中国东北松嫩平原1990–2015年的农田环境变化特征分析（英文）
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摘要
Quantitative characterization of environmental characteristics of cropland(ECC)plays an important role in maintaining sustainable development of agricultural systems and ensuring regional food security. In this study, the changes in ECC over the Songnen Plain, a major grain crops production region in Northeast China, were investigated for the period 1990–2015. The results revealed significant changes in climate conditions, soil physical properties and cropland use patterns with socioeconomic activities. Trends in climate parameters showed increasing temperature(+0.49°C/decade, p < 0.05) and decreasing wind speed(–0.3 m/s/decade, p < 0.01) for the growing season, while sunshine hours and precipitation exhibited non-significant trends. Four topsoil parameters including soil organic carbon(SOC), clay, bulk density and pH, indicated deteriorating soil conditions across most of the croplands, although some do exhibited slight improvement. The changing amplitude for each of the four above parameters ranged within –0.052 to 0.029 kg C/kg, –0.38 to 0.30,–0.60 to 0.39 g/cm~3, –3.29 to 2.34, respectively. Crop production significantly increased(44.0 million tons) with increasing sown area of croplands(～2.5 million ha) and fertilizer application(～2.5 million tons). The study reveals the dynamics of ECC in the Songnen Plain with intensive cultivation from 1990 to 2015. Population growth, economic development, and policy reform are shown to strongly influence the spatiotemporal changes in cropland characteristics.The study potentially provides valuable scientific information to support sustainable agroecosystem management in the context of global climate change and national socioeconomic development.
Quantitative characterization of environmental characteristics of cropland(ECC)plays an important role in maintaining sustainable development of agricultural systems and ensuring regional food security. In this study, the changes in ECC over the Songnen Plain, a major grain crops production region in Northeast China, were investigated for the period 1990–2015. The results revealed significant changes in climate conditions, soil physical properties and cropland use patterns with socioeconomic activities. Trends in climate parameters showed increasing temperature(+0.49°C/decade, p < 0.05) and decreasing wind speed(–0.3 m/s/decade, p < 0.01) for the growing season, while sunshine hours and precipitation exhibited non-significant trends. Four topsoil parameters including soil organic carbon(SOC), clay, bulk density and pH, indicated deteriorating soil conditions across most of the croplands, although some do exhibited slight improvement. The changing amplitude for each of the four above parameters ranged within –0.052 to 0.029 kg C/kg, –0.38 to 0.30,–0.60 to 0.39 g/cm~3, –3.29 to 2.34, respectively. Crop production significantly increased(44.0 million tons) with increasing sown area of croplands(～2.5 million ha) and fertilizer application(～2.5 million tons). The study reveals the dynamics of ECC in the Songnen Plain with intensive cultivation from 1990 to 2015. Population growth, economic development, and policy reform are shown to strongly influence the spatiotemporal changes in cropland characteristics.The study potentially provides valuable scientific information to support sustainable agroecosystem management in the context of global climate change and national socioeconomic development.
Quantitative characterization of environmental characteristics of cropland(ECC)plays an important role in maintaining sustainable development of agricultural systems and ensuring regional food security. In this study, the changes in ECC over the Songnen Plain, a major grain crops production region in Northeast China, were investigated for the period 1990–2015. The results revealed significant changes in climate conditions, soil physical properties and cropland use patterns with socioeconomic activities. Trends in climate parameters showed increasing temperature(+0.49°C/decade, p < 0.05) and decreasing wind speed(–0.3 m/s/decade, p < 0.01) for the growing season, while sunshine hours and precipitation exhibited non-significant trends. Four topsoil parameters including soil organic carbon(SOC), clay, bulk density and pH, indicated deteriorating soil conditions across most of the croplands, although some do exhibited slight improvement. The changing amplitude for each of the four above parameters ranged within –0.052 to 0.029 kg C/kg, –0.38 to 0.30,–0.60 to 0.39 g/cm~3, –3.29 to 2.34, respectively. Crop production significantly increased(44.0 million tons) with increasing sown area of croplands(～2.5 million ha) and fertilizer application(～2.5 million tons). The study reveals the dynamics of ECC in the Songnen Plain with intensive cultivation from 1990 to 2015. Population growth, economic development, and policy reform are shown to strongly influence the spatiotemporal changes in cropland characteristics.The study potentially provides valuable scientific information to support sustainable agroecosystem management in the context of global climate change and national socioeconomic development.
引文
Alvarez R,Lavado R S,1998.Climate,organic matter and clay content relationships in the Pampa and Chaco soils,Argentina.Geoderma,83:127-141.
Bakker M M,Hatna E,Kuhlman T et al.,2011.Changing environmental characteristics of European cropland.Agricultural Systems,104(7):522-532.
Bohlen P J,House G,2009.Sustainable Agroecosystem Management:Integrating Ecology,Economics,and Society.Boca Raton:CRC Press.
Burke I C,Yonker C M,Parton W J et al.,1989.Texture,climate,and cultivation effects on soil organic matter content in U.S.grassland soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,53(3):800-805.
Chaplin-Kramer R,Sharp R P,Mandle,L et al.,2015.Spatial patterns of agricultural expansion determine impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage.PNAS,112(24):7402-7407.
Chen C Q,Lei C X,Deng A X et al.,2011.Will higher minimum temperatures increase corn production in Northeast China?An analysis of historical data over 1965-2008.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,151(12):1580-1588.
Chen X Q,Hu B,Yu R,2005.Spatial and temporal variation of phenological growing season and climate change impacts in temperate eastern China.Global Change Biology,11:1118-1130.
Chi C M,Zhao C W,Sun X J et al.,2012.Reclamation of saline-sodic soil properties and improvement of rice(Oriza sativa L.)growth and yield using desulfurized gypsum in the west of Songnen Plain,northeast China.Geoderma,187/188:24-30.
Cui X,Zhu W,Xu X et al.,2015.Land-use Changes in China:Historical Reconstruction Over the Past 300 Years and Future Projection.Danvers:World Scientific.
Dai W,Huang Y,2006.Relation of soil organic matter concentration to climate and altitude in zonal soils of China.Catena,65(1):87-94.
Deng L,Liu G B,Shangguan Z P et al.,2014.Land use conversion and changing soil carbon stocks in China’s‘Grain-for-Green’Program:A synthesis.Global Change Biology,20:3544-3556.
Ding C R,2003.Land policy reform in China:Assessment and prospects.Land Use Policy,20(2):109-120.
Dong W Y,Zhang X Y,Dai X Q et al.,2014.Changes in soil microbial community composition in response to fertilization of paddy soils in subtropical China.Applied Soil Ecology,84:140-147.
FantappièM,L'Abate G,Costantini E A C,2011.The influence of climate change on the soil organic carbon content in Italy from 1961 to 2008.Geomorphology,135(3/4):343-352.
Gao J,Liu Y S,Chen Y F,2006.Land cover changes during agrarian restructuring in Northeast China.Applied Geography,26:312-322.
Gao J,Liu Y S,2011.Climate warming and land use change in Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China.Applied Geography,31:476-482.
Guo E,Liu X,Zhang J et al.,2017.Assessing spatiotemporal variation of drought and its impact on maize yield in Northeast China.Journal of Hydrology,553(Suppl.C):231-247.
Heilongjiang Statistical Bureau(HSB),2016.Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
Hillel D,Rosenzweig C,2011.Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems:Impacts,Adaptation,and Mitigation.London:Imperial College Press.
Hillel D,Rosenzweig C,2013.Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems:Global and Regional Aspects and Implications.London:Imperial College Press.
Hirsch R M,Slack J R,Smith R A et al.,1982.Techniques for trend analysis for monthly water quality data.Water Resources Research,18(1):107-121.
Homann P S,Kapchinske J S,Boyce A,2007.Relations of mineral-soil C and N to climate and texture:Regional differences within the conterminous USA.Biogeochemistry,85(3):303-316.
Huang F,Wang P,2010.Vegetation change of ecotone west of Northeast China Plain using time-series remote sensing data.Chinese Geographical Science,20(2):167-175.
Huang F,Wang P,Zhang J,2012.Grasslands changes in the northern Songnen Plain,China during 1954-2000.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,184(4):2161-2175.
IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change),2007.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.London:Cambridge University Press.
IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change),2013.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.London:Cambridge University Press.
Jiang L,Zhang L,Zang S et al.,2016.Accuracy assessment of approaches to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical cropland in Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,26(2):219-229.
Jiang S C,He N P,Wu L et al.,2010.Vegetation restoration of secondary bare saline-alkali patches in the Songnen Plain,China.Applied Vegetation Science,13(1):47-55.
Jilin Statistical Bureau(JSB),2016.Jilin Statistical Yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
Jobággy E G,Jackson R B,2000.The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.Ecological Applications,10(2):423-436.
Kendall M G,1975.Rank Correlation Methods.London:Charles Griffin.
Lal R,2004.Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change.Geoderma,123(1):1-22.
Leipnik M,Su Y,Ye X,2014.The main agricultural regions of China and the U.S.A Comparative Geography of China and the U.S.Hartmann R and Wang J(eds.).New York:Springer.
Li Z,Tang H,Yang P et al.,2012.Spatio-temporal responses of cropland phenophases to climate change in Northeast China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,22(1):29-45.
Liu D,Wang Z,Song K et al.,2009.Land use/cover changes and environmental consequences in Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Chinese Geographical Science,19(4):299-305.
Liu S,Zhang P,Lo K,2014.Urbanization in remote areas:A case study of the Heilongjiang reclamation area,Northeast China.Habitat International,42:103-110.
Liu Z,Dong X,Liu Z,2014.Spatiotemporal evolution of the drought and flood in Northeast China.Advanced Materials Research,1010-1012:1075-1083.
Lu R K,2000.Analytical Method of Soil Agricultural Chemistry.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press.(in Chinese).
Lu Y,Jenkins A,Ferrier R C et al.,2015.Addressing China's grand challenge of achieving food security while ensuring environmental sustainability.Science Advances,1(1):e1400039.
Mann H B,1945.Nonparametric tests against trend.Econometrica,13(3):245-259.
McPhaden M J,1999.Genesis and evolution of the 1997-98 El Ni?o.Science,283(5404):950-954.
Mao D,Wang Z,Wu C et al.,2014.Topsoil carbon stock dynamics in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China from1980 to 2010.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,23(2A):531-539.
Meng Q,Li D,Zhang J et al.,2016.Soil properties and corn(Zea mays L.)production under manure application combined with deep tillage management in solonetzic soils of Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,15(4):879-890.
National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC),2016.China Statistical Yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
PériéC,Ouimet R,2008.Organic carbon,organic matter and bulk density relationships in boreal forest soils.Canadian Journal of Soil Science,88(3):315-325.
Piao S L,Fang,J Y,Ciais P et al.,2009.The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China.Nature,458:1009-1014.
Podwojewski P,Poulenard J,Nguyet M L et al.,2011.Climate and vegetation determine soil organic matter status in an alpine inner-tropical soil catena in the Fan Si Pan Mountain,Vietnam.Catena,87(2):226-239.
Qiu X,Zhang L,Li W et al.,2016.Studies on changes and cause of the minimum air temperature in Songnen Plain of China during 1961-2010.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(5):311-320.
Quideau S,Chadwick O A,Benesi A et al.,2001.A direct link between forest vegetation type and soil organic matter composition.Geoderma,104(1/2):41-60.
Richter D D,Houghton R A,2011.Gross CO2 fluxes from land-use change:Implications for reducing global emissions and increasing sinks.Carbon Management,2(1):41-47.
Schauberger B,Archontoulis S,Arneth A et al.,2017.Consistent negative response of US crops to high temperatures in observations and crop models.Nature Communications,8:13931.
Shepard D,1968.A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly-spaced data.Proceedings of the 23rd Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)National Conference.New York:ACM,517-524.
Shi X Z,Yu D S,Warner E D et al.,2004.Soil database of 1:1,000,000 digital soil survey and reference system of the Chinese genetic soil classification system.Soil Survey Horizons,45(4):129-136.
Song X,Li L,Fu G et al.,2014a.Spatial-temporal variations of spring drought based on spring-composite index values for the Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,116(3/4):371-384.
Song X,Peng C,Ghou G et al.,2014b.Chinese Grain for Green Program led to highly increased soil organic carbon levels:A meta-analysis.Scientific Reports,4:4460.
Tan J,Yang P,Liu Z et al.,2014.Spatio-temporal dynamics of maize cropping system in Northeast China between1980 and 2010 by using spatial production allocation model.Journal of Geographical Sciences,24(3):397-410.
Tilman D,Cassman K G,Matson P A et al.,2002.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices.Nature,418:671-677.
Wagai R,Mayer L M,Kitayama K et al.,2008.Climate and parent material controls on organic matter storage in surface soils:A three-pool,density-separation approach.Geoderma,147(1/2):23-33.
Wang D D,Shi X Z,Wang H J et al.,2010a.Scale effect of climate and soil texture on soil organic carbon in the uplands of Northeast China.Pedosphere,20(4):525-535.
Wang H,Wan Z,Yu S et al.,2004.Catastrophic eco-environmental change in the Songnen Plain,northeastern China since 1900s.Chinese Geographical Science,14(2):179-185.
Wang X,Shen H,Zhang W et al.,2015.Spatial and temporal characteristics of droughts in the Northeast China Transect.Natural Hazards,6(1):601-614.
Wang Y,Li Y,2013.Land exploitation resulting in soil salinization in a desert-oasis ecotone.Catena,100:50-56.
Wang Z,Huang N,Luo L et al.,2011.Shrinkage and fragmentation of marshes in the West Songnen Plain,China,from 1954 to 2008 and its possible causes.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,13(3):477-486.
Wang Z,Li Q,Li X et al.,2003.Sustainable agriculture development in saline-alkali soil area of Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Chinese Geographical Science,13(2):171-174.
Wang Z,Zhang B,Song K et al.,2010b.Spatial variability of soil organic carbon under maize monoculture in the Song-Nen Plain,Northeast China.Pedosphere,20(1):80-89.
Wen B,Liu X,Li X et al.,2012.Restoration and rational use of degraded saline reed wetlands:A case study in western Songnen Plain,China.Chinese Geographical Science,22(2):167-177.
Wu H B,Guo Z T,Peng C H,2003.Distribution and storage of soil organic carbon in China.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17(2):1048-1058.
Xia X,Yang Z,Liao Y et al.,2010.Temporal variation of soil carbon stock and its controlling factors over the last two decades on the southern Song-nen Plain,Heilongjiang Province.Geoscience Frontiers,1(1):125-132.
Xie Z,Zhu J,Liu G et al.,2007.Soil organic carbon stocks in China and changes from 1980s to 2000s.Global Change Biology,13(9):1989-2007.
Xiong W,van der Velde M,Holman P et al.,2014.Can climate-smart agriculture reverse the recent slowing of rice yield growth in China?Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,196:125-136.
Yang J,Zhang S,Li Y et al.,2010.Dynamics of saline-alkali land and its ecological regionalization in western Songnen Plain,China.Chinese Geographical Science,20(2):159-166.
Yu D S,Shi X Z,Wang H J et al.,2007.Regional patterns of soil organic carbon stocks in China.Journal of Environmental Management,85(3):680-689.
Zhang B,Cui H S,Yu L et al.,2003.Land reclamation process in northeast China since 1900.Chinese Geographical Science,13(2):119-123.
Zhang L,Wang Y H,2014.Study on the effects of economic growth to farmland conversion in China.Open Journal of Social Sciences,2:25-29.
Zhuang Q L,Li Q,Jiang Y et al.,2007.Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon in agro-ecosystems of Songliao plain along a latitudinal gradient.American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science,2(2):127-132.
Zhou X,Zhou L,Nie Y et al.,2016.Similar responses of soil carbon storage to drought and irrigation in terrestrial ecosystems but with contrasting mechanisms:A meta-analysis.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,228:70-81.
Bakker M M,Hatna E,Kuhlman T et al.,2011.Changing environmental characteristics of European cropland.Agricultural Systems,104(7):522-532.
Bohlen P J,House G,2009.Sustainable Agroecosystem Management:Integrating Ecology,Economics,and Society.Boca Raton:CRC Press.
Burke I C,Yonker C M,Parton W J et al.,1989.Texture,climate,and cultivation effects on soil organic matter content in U.S.grassland soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,53(3):800-805.
Chaplin-Kramer R,Sharp R P,Mandle,L et al.,2015.Spatial patterns of agricultural expansion determine impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage.PNAS,112(24):7402-7407.
Chen C Q,Lei C X,Deng A X et al.,2011.Will higher minimum temperatures increase corn production in Northeast China?An analysis of historical data over 1965-2008.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,151(12):1580-1588.
Chen X Q,Hu B,Yu R,2005.Spatial and temporal variation of phenological growing season and climate change impacts in temperate eastern China.Global Change Biology,11:1118-1130.
Chi C M,Zhao C W,Sun X J et al.,2012.Reclamation of saline-sodic soil properties and improvement of rice(Oriza sativa L.)growth and yield using desulfurized gypsum in the west of Songnen Plain,northeast China.Geoderma,187/188:24-30.
Cui X,Zhu W,Xu X et al.,2015.Land-use Changes in China:Historical Reconstruction Over the Past 300 Years and Future Projection.Danvers:World Scientific.
Dai W,Huang Y,2006.Relation of soil organic matter concentration to climate and altitude in zonal soils of China.Catena,65(1):87-94.
Deng L,Liu G B,Shangguan Z P et al.,2014.Land use conversion and changing soil carbon stocks in China’s‘Grain-for-Green’Program:A synthesis.Global Change Biology,20:3544-3556.
Ding C R,2003.Land policy reform in China:Assessment and prospects.Land Use Policy,20(2):109-120.
Dong W Y,Zhang X Y,Dai X Q et al.,2014.Changes in soil microbial community composition in response to fertilization of paddy soils in subtropical China.Applied Soil Ecology,84:140-147.
FantappièM,L'Abate G,Costantini E A C,2011.The influence of climate change on the soil organic carbon content in Italy from 1961 to 2008.Geomorphology,135(3/4):343-352.
Gao J,Liu Y S,Chen Y F,2006.Land cover changes during agrarian restructuring in Northeast China.Applied Geography,26:312-322.
Gao J,Liu Y S,2011.Climate warming and land use change in Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China.Applied Geography,31:476-482.
Guo E,Liu X,Zhang J et al.,2017.Assessing spatiotemporal variation of drought and its impact on maize yield in Northeast China.Journal of Hydrology,553(Suppl.C):231-247.
Heilongjiang Statistical Bureau(HSB),2016.Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
Hillel D,Rosenzweig C,2011.Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems:Impacts,Adaptation,and Mitigation.London:Imperial College Press.
Hillel D,Rosenzweig C,2013.Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems:Global and Regional Aspects and Implications.London:Imperial College Press.
Hirsch R M,Slack J R,Smith R A et al.,1982.Techniques for trend analysis for monthly water quality data.Water Resources Research,18(1):107-121.
Homann P S,Kapchinske J S,Boyce A,2007.Relations of mineral-soil C and N to climate and texture:Regional differences within the conterminous USA.Biogeochemistry,85(3):303-316.
Huang F,Wang P,2010.Vegetation change of ecotone west of Northeast China Plain using time-series remote sensing data.Chinese Geographical Science,20(2):167-175.
Huang F,Wang P,Zhang J,2012.Grasslands changes in the northern Songnen Plain,China during 1954-2000.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,184(4):2161-2175.
IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change),2007.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.London:Cambridge University Press.
IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change),2013.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.London:Cambridge University Press.
Jiang L,Zhang L,Zang S et al.,2016.Accuracy assessment of approaches to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical cropland in Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,26(2):219-229.
Jiang S C,He N P,Wu L et al.,2010.Vegetation restoration of secondary bare saline-alkali patches in the Songnen Plain,China.Applied Vegetation Science,13(1):47-55.
Jilin Statistical Bureau(JSB),2016.Jilin Statistical Yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
Jobággy E G,Jackson R B,2000.The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.Ecological Applications,10(2):423-436.
Kendall M G,1975.Rank Correlation Methods.London:Charles Griffin.
Lal R,2004.Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change.Geoderma,123(1):1-22.
Leipnik M,Su Y,Ye X,2014.The main agricultural regions of China and the U.S.A Comparative Geography of China and the U.S.Hartmann R and Wang J(eds.).New York:Springer.
Li Z,Tang H,Yang P et al.,2012.Spatio-temporal responses of cropland phenophases to climate change in Northeast China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,22(1):29-45.
Liu D,Wang Z,Song K et al.,2009.Land use/cover changes and environmental consequences in Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Chinese Geographical Science,19(4):299-305.
Liu S,Zhang P,Lo K,2014.Urbanization in remote areas:A case study of the Heilongjiang reclamation area,Northeast China.Habitat International,42:103-110.
Liu Z,Dong X,Liu Z,2014.Spatiotemporal evolution of the drought and flood in Northeast China.Advanced Materials Research,1010-1012:1075-1083.
Lu R K,2000.Analytical Method of Soil Agricultural Chemistry.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press.(in Chinese).
Lu Y,Jenkins A,Ferrier R C et al.,2015.Addressing China's grand challenge of achieving food security while ensuring environmental sustainability.Science Advances,1(1):e1400039.
Mann H B,1945.Nonparametric tests against trend.Econometrica,13(3):245-259.
McPhaden M J,1999.Genesis and evolution of the 1997-98 El Ni?o.Science,283(5404):950-954.
Mao D,Wang Z,Wu C et al.,2014.Topsoil carbon stock dynamics in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China from1980 to 2010.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,23(2A):531-539.
Meng Q,Li D,Zhang J et al.,2016.Soil properties and corn(Zea mays L.)production under manure application combined with deep tillage management in solonetzic soils of Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,15(4):879-890.
National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC),2016.China Statistical Yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
PériéC,Ouimet R,2008.Organic carbon,organic matter and bulk density relationships in boreal forest soils.Canadian Journal of Soil Science,88(3):315-325.
Piao S L,Fang,J Y,Ciais P et al.,2009.The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China.Nature,458:1009-1014.
Podwojewski P,Poulenard J,Nguyet M L et al.,2011.Climate and vegetation determine soil organic matter status in an alpine inner-tropical soil catena in the Fan Si Pan Mountain,Vietnam.Catena,87(2):226-239.
Qiu X,Zhang L,Li W et al.,2016.Studies on changes and cause of the minimum air temperature in Songnen Plain of China during 1961-2010.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(5):311-320.
Quideau S,Chadwick O A,Benesi A et al.,2001.A direct link between forest vegetation type and soil organic matter composition.Geoderma,104(1/2):41-60.
Richter D D,Houghton R A,2011.Gross CO2 fluxes from land-use change:Implications for reducing global emissions and increasing sinks.Carbon Management,2(1):41-47.
Schauberger B,Archontoulis S,Arneth A et al.,2017.Consistent negative response of US crops to high temperatures in observations and crop models.Nature Communications,8:13931.
Shepard D,1968.A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly-spaced data.Proceedings of the 23rd Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)National Conference.New York:ACM,517-524.
Shi X Z,Yu D S,Warner E D et al.,2004.Soil database of 1:1,000,000 digital soil survey and reference system of the Chinese genetic soil classification system.Soil Survey Horizons,45(4):129-136.
Song X,Li L,Fu G et al.,2014a.Spatial-temporal variations of spring drought based on spring-composite index values for the Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,116(3/4):371-384.
Song X,Peng C,Ghou G et al.,2014b.Chinese Grain for Green Program led to highly increased soil organic carbon levels:A meta-analysis.Scientific Reports,4:4460.
Tan J,Yang P,Liu Z et al.,2014.Spatio-temporal dynamics of maize cropping system in Northeast China between1980 and 2010 by using spatial production allocation model.Journal of Geographical Sciences,24(3):397-410.
Tilman D,Cassman K G,Matson P A et al.,2002.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices.Nature,418:671-677.
Wagai R,Mayer L M,Kitayama K et al.,2008.Climate and parent material controls on organic matter storage in surface soils:A three-pool,density-separation approach.Geoderma,147(1/2):23-33.
Wang D D,Shi X Z,Wang H J et al.,2010a.Scale effect of climate and soil texture on soil organic carbon in the uplands of Northeast China.Pedosphere,20(4):525-535.
Wang H,Wan Z,Yu S et al.,2004.Catastrophic eco-environmental change in the Songnen Plain,northeastern China since 1900s.Chinese Geographical Science,14(2):179-185.
Wang X,Shen H,Zhang W et al.,2015.Spatial and temporal characteristics of droughts in the Northeast China Transect.Natural Hazards,6(1):601-614.
Wang Y,Li Y,2013.Land exploitation resulting in soil salinization in a desert-oasis ecotone.Catena,100:50-56.
Wang Z,Huang N,Luo L et al.,2011.Shrinkage and fragmentation of marshes in the West Songnen Plain,China,from 1954 to 2008 and its possible causes.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,13(3):477-486.
Wang Z,Li Q,Li X et al.,2003.Sustainable agriculture development in saline-alkali soil area of Songnen Plain,Northeast China.Chinese Geographical Science,13(2):171-174.
Wang Z,Zhang B,Song K et al.,2010b.Spatial variability of soil organic carbon under maize monoculture in the Song-Nen Plain,Northeast China.Pedosphere,20(1):80-89.
Wen B,Liu X,Li X et al.,2012.Restoration and rational use of degraded saline reed wetlands:A case study in western Songnen Plain,China.Chinese Geographical Science,22(2):167-177.
Wu H B,Guo Z T,Peng C H,2003.Distribution and storage of soil organic carbon in China.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17(2):1048-1058.
Xia X,Yang Z,Liao Y et al.,2010.Temporal variation of soil carbon stock and its controlling factors over the last two decades on the southern Song-nen Plain,Heilongjiang Province.Geoscience Frontiers,1(1):125-132.
Xie Z,Zhu J,Liu G et al.,2007.Soil organic carbon stocks in China and changes from 1980s to 2000s.Global Change Biology,13(9):1989-2007.
Xiong W,van der Velde M,Holman P et al.,2014.Can climate-smart agriculture reverse the recent slowing of rice yield growth in China?Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,196:125-136.
Yang J,Zhang S,Li Y et al.,2010.Dynamics of saline-alkali land and its ecological regionalization in western Songnen Plain,China.Chinese Geographical Science,20(2):159-166.
Yu D S,Shi X Z,Wang H J et al.,2007.Regional patterns of soil organic carbon stocks in China.Journal of Environmental Management,85(3):680-689.
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