西双版纳地区丛林式橡胶林内植物的水分利用策略
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摘要
作为一种模仿热带雨林结构而构建的复合式橡胶种植林,丛林式橡胶林比纯橡胶林更符合可持续发展的理念。通过研究丛林式橡胶林内植物的水分利用策略以探索植物合理的种间配置结构,对于优化现存胶园具有重要的指导意义。本研究选取位于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园内的丛林式橡胶林为实验对象,以纯橡胶林为对照,通过氢氧稳定同位素方法定量区分植物的水分来源,同时通过植物叶片碳同位素比较植物水分利用效率,进而探究植物的水分利用策略。结果表明:(1)丛林式橡胶林平均土壤含水量显著高于纯橡胶林,说明丛林式橡胶林内水分条件更好。(2)纯橡胶林中橡胶树在雨季的水分来源主要为0～5 cm土壤水(81.6%),干季主要利用5～15 cm土壤水(49.6%),对不同深度土壤水利用比例季节性波动大。丛林式橡胶林中橡胶树对不同深度土壤水利用比例季节性波动小,林内浦竹仔和其余乔木种在雨季对浅层土壤水利用比例比干季高,橡胶树为避免种间竞争而增加深层土壤水的利用比例,有利于根系向更深处发展。(3)相较于纯橡胶林,丛林式橡胶林内橡胶树叶片δ~(13)C值季节差异小,说明其水分利用效率稳定。在干季,丛林式橡胶林内橡胶树叶片δ~(13)C值低于纯橡胶林内橡胶树,说明橡胶树在丛林式橡胶林内受到干旱胁迫更弱,此时橡胶树δ~(13)C值高于雨季,橡胶树以此应对季节性干旱胁迫。总的来说,丛林式橡胶林内土壤水分条件更好,植物水分利用策略更为灵活,是一种值得推广的可持续橡胶林管理措施。
Jungle rubber,a rubber agroforestry based on tropical rainforest structure,is more in line with the thought of sustainable development for rubber garden than rubber monoculture.Thus,exploring the interspecific composition and structure of jungle rubber by investigating plant water use strategies will help optimize the efficiency of current rubber monoculture. The aim of this study was to compare the water use strategies of plants between jungle rubber and rubber monoculture. The stable isotope( δD,δ18O,and δ~(13)C) methods were used to investigate the plants' water source and use efficiency. The results showed that:( 1) Soil water content in jungle rubber was higher than that in rubber monoculture in both rainy and dry seasons,indicating that soil water condition of jungle rubber was better.( 2) The absorbed water of rubber trees in rubber monoculture from the diverse soil layers varied considerably between the two seasons. During the rainy season,greater water uptake of the monoculture rubber trees was from the 0-5 cm soil layer,occupying 81.6% of total water source,while during the dry season,the higher uptake was from the 5-15 cm soil layer,with a proportion of 49.6%. However,the water source of rubber trees in jungle rubber was relatively steady,and their water uptake from the deeper soil layer was greater than from the shallow soil layer,conducing to a deeper expansion of roots.( 3) The water use efficiency of rubber trees in jungle rubber was generally more stable than that in rubber monoculture. Thus,the difference of leaf δ~(13)C values of rubber trees in jungle rubber was smaller than that in rubber monoculture during the dry season,showing that the rubber trees in jungle rubber had a weaker drought stress. Meanwhile,rubber trees adjusted their water use strategies by enhancing leaf δ~(13)C to improve their tolerance of seasonal drought. In conclusion,jungle rubber was a promising sustainable management with better soil water condition and more flexible plant water use strategies compared to the traditional rubber monoculture.
Jungle rubber,a rubber agroforestry based on tropical rainforest structure,is more in line with the thought of sustainable development for rubber garden than rubber monoculture.Thus,exploring the interspecific composition and structure of jungle rubber by investigating plant water use strategies will help optimize the efficiency of current rubber monoculture. The aim of this study was to compare the water use strategies of plants between jungle rubber and rubber monoculture. The stable isotope( δD,δ18O,and δ~(13)C) methods were used to investigate the plants' water source and use efficiency. The results showed that:( 1) Soil water content in jungle rubber was higher than that in rubber monoculture in both rainy and dry seasons,indicating that soil water condition of jungle rubber was better.( 2) The absorbed water of rubber trees in rubber monoculture from the diverse soil layers varied considerably between the two seasons. During the rainy season,greater water uptake of the monoculture rubber trees was from the 0-5 cm soil layer,occupying 81.6% of total water source,while during the dry season,the higher uptake was from the 5-15 cm soil layer,with a proportion of 49.6%. However,the water source of rubber trees in jungle rubber was relatively steady,and their water uptake from the deeper soil layer was greater than from the shallow soil layer,conducing to a deeper expansion of roots.( 3) The water use efficiency of rubber trees in jungle rubber was generally more stable than that in rubber monoculture. Thus,the difference of leaf δ~(13)C values of rubber trees in jungle rubber was smaller than that in rubber monoculture during the dry season,showing that the rubber trees in jungle rubber had a weaker drought stress. Meanwhile,rubber trees adjusted their water use strategies by enhancing leaf δ~(13)C to improve their tolerance of seasonal drought. In conclusion,jungle rubber was a promising sustainable management with better soil water condition and more flexible plant water use strategies compared to the traditional rubber monoculture.
引文
曹生奎,冯起,司建华,等.2009.植物叶片水分利用效率研究综述.生态学报,29(7):3882-3892.
冯耀宗.2007.人工群落.昆明:云南科技出版社.
李机密,黄儒珠,王健,等.2009.陆生植物水分利用效率.生态学杂志,28(8):1655-1663.
李雪松,贾德彬,钱龙娇,等.2018.基于同位素技术分析不同生长季节杨树水分利用.生态学杂志,37(3):840-846.
刘陈立,张军,李阳阳,等.2017.西双版纳橡胶林信息提取和时空格局扩张监测.福建林业科技,44(2):43-50.
卢洪健,刘文杰,罗亲普.2011.西双版纳山地橡胶林凋落物的生态水文效应.生态学杂志,30(10):2129-2136.
聂云鹏,陈洪松,王克林,等.2017.采用稳定同位素技术判定喀斯特地区植物水分来源的挑战与可能应对方案.应用生态学报,28(7):2361-2368.
吴华武,李小雁,蒋志云,等.2015.基于δD和δ18O的青海湖流域芨芨草水分利用来源变化研究.生态学报,35(24):8174-8183.
谢贵水,蒋菊生,陈俊明,等.2002.丛林式橡胶园栽培试验初报.热带农业科学,22(1):1-5.
张鑫生,闫飞,王宗玮,等.2009.13C同位素判别技术在评价植物水分利用效率中的应用.吉林农业科学,34(4):17-20.
赵玮,张一平,宋清海,等.2014.橡胶树蒸腾特征及其与环境因子的关系.生态学杂志,33(7):1803-1810.
周外,吴兆录,何謦成,等.2011.橡胶种植与饮水短缺:西双版纳戈牛村的案例.生态学杂志,30(7):1570-1574.
周雅聃,陈世苹,宋维民,等.2011.不同降水条件下两种荒漠植物的水分利用策略.植物生态学报,35(8):789-800.
Bert DS,Leavitt W,Dupouey JL.1997.Variations of woodδ13Cand water-use efficiency of Abies alba during the last century.Ecology,78:1588-1596.
Corlett RT.2015.The Anthropocene concept in ecology and conservation.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,30:36-41.
Dawson TE,Mambelli S,Plamboeck AH,et al.2002.Stable isotopes in plant ecology.Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,33:507-559.
Duan DY,Ouyang H,Song MH,et al.2008.Water sources of dominant species in three alpine ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau,China.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,50:257-264.
Ehleringer JR,Hall AE,Farquhar GD.1993.Stable isotopes and plant carbon-water relations//Ehleringer JR,Hall AE,Farquhar GD,eds.Stable Isotopes&Plant Carbonwater Relations.San Diego,CA:Academic Press,541-555.
Farquhar GD,Ehleringer JR,Hubick KT.1989.Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis.Annual Review of Plant Biology,40:503-537.
Fox J,Castella JC,Ziegler AD,et al.2014.Rubber plantations expand in mountainous Southeast Asia:What are the consequences for the environment?Asia Pacific Issues,114:1-8.
Grime JP.2002.Plant strategies,vegetation processes,and ecosystem properties.Journal of Vegetation Science,13:294.
Gouyon A,Foresta HD,Levang P.1993.Does‘jungle rubber’deserve its name?An analysis of rubber agroforestry systems in southeast Sumatra.Agroforestry Systems,22:181-206.
Jiang XJ,Liu WJ,Wu JE,et al.2017.Land degradation controlled and mitigated by rubber-based agroforestry systems through optimizing soil physical conditions and water supply mechanisms:A case study in Xishuangbanna,China.Land Degradation&Development,28:2277-2289.
Liu WJ,Li H,Lu P,et al.2014.Vertical patterns of soil water acquisition by non-native rubber trees(Hevea brasiliensis)in Xishuangbanna,southwest China.Ecohydrology,7:1234-1244.
Liu WJ,Zhang YP,Li HM,et al.2005.Fog drip and its relation to groundwater in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna,Southwest China:A preliminary study.Water Research,39:787-794.
McKinney CR,McCrea JM,Epstein S,et al.1950.Improvements in mass spectrometers for the measurement of small differences in isotope abundance ratios.Review of Scientific Instruments,21:724-730.
Meinzer FC,Rundel PW,Goldstein G,et al.1992.Carbon isotope composition in relation to leaf gas exchange and environmental conditions in Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha populations.Oecologia,91:305-311.
Parnell AC,Phillips DL,Bearhop S,et al.2013.Bayesian stable isotope mixing models.Environmetrics,24:387-399.
Pate JS,Dawson TE.1999.Assessing the performance of woody plants in uptake and utilisation of carbon,water and nutrients:Implications for designing agricultural mimic systems.Agroforestry Systems,45:245-275.
Penot E,Babin D.2004.From shifting agriculture to sustainable complex rubber agroforestry systems(jungle rubber)in Indonesia:A history of innovation processes.Post-Print:221-249.
Robinson DE,Wagner RG,Bell FW,et al.2001.Photosynthesis,nitrogen-use efficiency,and water-use efficiency of jack pine seedlings in competition with four boreal forest plant species.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,31:2014-2025.
Schroth G,Moraes VHF,Mota MSSD.2004.Increasing the profitability of traditional,planted rubber agroforests at the Tapajós river,Brazilian Amazon.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,102:319-339.
Soderberg K,Good SP,Wang L,et al.2012.Stable isotopes of water vapor in the vadose zone:A review of measurement and modeling techniques.Vadose Zone Journal,12:215-228.
Stock BC,Semmens BX.2013.MixSIAR GUI User Manual.Version 1.0.https://github.com/brianstock/MixSIAR.
Tan ZH,Zhang YP,Song QH,et al.2011.Rubber plantations act as water pumps in tropical China.Geophysical Research Letters,38:24406.
Wu JE,Liu WJ,Chen CF.2016.Can intercropping with the world’s three major beverage plants help improve the water use of rubber trees?Journal of Applied Ecology,53:1787-1799.
Wu JE,Liu WJ,Chen CF.2017.How do plants share water sources in a rubber-tea agroforestry system during the pronounced dry season?Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,236:69-77.
Zhu XA,Liu WJ,Chen H,et al.2019.Effects of forest transition on litterfall,standing litter and related nutrient returns:Implications for forest management in tropical China.Geoderma,333:123-134.
冯耀宗.2007.人工群落.昆明:云南科技出版社.
李机密,黄儒珠,王健,等.2009.陆生植物水分利用效率.生态学杂志,28(8):1655-1663.
李雪松,贾德彬,钱龙娇,等.2018.基于同位素技术分析不同生长季节杨树水分利用.生态学杂志,37(3):840-846.
刘陈立,张军,李阳阳,等.2017.西双版纳橡胶林信息提取和时空格局扩张监测.福建林业科技,44(2):43-50.
卢洪健,刘文杰,罗亲普.2011.西双版纳山地橡胶林凋落物的生态水文效应.生态学杂志,30(10):2129-2136.
聂云鹏,陈洪松,王克林,等.2017.采用稳定同位素技术判定喀斯特地区植物水分来源的挑战与可能应对方案.应用生态学报,28(7):2361-2368.
吴华武,李小雁,蒋志云,等.2015.基于δD和δ18O的青海湖流域芨芨草水分利用来源变化研究.生态学报,35(24):8174-8183.
谢贵水,蒋菊生,陈俊明,等.2002.丛林式橡胶园栽培试验初报.热带农业科学,22(1):1-5.
张鑫生,闫飞,王宗玮,等.2009.13C同位素判别技术在评价植物水分利用效率中的应用.吉林农业科学,34(4):17-20.
赵玮,张一平,宋清海,等.2014.橡胶树蒸腾特征及其与环境因子的关系.生态学杂志,33(7):1803-1810.
周外,吴兆录,何謦成,等.2011.橡胶种植与饮水短缺:西双版纳戈牛村的案例.生态学杂志,30(7):1570-1574.
周雅聃,陈世苹,宋维民,等.2011.不同降水条件下两种荒漠植物的水分利用策略.植物生态学报,35(8):789-800.
Bert DS,Leavitt W,Dupouey JL.1997.Variations of woodδ13Cand water-use efficiency of Abies alba during the last century.Ecology,78:1588-1596.
Corlett RT.2015.The Anthropocene concept in ecology and conservation.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,30:36-41.
Dawson TE,Mambelli S,Plamboeck AH,et al.2002.Stable isotopes in plant ecology.Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,33:507-559.
Duan DY,Ouyang H,Song MH,et al.2008.Water sources of dominant species in three alpine ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau,China.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,50:257-264.
Ehleringer JR,Hall AE,Farquhar GD.1993.Stable isotopes and plant carbon-water relations//Ehleringer JR,Hall AE,Farquhar GD,eds.Stable Isotopes&Plant Carbonwater Relations.San Diego,CA:Academic Press,541-555.
Farquhar GD,Ehleringer JR,Hubick KT.1989.Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis.Annual Review of Plant Biology,40:503-537.
Fox J,Castella JC,Ziegler AD,et al.2014.Rubber plantations expand in mountainous Southeast Asia:What are the consequences for the environment?Asia Pacific Issues,114:1-8.
Grime JP.2002.Plant strategies,vegetation processes,and ecosystem properties.Journal of Vegetation Science,13:294.
Gouyon A,Foresta HD,Levang P.1993.Does‘jungle rubber’deserve its name?An analysis of rubber agroforestry systems in southeast Sumatra.Agroforestry Systems,22:181-206.
Jiang XJ,Liu WJ,Wu JE,et al.2017.Land degradation controlled and mitigated by rubber-based agroforestry systems through optimizing soil physical conditions and water supply mechanisms:A case study in Xishuangbanna,China.Land Degradation&Development,28:2277-2289.
Liu WJ,Li H,Lu P,et al.2014.Vertical patterns of soil water acquisition by non-native rubber trees(Hevea brasiliensis)in Xishuangbanna,southwest China.Ecohydrology,7:1234-1244.
Liu WJ,Zhang YP,Li HM,et al.2005.Fog drip and its relation to groundwater in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna,Southwest China:A preliminary study.Water Research,39:787-794.
McKinney CR,McCrea JM,Epstein S,et al.1950.Improvements in mass spectrometers for the measurement of small differences in isotope abundance ratios.Review of Scientific Instruments,21:724-730.
Meinzer FC,Rundel PW,Goldstein G,et al.1992.Carbon isotope composition in relation to leaf gas exchange and environmental conditions in Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha populations.Oecologia,91:305-311.
Parnell AC,Phillips DL,Bearhop S,et al.2013.Bayesian stable isotope mixing models.Environmetrics,24:387-399.
Pate JS,Dawson TE.1999.Assessing the performance of woody plants in uptake and utilisation of carbon,water and nutrients:Implications for designing agricultural mimic systems.Agroforestry Systems,45:245-275.
Penot E,Babin D.2004.From shifting agriculture to sustainable complex rubber agroforestry systems(jungle rubber)in Indonesia:A history of innovation processes.Post-Print:221-249.
Robinson DE,Wagner RG,Bell FW,et al.2001.Photosynthesis,nitrogen-use efficiency,and water-use efficiency of jack pine seedlings in competition with four boreal forest plant species.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,31:2014-2025.
Schroth G,Moraes VHF,Mota MSSD.2004.Increasing the profitability of traditional,planted rubber agroforests at the Tapajós river,Brazilian Amazon.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,102:319-339.
Soderberg K,Good SP,Wang L,et al.2012.Stable isotopes of water vapor in the vadose zone:A review of measurement and modeling techniques.Vadose Zone Journal,12:215-228.
Stock BC,Semmens BX.2013.MixSIAR GUI User Manual.Version 1.0.https://github.com/brianstock/MixSIAR.
Tan ZH,Zhang YP,Song QH,et al.2011.Rubber plantations act as water pumps in tropical China.Geophysical Research Letters,38:24406.
Wu JE,Liu WJ,Chen CF.2016.Can intercropping with the world’s three major beverage plants help improve the water use of rubber trees?Journal of Applied Ecology,53:1787-1799.
Wu JE,Liu WJ,Chen CF.2017.How do plants share water sources in a rubber-tea agroforestry system during the pronounced dry season?Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,236:69-77.
Zhu XA,Liu WJ,Chen H,et al.2019.Effects of forest transition on litterfall,standing litter and related nutrient returns:Implications for forest management in tropical China.Geoderma,333:123-134.
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