体指标与产量的关系研究[J].安徽农学通报,2018,24(23):33-36.
[19]方立魁,隗冥,丛云飞,等.稻油轮作机插秧水稻群体特征及产量形成机制研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2018,40(10):33-39.
[20]郭长春,孙知白,孙永健,等.优质丰产杂交籼稻品种机直播产量构成及其群体质量研究[J].中国水稻科学,2018,32(5):462-474.
[21]李增强,王建红,张贤.绿肥腐解及养分释放过程研究进展[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(4):8-16.
[22]周春火,潘晓华,吴建富,等.不同复种方式对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013(2):304-311.
[23]王子芳,高明,秦建成,等.稻田长期水旱轮作对土壤肥力的影响研究[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003(6):514-517,521.
[24]席莹莹.绿肥种类和种植方式对水稻产量、养分吸收及土壤肥力的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学硕士学位论文,2014.
[2]官春云,黄璜,黄国勤,等.中国南方稻田多熟种植存在的问题及对策[J].作物杂志,2016(2):1-7.
[3]兰延.稻田冬种复种模式优化研究[D].南昌:江西农业大学硕士学位论文,2014.
[4]高菊生,曹卫东,李冬初,等.长期双季稻绿肥轮作对水稻产量及稻田土壤有机质的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(16):4542-4548.
[5]叶桃林,李建国,胡立峰,等.湖南省双季稻主产区保护性耕作关键技术定位研究Ⅰ.稻田不同保护性耕作种植模式作物生长发育状况与经济效益评价[J].作物研究,2006,20(1):34-39.
[6]王丹英,彭建,徐春梅,等.油菜作绿肥还田的培肥效应及对水稻生长的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2012(1):85-91.
[7]杨滨娟,黄国勤,王超,等.稻田冬种绿肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(10):1209-1216.
[8]黄晶,高菊生,刘淑军,等.冬种紫云英对水稻产量及其养分吸收的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013,21(1):88-92.
[9]王秋菊,常本超,孙兵,等.不同类型土壤对水稻产量及养分吸收特性的影响[J].作物杂志,2015(3):116-121.
[10]曾希柏,关光复.稻田不同耕作制下有机质和氮磷钾的变化研究[J].生态学报,1999(1):92-97.
[11]叶文培,谢小立,王凯荣,等.不同时期秸秆还田对水稻生长发育及产量的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2008(1):65-70.
[12]南京农学院.土壤农化分析[M].北京:农业出版社,1980.
[13]杨旭初,叶会财,李大明,等.基于模糊数学和主成分分析的长期施肥红壤旱地土壤肥力评价[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(3):79-84.
[14]高菊生,曹卫东,董春华,等.长期稻-稻-绿肥轮作对水稻产量的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2010,24(6):672-676.
[15]唐海明,肖小平,汤文光,等.双季稻区冬季覆盖作物残茬还田对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(9):1666-1675.
[16]刘春增,李本银,吕玉虎,等.紫云英还田对土壤肥力、水稻产量及其经济效益的影响[J].河南农业科学,2011(5):96-99.
[17]李子双,廉晓娟,王薇,等.我国绿肥的研究进展[J].草业科学,2013,30(7):1135-1140.
[18]费聪,李飞飞,吕尊富.水稻不同时期群体指标与产量的关系研究[J].安徽农学通报,2018,24(23):33-36.
[19]方立魁,隗冥,丛云飞,等.稻油轮作机插秧水稻群体特征及产量形成机制研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2018,40(10):33-39.
[20]郭长春,孙知白,孙永健,等.优质丰产杂交籼稻品种机直播产量构成及其群体质量研究[J].中国水稻科学,2018,32(5):462-474.
[21]李增强,王建红,张贤.绿肥腐解及养分释放过程研究进展[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(4):8-16.
[22]周春火,潘晓华,吴建富,等.不同复种方式对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013(2):304-311.
[23]王子芳,高明,秦建成,等.稻田长期水旱轮作对土壤肥力的影响研究[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003(6):514-517,521.
[24]席莹莹.绿肥种类和种植方式对水稻产量、养分吸收及土壤肥力的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学硕士学位论文,2014.