国土空间规划下的流域生态规划思考
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摘要
笔者首先提出了当前国内流域普遍存在的问题,指出流域生态规划对于多学科协同的迫切需求,并从流域水系规划、自然河流与湿地保护、河流与湿地的生态基流恢复、面源污染削减、生物多样性保护几个方面阐述了流域生态规划的理念与实践。笔者认为,如果利用好国土空间规划重新编制之机,通过多学科协同,在国土空间规划时预留出多功能生态空间,可有效实现防洪排涝、水质提升、生态基流保障、生物多样性保护等目标。在这一综合性解决方案中,只有在规划层面进行协同,将地上地下、上游下游、河岸等在空间及时间维度上进行统筹兼顾,才能将多种生态功能进行整合,使之在同一土地空间内发挥多重生态效益。最后,笔者提出,规划设计师有能力统筹各个专业解决各种生态问题,而实现这一愿景的前提是在新的国土空间规划中将城市总体规划与流域生态规划相结合。
The author firstly points out several problems that commonly exist in China's watersheds and the urgent need for mu ltidisciplinary collaboration in ecological planning.The theories and practices on watershed ecological planning are reviewed respectively from the aspects of waterway planning,natural river and wetland protection,ecological baseflow recovery,nonpoint source pollution reduction,and biodiversity protection.The author suggests that if we could reserve multi-functional ecological zone in the new territorial spatial planning by mu ltidisciplinary collaboration,ecological goals including flood control,water quality improvement,ecological base flow provision,and biodiversity protection could be achieved.In this comprehensive solution,only when water bodies and associated habitats such as the ground and underground,upstream and downstream,and rivers and banks are coordinated as a whole,it will generate multiple ecological benefits.Finally,the author believes that planners and designers have the ability to solve ecological problems.To fulfill this vision,we must call for collaboration between land planning and ecological watershed planning in the process of territorial spatial planning.
The author firstly points out several problems that commonly exist in China's watersheds and the urgent need for mu ltidisciplinary collaboration in ecological planning.The theories and practices on watershed ecological planning are reviewed respectively from the aspects of waterway planning,natural river and wetland protection,ecological baseflow recovery,nonpoint source pollution reduction,and biodiversity protection.The author suggests that if we could reserve multi-functional ecological zone in the new territorial spatial planning by mu ltidisciplinary collaboration,ecological goals including flood control,water quality improvement,ecological base flow provision,and biodiversity protection could be achieved.In this comprehensive solution,only when water bodies and associated habitats such as the ground and underground,upstream and downstream,and rivers and banks are coordinated as a whole,it will generate multiple ecological benefits.Finally,the author believes that planners and designers have the ability to solve ecological problems.To fulfill this vision,we must call for collaboration between land planning and ecological watershed planning in the process of territorial spatial planning.
引文
[1]Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China,&General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People s Republic of China.(2015).Standard for Flood Control(GB50201-2014).Beijing:Jihua Press.
[2]United States Enviromental Protection Agency.(2002).Federal Water Pollution Control Act.Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/federal-waterpollution-control-act-508full.pdf
[3]Kou, J.(2016,July 23).National wetland protection legislation isaccelerating.People's Daily.Retrieved from http://env.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0723/c1010-28579361.html.
[4]Zhang,K.(2019,January 18).China has initially curbed the shrink of wetland area and the decline of its ecological function.Retrieved from https://www.chinanews.com/gn/2019/01-18/8732942.shtml
[5]World Wildlife Fund.(2019).Free-flowing rivers are the freshwater equivalent of wilderness areas.Retrieved from https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/free-flowing-rivers
[6]National wild and Scenic Rivers System.(2019).About the Wild&Scenic Rivers Act.Retrieved from https://www.rivers.gov/wsr-act.php
[7]Li,P.,Zhang,D.,Dai,X.,Zhan,W.,&Zhao,M.(2018).Development stages of U.S.national wild and scenic rivers system and main influencing factors.South to North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,16(6),178-186.
[8]Lowrance,R.,Williams,R.G., Inamdar,S.P., Bosch,D.D.,&Sheridan,J. M.(2001).Evaluation of Coastal Plain Conservation Buffers Using the Riparian Ecosystem Management Model.Journal of the American Water Resources Association,37(6l.1),445-1455.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03651.x
[9]Japan Riverside Reconditioning Center.(2006).Guidelines of Ecological River Revetment Projects.Beijing:Beijing Water Association.
[10]Altier,L.S.,Lowrance,R., Williams,R.G., Inamdar,S.P.,Bosch,D.B., Sheridan,J.M.,...Thomas,D.L.(2002).Riparian Ecosystem Management,Model:Simulator for Ecological Processes in Riparian Zones.United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,Conservation Research Report,246.Retrieved from https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/oc/np/RiparianEcosystem/REMMpub.pdf
[11]Vidon,P.G.,Welsh,M.K.,&Hassanzadeh,Y.T.(2018).Twenty Years of Riparian Zone Research(1997-2017):Where to Next?Journal of Environmental Quality,48(2),248-260.
[12]Smith,D.,&Hellmund,P.(1993).Ecology of greenways:Design and function of linear conservation areas.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[13]Binford,M.W.,&Buchenau M.J.(1993).Riparian Greenways and Water Resources.In D.S.Smith&P.C.Hellmund(Eds.),Ecology of greenways(pp.69-104).Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[14]Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development.(2014).Technical Guide of Sponge City Construction-Storm Water System Construction in Low Impact Development[Trial).Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/c06dabd1be1e650e53ea9904.html?pn=51
[15]Forman,R.T.T.,&Godron,M.(1984).Landscape ecology principles and landscape function.Methodology in Landscape Ecological Research and Planning,(5),4-15.
[16]Forman,R.T.T.,&Godron,M.(1986).Landscape ecology.New York:John Wiley and Sons.
[17]Thorne,J.F.(1993).Landscape Ecology.Ecology of greenways(pp.23-42).Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[18]Noss,R.F.(1993).Wildlife Corridors.Ecology of greenways(pp.43-68).Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[19]Vannote.R.L.,Minshall,G.W.r Cummins,K.W.Sedell.J.R.,&Cushing,C.E.(1980).The river continuum concept.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,37(1),130-137.https://doi.org/10.1,39/f80-017
[20]China Wildlife Conservation Association.(2018).The latest list of 474 national nature reserves.Retrieved from http://www.forestry.gov.cn/bhxh/652/20180609/1255/40280986752.html
[21]Wang,N.(2017,July 15).The list of endangered wildlife is getting longer.People's Daily.Retrieved from http://env.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0715/c1010-29406537.html
[22]Lu,Z.,Wang,H.,Wen,C.,Zhang,D.,Luo,M.Hu,R.,…Li,X.(2016).China Nature Watch 2016.Retrieved from http://chinanaturewatch.org/Report/view/report id/211
(1)本文的河流分级依据为罗纳德·L·施里夫于1 9 6 6年提出的施里夫河流分级法,其规则定义为:直接发源于河源的河流等级为一级,两条河流交汇形成的河流的等级为这两条河流等级之和。(1)The stream order classification in this article is proposed by Ronald L.Shreve in1966.It defines rivers originating from the source as first-order streams,and the order of a river converging two tributaries is the summation of the two's orders.
[2]United States Enviromental Protection Agency.(2002).Federal Water Pollution Control Act.Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/federal-waterpollution-control-act-508full.pdf
[3]Kou, J.(2016,July 23).National wetland protection legislation isaccelerating.People's Daily.Retrieved from http://env.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0723/c1010-28579361.html.
[4]Zhang,K.(2019,January 18).China has initially curbed the shrink of wetland area and the decline of its ecological function.Retrieved from https://www.chinanews.com/gn/2019/01-18/8732942.shtml
[5]World Wildlife Fund.(2019).Free-flowing rivers are the freshwater equivalent of wilderness areas.Retrieved from https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/free-flowing-rivers
[6]National wild and Scenic Rivers System.(2019).About the Wild&Scenic Rivers Act.Retrieved from https://www.rivers.gov/wsr-act.php
[7]Li,P.,Zhang,D.,Dai,X.,Zhan,W.,&Zhao,M.(2018).Development stages of U.S.national wild and scenic rivers system and main influencing factors.South to North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,16(6),178-186.
[8]Lowrance,R.,Williams,R.G., Inamdar,S.P., Bosch,D.D.,&Sheridan,J. M.(2001).Evaluation of Coastal Plain Conservation Buffers Using the Riparian Ecosystem Management Model.Journal of the American Water Resources Association,37(6l.1),445-1455.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03651.x
[9]Japan Riverside Reconditioning Center.(2006).Guidelines of Ecological River Revetment Projects.Beijing:Beijing Water Association.
[10]Altier,L.S.,Lowrance,R., Williams,R.G., Inamdar,S.P.,Bosch,D.B., Sheridan,J.M.,...Thomas,D.L.(2002).Riparian Ecosystem Management,Model:Simulator for Ecological Processes in Riparian Zones.United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,Conservation Research Report,246.Retrieved from https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/oc/np/RiparianEcosystem/REMMpub.pdf
[11]Vidon,P.G.,Welsh,M.K.,&Hassanzadeh,Y.T.(2018).Twenty Years of Riparian Zone Research(1997-2017):Where to Next?Journal of Environmental Quality,48(2),248-260.
[12]Smith,D.,&Hellmund,P.(1993).Ecology of greenways:Design and function of linear conservation areas.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[13]Binford,M.W.,&Buchenau M.J.(1993).Riparian Greenways and Water Resources.In D.S.Smith&P.C.Hellmund(Eds.),Ecology of greenways(pp.69-104).Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[14]Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development.(2014).Technical Guide of Sponge City Construction-Storm Water System Construction in Low Impact Development[Trial).Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/c06dabd1be1e650e53ea9904.html?pn=51
[15]Forman,R.T.T.,&Godron,M.(1984).Landscape ecology principles and landscape function.Methodology in Landscape Ecological Research and Planning,(5),4-15.
[16]Forman,R.T.T.,&Godron,M.(1986).Landscape ecology.New York:John Wiley and Sons.
[17]Thorne,J.F.(1993).Landscape Ecology.Ecology of greenways(pp.23-42).Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[18]Noss,R.F.(1993).Wildlife Corridors.Ecology of greenways(pp.43-68).Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[19]Vannote.R.L.,Minshall,G.W.r Cummins,K.W.Sedell.J.R.,&Cushing,C.E.(1980).The river continuum concept.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,37(1),130-137.https://doi.org/10.1,39/f80-017
[20]China Wildlife Conservation Association.(2018).The latest list of 474 national nature reserves.Retrieved from http://www.forestry.gov.cn/bhxh/652/20180609/1255/40280986752.html
[21]Wang,N.(2017,July 15).The list of endangered wildlife is getting longer.People's Daily.Retrieved from http://env.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0715/c1010-29406537.html
[22]Lu,Z.,Wang,H.,Wen,C.,Zhang,D.,Luo,M.Hu,R.,…Li,X.(2016).China Nature Watch 2016.Retrieved from http://chinanaturewatch.org/Report/view/report id/211
(1)本文的河流分级依据为罗纳德·L·施里夫于1 9 6 6年提出的施里夫河流分级法,其规则定义为:直接发源于河源的河流等级为一级,两条河流交汇形成的河流的等级为这两条河流等级之和。(1)The stream order classification in this article is proposed by Ronald L.Shreve in1966.It defines rivers originating from the source as first-order streams,and the order of a river converging two tributaries is the summation of the two's orders.
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