甬江流域土地利用方式对面源磷污染的影响:基于SWAT模型研究
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摘要
为定量探讨SWAT模型在土地利用方式对面源磷污染影响研究中的适用性,以甬江流域为研究区,构建流域2010年至2014年的SWAT水文水质模型,从水文响应单元的空间尺度上进行了分析研究。结果表明:模型在开展大中流域尺度,长时间序列的土地利用方式对面源磷污染影响的研究中表现良好;流域内林地、建设用地、耕地、园地年均产流深度分别为588.05、729.52、624.26、608.05 mm,产沙年均单位负荷分别为10.09、0.90、44.68、13.29 t·hm-2;总磷年均单位负荷分别为1.42、0.35、9.81、1.82 kg·hm-2。产流深度、产沙单位负荷与总磷单位负荷之间的一元线性回归模型表明:产流、产沙和面源磷之间存在明显的线性关系,且各土地利用方式产沙和磷(R2=0.83～0.88,P<0.001)之间的一元线性回归模型预测能力均高于产流和总磷(R2=0.63～0.68,P<0.001),表明了面源磷流失的主要载体为泥沙。此外,不同类型土地利用方式下磷输出空间差异性也十分显著,林地在坡度级别为6级时磷流失是2级时的6.90倍;土壤类型RGd(不饱和疏松岩性土)在坡度2级下磷流失是ACu(腐殖质低活性强酸土)的1.15倍,而在6级下是1.42倍。
This study establishes a SWAT hydrology and water quality model from the year 2010 to 2014 for the Yong River Basin, investigating the impact of land use on the non-point source phosphorus pollution on a hydrological response unit scale. Results showed that the model well-simulated the impact of land-use types of non-point pollution, especially in large basins over long time scales. The average annual runoff depths of forest, urban lands, agricultural lands, and orchards in the Yong River Basin were 588.05, 729.52, 624.26, and 608.05 mm, respectively. The average annual sediment loads were 10.09, 0.90, 44.68, and 13.29 t·hm-2, respectively. The average annual total phosphorus loads were 1.42, 0.35, 9.81, and 1.82 kg·hm-2, respectively. The linear regression model showed that there were clear linear relationships among runoff depth, sediment loads, and total phosphorus loads for the different types of land uses. The determination coefficients(R2)of the linear regression model for the sediment load and the total phosphorus load(R2=0.83～0.88,P<0.001)were higher than those for the runoff depth and total phosphorus load(R2=0.63～0.68,P<0.001), indicating that sediment was the main cause for the nonpoint source phosphorus loss. The total phosphorus load demonstrated significant spatial variability under one land-use type. The phosphorus load of the forest at a slope grade of 6 was 6.90 times that at a slope grade of 2. The phosphorus load of RGd soil at slope grades of 2 and6 were 1.15 and 1.42 times of that of ACu soil, respectively.
This study establishes a SWAT hydrology and water quality model from the year 2010 to 2014 for the Yong River Basin, investigating the impact of land use on the non-point source phosphorus pollution on a hydrological response unit scale. Results showed that the model well-simulated the impact of land-use types of non-point pollution, especially in large basins over long time scales. The average annual runoff depths of forest, urban lands, agricultural lands, and orchards in the Yong River Basin were 588.05, 729.52, 624.26, and 608.05 mm, respectively. The average annual sediment loads were 10.09, 0.90, 44.68, and 13.29 t·hm-2, respectively. The average annual total phosphorus loads were 1.42, 0.35, 9.81, and 1.82 kg·hm-2, respectively. The linear regression model showed that there were clear linear relationships among runoff depth, sediment loads, and total phosphorus loads for the different types of land uses. The determination coefficients(R2)of the linear regression model for the sediment load and the total phosphorus load(R2=0.83～0.88,P<0.001)were higher than those for the runoff depth and total phosphorus load(R2=0.63～0.68,P<0.001), indicating that sediment was the main cause for the nonpoint source phosphorus loss. The total phosphorus load demonstrated significant spatial variability under one land-use type. The phosphorus load of the forest at a slope grade of 6 was 6.90 times that at a slope grade of 2. The phosphorus load of RGd soil at slope grades of 2 and6 were 1.15 and 1.42 times of that of ACu soil, respectively.
引文
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[11]王康,冉宁,林忠兵,等.基于SWAT模型的流域河道硝酸盐δ15N和δ18O模拟[J].环境科学, 2018, 39(1):68-76.WANG Kang, RAN Ning, LIN Zhong-bing, et al. Simulation of nitrate isotopicδ15N andδ18O by coupling the hydrology and transport processes described by the SWAT model[J]. Environmental Science,2018, 39(1):68-76.
[12] Jayakrishnan R, Srinivasan R, Santhi C, et al. Advances in the application of the SWAT model for water resources management[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2005, 19(3):749-762.
[13] Jiang J, Li S, Hu J, et al. A modeling approach to evaluating the impacts of policy-induced land management practices on non-point source pollution:A case study of the Liuxi River watershed, China[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2014, 131(1):1-16.
[14] Ficklin D L, Luo Y Z, Luedeling E, et al. Climate change sensitivity assessment of a highly agricultural watershed using SWAT[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 374(1):16-29.
[15] Hao F H. Watershed water quality models and modeling[M]. Beijing:Beijing Normal University Publishing Group, 2008.
[16]李铸衡,刘淼,李春林,等.土地利用变化情景下浑河-太子河流域的非点源污染模拟[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(9):2891-2898.LI Zhu-heng, LIU Miao, LI Chun-lin, et al. Non-point source pollution simulation under land use change scenarios in Hun-Taizi River watershed[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(9):2891-2898.
[17] LIU Miao, LI Chunlin, HU Yuanman, et al. Combining CLUE-S and SWAT models to forecast land use change and non-point source pollution impact at a watershed scale in Liaoning Province, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2014, 24(5):540-550.
[18]马广文,王圣瑞,王业耀,等.鄱阳湖流域面源污染负荷模拟与氮和磷时空分布特征[J].环境科学学报, 2015, 35(5):1285-1291.MA Guang-wen, WANG Sheng-rui, WANG Ye-yao, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus and diffuse source pollution load simulation of Poyang Lake Basin[J].Journal of Environmental Science, 2015, 35(5):1285-1291.
[19]王明湖,章志远,赵丽稳,等.浅析宁波市水稻主栽品种的现状与发展趋势[J].浙江农业科学, 2017, 58(1):11-13.WANG Ming-hu, ZHANG Zhi-yuan, ZHAO Li-wen, et al. Analysis on the current situation and development trend of main rice varieties in Ningbo[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 58(1):11-13.
[20] Behrendt H, Boekhold A. Phosphorus saturation in soils and groundwaters[J]. Land Degradation&Development, 2010, 4(4):233-243.
[21]赵护兵,刘国彬,曹清玉,等.黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式水土流失及养分保蓄效应研究[J].水土保持学报, 2006, 20(1):20-24.ZHAO Hu-bing, LIU Guo-bin, CAO Qing-yu, et al. Study on soil erosion and nutrient storage effect of different land uses in loess hilly region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(1):20-24.
[22] Liu Y, Tao Y, Wan K Y, et al. Runoff and nutrient losses in citrus orchards on sloping land subjected to different surface mulching practices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area of China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2012, 110(3):34-40.
[23]高超,朱继业,朱建国,等.不同土地利用方式下的地表径流磷输出及其季节性分布特征[J].环境科学学报, 2005(11):115-121.GAO Chao, ZHU Ji-ye, ZHU Jian-guo, et al. Phosphorus exports via overland runoff under different land uses and their seasonal[J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 2005(11):115-121.
[24]沈连峰,苗蕾,韩敏,等.河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析[J].水土保持学报, 2012, 26(4):77-80.SHEN Lian-feng, MIAO Lei, HAN Min, et al. Characteristics analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus loss about different land use types of Huaihe River basin of Henan Province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(4):77-80.
[25]洪林,李瑞鸿.南方典型灌区农田地表径流氮磷流失特性[J].地理研究, 2011, 30(1):115-124.HONG Lin, LI Rui-hong. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff from farmland in a typical irrigation district in southern China[J]. Geographic Research, 2011, 30(1):115-124.
[2]程磊,徐宗学,罗睿,等. SWAT在干旱半干旱地区的应用:以窟野河流域为例[J].地理研究, 2009, 28(1):65-73.CHENG Lei, XU Zong-xue, LUO Rui, et al. SWAT application in arid and semi-arid region:A case study in the Kuye River Basin[J]. Geographic Research, 2009, 28(1):65-73.
[3]刘钦普.中国化肥面源污染环境风险时空变化[J].农业环境科学学报, 2017, 36(7):1247-1253.LIU Qin-pu. Spatio-temoral changes of fertilization environmental risk of China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2017, 36(7):1247-1253.
[4]王全九,王文焰,沈冰,等.降雨-地表径流-土壤溶质作用深度[J].水土保持学报, 1998, 4(2):41-46.WANG Quan-jiu, WANG Wen-yan, SHEN Bing, et al. Interacting depth of rainfall-runoff-soil solute[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1998, 4(2):41-46.
[5] Tong Y, Zhang W, Wang X, et al. Decline in Chinese lake phosphorus concentration accompanied by shift in sources since 2006[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2017, 10(7):507-511.
[6] Kumar R, Ambasht R S, Srivastava A, et al. Reduction of nitrogen losses through erosion by Leonotis nepetaefolia and Sida acuta in simulated rain intensities[J]. Ecological Engineering, 1997, 8:233-239.
[7] Hengpeng LI, Liu X, Huang W. The Non-point output of different landuse typesin Zhexi hydraulic region of Taihu Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(3):401-408.
[8] Borah D K. Watershed-scale hydrologic and non-point source pollution models:Review of mathematical bases[J]. Trans Asae, 2003, 46(6):1553-1566.
[9] Borah D K, Bera M. Watershed-scale hydrologic and nonpoint-source pollution models:Review of applications[J]. Transactions of the ASAE,2004, 47(3):789-803.
[10] Romanowicz A A, Vanclooster M, Rounsevell M, et al. Sensitivity of the SWAT model to the soil and land use data parameterizatuon:A case study in the Thyle catchment, Belgium[J]. Ecological Modelling,2005, 187(1):27-39.
[11]王康,冉宁,林忠兵,等.基于SWAT模型的流域河道硝酸盐δ15N和δ18O模拟[J].环境科学, 2018, 39(1):68-76.WANG Kang, RAN Ning, LIN Zhong-bing, et al. Simulation of nitrate isotopicδ15N andδ18O by coupling the hydrology and transport processes described by the SWAT model[J]. Environmental Science,2018, 39(1):68-76.
[12] Jayakrishnan R, Srinivasan R, Santhi C, et al. Advances in the application of the SWAT model for water resources management[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2005, 19(3):749-762.
[13] Jiang J, Li S, Hu J, et al. A modeling approach to evaluating the impacts of policy-induced land management practices on non-point source pollution:A case study of the Liuxi River watershed, China[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2014, 131(1):1-16.
[14] Ficklin D L, Luo Y Z, Luedeling E, et al. Climate change sensitivity assessment of a highly agricultural watershed using SWAT[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 374(1):16-29.
[15] Hao F H. Watershed water quality models and modeling[M]. Beijing:Beijing Normal University Publishing Group, 2008.
[16]李铸衡,刘淼,李春林,等.土地利用变化情景下浑河-太子河流域的非点源污染模拟[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(9):2891-2898.LI Zhu-heng, LIU Miao, LI Chun-lin, et al. Non-point source pollution simulation under land use change scenarios in Hun-Taizi River watershed[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(9):2891-2898.
[17] LIU Miao, LI Chunlin, HU Yuanman, et al. Combining CLUE-S and SWAT models to forecast land use change and non-point source pollution impact at a watershed scale in Liaoning Province, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2014, 24(5):540-550.
[18]马广文,王圣瑞,王业耀,等.鄱阳湖流域面源污染负荷模拟与氮和磷时空分布特征[J].环境科学学报, 2015, 35(5):1285-1291.MA Guang-wen, WANG Sheng-rui, WANG Ye-yao, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus and diffuse source pollution load simulation of Poyang Lake Basin[J].Journal of Environmental Science, 2015, 35(5):1285-1291.
[19]王明湖,章志远,赵丽稳,等.浅析宁波市水稻主栽品种的现状与发展趋势[J].浙江农业科学, 2017, 58(1):11-13.WANG Ming-hu, ZHANG Zhi-yuan, ZHAO Li-wen, et al. Analysis on the current situation and development trend of main rice varieties in Ningbo[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 58(1):11-13.
[20] Behrendt H, Boekhold A. Phosphorus saturation in soils and groundwaters[J]. Land Degradation&Development, 2010, 4(4):233-243.
[21]赵护兵,刘国彬,曹清玉,等.黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式水土流失及养分保蓄效应研究[J].水土保持学报, 2006, 20(1):20-24.ZHAO Hu-bing, LIU Guo-bin, CAO Qing-yu, et al. Study on soil erosion and nutrient storage effect of different land uses in loess hilly region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(1):20-24.
[22] Liu Y, Tao Y, Wan K Y, et al. Runoff and nutrient losses in citrus orchards on sloping land subjected to different surface mulching practices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area of China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2012, 110(3):34-40.
[23]高超,朱继业,朱建国,等.不同土地利用方式下的地表径流磷输出及其季节性分布特征[J].环境科学学报, 2005(11):115-121.GAO Chao, ZHU Ji-ye, ZHU Jian-guo, et al. Phosphorus exports via overland runoff under different land uses and their seasonal[J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 2005(11):115-121.
[24]沈连峰,苗蕾,韩敏,等.河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析[J].水土保持学报, 2012, 26(4):77-80.SHEN Lian-feng, MIAO Lei, HAN Min, et al. Characteristics analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus loss about different land use types of Huaihe River basin of Henan Province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(4):77-80.
[25]洪林,李瑞鸿.南方典型灌区农田地表径流氮磷流失特性[J].地理研究, 2011, 30(1):115-124.HONG Lin, LI Rui-hong. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff from farmland in a typical irrigation district in southern China[J]. Geographic Research, 2011, 30(1):115-124.
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