典型绿洲区长期膜下滴灌棉田残膜分布现状研究
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摘要
【目的】优化管理农田地膜。【方法】于2016年9月在新疆典型绿洲区石河子121团对6块覆膜滴灌棉田(应用膜下滴灌年限分别为5、9、11、13、15和19 a)土壤进行取样,研究了样品中的残膜面积和残膜质量。【结果】6块棉田地膜残留密度分别为127.11、215.85、250.63、294.17、327.83和348.83 kg/hm~2,残膜密度以每年16.37 kg/hm~2的趋势递增;残膜主要集中分布在土壤0～15 cm土层内,且面积大于30 cm~2,随着覆膜年限的增加,逐渐下移到15 cm以下土层内,且这部分残膜逐渐碎裂并均匀分布在土壤20～30 cm土层。随着覆膜年限的增加,棉田土壤中残膜的数量和密度均呈逐年上升趋势,表层土壤中面积较大的残膜在耕作过程中逐年碎裂并向深层土壤下移且均匀分布;同时随着覆膜年限的增加,在35～40 cm深层土壤中面积和质量较小的残膜呈明显增多的趋势。【结论】新疆绿洲区棉田地膜残留远超国家标准限值,应采用厚度大于0.008 mm地膜,同时采取措施提高农田地膜回收率。
【Objective】Film mulching is essential to agricultural production in arid region, but its slow degradation is an environmental concern. This paper analyzed the film residual distribution in cotton field in oasis region with film-mulched drip irrigation aimed to improve film mulching management.【Method】Film residual samples were collected in September 2016 from six cotton fields in the Regiment 121 of Shihezi City in typical oasis areas in Xinjiang, which had been under film-mulching drip irrigation for 5 to 19 years respectively. We measured the size of the residuals and their quauity in each soil sample.【Result】The film residual density in the six cotton fields were 127.11, 215.85, 250.63, 294.17, 327.83 and 348.83 kg/hm~2 respectively, increasing at an average rate of 16.37 kg/hm~2 per year. The film residuals >30 cm~2 was mainly found in the 0～15 cm soil, but moved downward as the duration of film mulching increased. Large residuals were progressively fragmented and then moved to 20～30 cm soil. Both mass and density of the residuals in the studied areas have been in rise, and the residuals in the top soil was broken and consequently moved into deep soil following tillage. As time elapsed, the density and quantity of small residuals in the 35～40 cm soil have been in rise.【Conclusion】The residues of plastic film in the cotton fields in Xinjiang oasis exceeded the limits of the national standard which requires that the plastic film should be thicker than 0.008 mm. As such, mitigation measures should be taken to increase the recovery or removal of the plastic film from the field.
【Objective】Film mulching is essential to agricultural production in arid region, but its slow degradation is an environmental concern. This paper analyzed the film residual distribution in cotton field in oasis region with film-mulched drip irrigation aimed to improve film mulching management.【Method】Film residual samples were collected in September 2016 from six cotton fields in the Regiment 121 of Shihezi City in typical oasis areas in Xinjiang, which had been under film-mulching drip irrigation for 5 to 19 years respectively. We measured the size of the residuals and their quauity in each soil sample.【Result】The film residual density in the six cotton fields were 127.11, 215.85, 250.63, 294.17, 327.83 and 348.83 kg/hm~2 respectively, increasing at an average rate of 16.37 kg/hm~2 per year. The film residuals >30 cm~2 was mainly found in the 0～15 cm soil, but moved downward as the duration of film mulching increased. Large residuals were progressively fragmented and then moved to 20～30 cm soil. Both mass and density of the residuals in the studied areas have been in rise, and the residuals in the top soil was broken and consequently moved into deep soil following tillage. As time elapsed, the density and quantity of small residuals in the 35～40 cm soil have been in rise.【Conclusion】The residues of plastic film in the cotton fields in Xinjiang oasis exceeded the limits of the national standard which requires that the plastic film should be thicker than 0.008 mm. As such, mitigation measures should be taken to increase the recovery or removal of the plastic film from the field.
引文
[1]严昌荣,梅旭荣,何文清,等.农用地膜残留污染的现状与防治[J].农业工程学报, 2006, 22(11):269-272.
[2]李毅,周牡丹.新疆地区棉花和甜菜需水量的统计降尺度模型预测[J].农业工程学报,2014, 30(22):70-79.
[3]李明思,刘洪光,郑旭荣.长期膜下滴灌农田土壤盐分时空变化[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(22):82-87.
[4]王磊,樊廷录,赵刚,等.地膜覆盖对不同株型春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(1):16-20.
[5]王频.残膜污染治理的对策和措施[J].农业工程学报, 1998, 14(3):185-188.
[6]刘建国,李彦斌,张伟,等.绿洲棉田长期连作下残膜分布及对棉花生长的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2010, 29(2):246-250.
[7] HE H, WANG Z, GUO L, et al. Distribution characteristics of residual film over a cotton field under long-term film mulching and drip irrigation in an oasis agroecosystem[J]. Soil&Tillage Research, 2018,(180):194-203.
[8]张丹,刘宏斌,马忠明,等.残膜对农田土壤养分含量及微生物特征的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2017, 50(2):310-319.
[9]张建军,郭天文,樊廷录,等.农用地膜残留对玉米生长发育及土壤水分运移的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2014, 33(1):100-102.
[10]王志超,李仙岳,史海滨,等.农膜残留对土壤水动力参数及土壤结构的影响[J].农业机械学报, 2015, 46(5):101-106.
[11]邹小阳,牛文全,许健,等.残膜对土壤水分入渗的影响及入渗模型适用性分析[J].灌溉排水学报, 2016, 35(9):1-7.
[12]邹小阳,牛文全,刘晶晶,等.残膜对土壤和作物的潜在风险研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报, 2017, 36(7):47-54.
[13] STEINMETZ Z, WOLLMANN C, SCHAEFER M, et al. Plastic mulching in agriculture. Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degra dation[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 550:690-705.
[14] BRODHAGEN M, GOLDBERGER J R, HAYES D G, et al. Policy considerations for limiting unintended residual plastic in agricultural soils[J].Environmental Science&Policy, 2017, 69:81-84.
[15] KIM G W, DAS S, HWANG H Y, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from soils amended by cover-crops and under plastic film mulching:Fluxes, emission factors and yield-scaled emissions[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017, 152:377-388.
[16]强小嫚,周新国,李彩霞,等.不同水分处理下液膜覆盖对夏玉米生长及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2010, 26(1):54-60.
[17]李云光,王振华,张金珠,等.液体地膜对滴灌棉花生理特性和产量的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2015, 31(13):105-112.
[18]王淑英,樊廷录,李尚中,等.生物降解膜降解、保墒增温性能及对玉米生长发育进程的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2016, 34(1):127-133.
[19]王科杰,罗昕,胡斌,等. 1MSF-3型残膜回收机机架的设计与优化[J].农机化研究, 2017, 39(3):144-149.
[20]康建明,王士国,颜利民,等.残膜回收机起膜铲设计与试验[J].农业机械学报, 2016(s1):143-148.
[21]严伟,胡志超,周新星,等.残膜回收机拾膜机构研究现状及展望[J].农机化研究, 2016(10):258-262.
[22]胡凯,王吉奎,李斌,等.棉秆粉碎还田与残膜回收联合作业机研制与试验[J].农业工程学报, 2013, 29(19):24-32.
[23]李伟,禚冬玲,刘玉京,等.棉田残膜污染及机械化回收技术探讨[J].中国农机化学报, 2017, 38(1):136-140.
[24]牛长河,王学农,刘旋峰,等.基于有限元分析法的棉田残膜回收机松土齿结构改进[J].农机化研究, 2016(3):33-36.
[25]董合干,王栋,王迎涛,等.新疆石河子地区棉田地膜残留的时空分布特征[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2013, 27(9):182-186.
[26]严昌荣,王序俭,何文清,等.新疆石河子地区棉田土壤中地膜残留研究[J].生态学报, 2008, 28(7):3 470-3 474.
[27]王振华.典型绿洲区长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分运移规律与灌溉调控研究[D].北京:中国农业大学, 2014.
[28]新疆维吾尔自治区农牧业机械试验鉴定站、新疆维吾尔自治区农业资源与环境保护站.农田地膜残留量限值及测定:GB/T 25413-2010[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2011.
[29]袁水河.新疆兵团八十三团推广棉田深翻犁地[J].中国棉花加工, 2015(5):48-48.
[30]张丹,胡万里,刘宏斌,等.华北地区地膜残留及典型覆膜作物残膜系数[J].农业工程学报, 2016, 32(3):1-5.
[2]李毅,周牡丹.新疆地区棉花和甜菜需水量的统计降尺度模型预测[J].农业工程学报,2014, 30(22):70-79.
[3]李明思,刘洪光,郑旭荣.长期膜下滴灌农田土壤盐分时空变化[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(22):82-87.
[4]王磊,樊廷录,赵刚,等.地膜覆盖对不同株型春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(1):16-20.
[5]王频.残膜污染治理的对策和措施[J].农业工程学报, 1998, 14(3):185-188.
[6]刘建国,李彦斌,张伟,等.绿洲棉田长期连作下残膜分布及对棉花生长的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2010, 29(2):246-250.
[7] HE H, WANG Z, GUO L, et al. Distribution characteristics of residual film over a cotton field under long-term film mulching and drip irrigation in an oasis agroecosystem[J]. Soil&Tillage Research, 2018,(180):194-203.
[8]张丹,刘宏斌,马忠明,等.残膜对农田土壤养分含量及微生物特征的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2017, 50(2):310-319.
[9]张建军,郭天文,樊廷录,等.农用地膜残留对玉米生长发育及土壤水分运移的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2014, 33(1):100-102.
[10]王志超,李仙岳,史海滨,等.农膜残留对土壤水动力参数及土壤结构的影响[J].农业机械学报, 2015, 46(5):101-106.
[11]邹小阳,牛文全,许健,等.残膜对土壤水分入渗的影响及入渗模型适用性分析[J].灌溉排水学报, 2016, 35(9):1-7.
[12]邹小阳,牛文全,刘晶晶,等.残膜对土壤和作物的潜在风险研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报, 2017, 36(7):47-54.
[13] STEINMETZ Z, WOLLMANN C, SCHAEFER M, et al. Plastic mulching in agriculture. Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degra dation[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 550:690-705.
[14] BRODHAGEN M, GOLDBERGER J R, HAYES D G, et al. Policy considerations for limiting unintended residual plastic in agricultural soils[J].Environmental Science&Policy, 2017, 69:81-84.
[15] KIM G W, DAS S, HWANG H Y, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from soils amended by cover-crops and under plastic film mulching:Fluxes, emission factors and yield-scaled emissions[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017, 152:377-388.
[16]强小嫚,周新国,李彩霞,等.不同水分处理下液膜覆盖对夏玉米生长及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2010, 26(1):54-60.
[17]李云光,王振华,张金珠,等.液体地膜对滴灌棉花生理特性和产量的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2015, 31(13):105-112.
[18]王淑英,樊廷录,李尚中,等.生物降解膜降解、保墒增温性能及对玉米生长发育进程的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2016, 34(1):127-133.
[19]王科杰,罗昕,胡斌,等. 1MSF-3型残膜回收机机架的设计与优化[J].农机化研究, 2017, 39(3):144-149.
[20]康建明,王士国,颜利民,等.残膜回收机起膜铲设计与试验[J].农业机械学报, 2016(s1):143-148.
[21]严伟,胡志超,周新星,等.残膜回收机拾膜机构研究现状及展望[J].农机化研究, 2016(10):258-262.
[22]胡凯,王吉奎,李斌,等.棉秆粉碎还田与残膜回收联合作业机研制与试验[J].农业工程学报, 2013, 29(19):24-32.
[23]李伟,禚冬玲,刘玉京,等.棉田残膜污染及机械化回收技术探讨[J].中国农机化学报, 2017, 38(1):136-140.
[24]牛长河,王学农,刘旋峰,等.基于有限元分析法的棉田残膜回收机松土齿结构改进[J].农机化研究, 2016(3):33-36.
[25]董合干,王栋,王迎涛,等.新疆石河子地区棉田地膜残留的时空分布特征[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2013, 27(9):182-186.
[26]严昌荣,王序俭,何文清,等.新疆石河子地区棉田土壤中地膜残留研究[J].生态学报, 2008, 28(7):3 470-3 474.
[27]王振华.典型绿洲区长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分运移规律与灌溉调控研究[D].北京:中国农业大学, 2014.
[28]新疆维吾尔自治区农牧业机械试验鉴定站、新疆维吾尔自治区农业资源与环境保护站.农田地膜残留量限值及测定:GB/T 25413-2010[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2011.
[29]袁水河.新疆兵团八十三团推广棉田深翻犁地[J].中国棉花加工, 2015(5):48-48.
[30]张丹,胡万里,刘宏斌,等.华北地区地膜残留及典型覆膜作物残膜系数[J].农业工程学报, 2016, 32(3):1-5.