2000—2015年柴达木盆地植被覆盖度时空变化及其与环境因子的关系
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摘要
基于MODIS-NDVI、DEM和气象数据,分析柴达木盆地2000—2015年植被覆盖度(FVC)时空变化特征,并与降水、温度、日照时数、相对湿度、蒸散量和海拔进行相关、偏相关或叠加分析,探讨FVC与各环境因子的关系。结果表明:FVC整体自东南向西北内陆呈半环状递减,FVC集中在20%以下,人类活动及径流等打破植被地带性规律;2000—2015年FVC明显改善,广泛分布于盆地中西部地区,2001—2002年年际变化最显著;FVC与降水、相对湿度以正相关为主,与温度关系不显著,与日照时数和蒸散量主要为负相关,降水对FVC贡献最大,温度通过影响蒸散量等间接影响FVC,而土壤蒸发对蒸散量的影响大于植物蒸腾;FVC与等高线空间分布较吻合,FVC在2 800～2 900 m和4 600～4 700 m出现两个峰值,4 700 m以上FVC迅速降低。
The relationship between fractional vegetation cover and environmental factors is one of the important contents for the study of the ecosystem in arid regions.In this paper,we analyzed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of fractional vegetation cover from 2000 to 2015 in the Qaidam Basin,Qinghai Province,China based on MODIS-NDVI.Combined with DEM data and meteorological data of the basin,the correlation analysis,partial correlation analysis or overlay analysis between fractional vegetation cover and precipitation,temperature,sunshine duration,relative humidity,evapotranspiration,and altitude were calculated to explore the response characteristics of fractional vegetation cover to major environmental factors.The results showed that the fractional vegetation cover in the Qaidam Basin displayed a semi-annular decreasing trend from the southeast to the northwest.The overall fractional vegetation cover was below 20%.The human activities and the distribution of runoff broke the regularity of vegetation zonal distribution and thus affected fractional vegetation cover significantly.In the context of global warming,the fractional vegetation cover was increased significantly during the time period from 2000 to 2015,with most of the regions being widely distributed in the central and western and parts of the eastern mountainous region of the basin.Furthermore,the most obvious inter-annual variation occurred from 2001 to 2002.Especially the improvement trend of forest,grassland and meadow vegetation was particularly obvious.The relationship between fractional vegetation cover and different meteorological elements was different.The fractional vegetation cover was positively correlated with precipitation and relative humidity,and negatively correlated with sunshine hours and evapotranspiration.The relationship between fractional vegetation cover and temperature was not significant.Among them,the precipitation contributed the most to the fractional vegetation cover and was the major limiting factor to affect the growth of vegetation in the basin.Temperature indirectly affected fractional vegetation cover by affecting evapotranspiration,and contributed more to evapotranspiration than precipitation.Meanwhile,the influence of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration was much higher than that of vegetation transpiration.There was consistency of the spatial distribution between fractional vegetation cover and altitude,which meant that fractional vegetation cover had a good consistency with the spatial distribution of contour lines.Vegetation vertical differentiation was evident.Two peak values occurred in the areas of 2 800-2 900 m and 4 600-4 700 m respectively due to the influence of water source and temperature,while fractional vegetation cover was decreased rapidly above 4 700 m.This paper clarifies the relationship between multiple environmental factors and fractional vegetation cover,and makes clear the response characteristics of vegetation to major environmental factors under the background of global warming and drying,which has a great significance for the study of other ecological environment and climate change in arid regions.
The relationship between fractional vegetation cover and environmental factors is one of the important contents for the study of the ecosystem in arid regions.In this paper,we analyzed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of fractional vegetation cover from 2000 to 2015 in the Qaidam Basin,Qinghai Province,China based on MODIS-NDVI.Combined with DEM data and meteorological data of the basin,the correlation analysis,partial correlation analysis or overlay analysis between fractional vegetation cover and precipitation,temperature,sunshine duration,relative humidity,evapotranspiration,and altitude were calculated to explore the response characteristics of fractional vegetation cover to major environmental factors.The results showed that the fractional vegetation cover in the Qaidam Basin displayed a semi-annular decreasing trend from the southeast to the northwest.The overall fractional vegetation cover was below 20%.The human activities and the distribution of runoff broke the regularity of vegetation zonal distribution and thus affected fractional vegetation cover significantly.In the context of global warming,the fractional vegetation cover was increased significantly during the time period from 2000 to 2015,with most of the regions being widely distributed in the central and western and parts of the eastern mountainous region of the basin.Furthermore,the most obvious inter-annual variation occurred from 2001 to 2002.Especially the improvement trend of forest,grassland and meadow vegetation was particularly obvious.The relationship between fractional vegetation cover and different meteorological elements was different.The fractional vegetation cover was positively correlated with precipitation and relative humidity,and negatively correlated with sunshine hours and evapotranspiration.The relationship between fractional vegetation cover and temperature was not significant.Among them,the precipitation contributed the most to the fractional vegetation cover and was the major limiting factor to affect the growth of vegetation in the basin.Temperature indirectly affected fractional vegetation cover by affecting evapotranspiration,and contributed more to evapotranspiration than precipitation.Meanwhile,the influence of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration was much higher than that of vegetation transpiration.There was consistency of the spatial distribution between fractional vegetation cover and altitude,which meant that fractional vegetation cover had a good consistency with the spatial distribution of contour lines.Vegetation vertical differentiation was evident.Two peak values occurred in the areas of 2 800-2 900 m and 4 600-4 700 m respectively due to the influence of water source and temperature,while fractional vegetation cover was decreased rapidly above 4 700 m.This paper clarifies the relationship between multiple environmental factors and fractional vegetation cover,and makes clear the response characteristics of vegetation to major environmental factors under the background of global warming and drying,which has a great significance for the study of other ecological environment and climate change in arid regions.
引文
[1] 穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,等.2001—2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征[J].地理学报,2012,67(9):1255-1268.[MU Shaojie,LI Jianlong,CHEN Yizhao,et al.Spatial differences of variations of vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia during 2001—2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1255-1268.]
[2] 陈效逑,王恒.1982—2003年内蒙古植被带和植被覆盖度的时空变化[J].地理学报,2009,64(1):84-94.[CHEN Xiaoqiu,WANG Heng.Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation belts and vegetation cover degrees in Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 2003[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(1):84-94.]
[3] 朱会利,杨改河,韩磊.延安市退耕过程植被覆盖度变化及其影响因子分析[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):272-280.[ZHU Huili,YANG Gaihe,HAN Lei.Analysis of fractional vegetation coverage changes and its influence factors during farmland returned to forest period in Yan’an City[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(8):272-280.]
[4] 张戈丽,徐兴良,周才平,等.近30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2011,66(1):47-58.[ZHANG Geli,XU Xingliang,ZHOU Caiping,et al.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir Grassland in past 30 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(1):47-58.]
[5] 贾坤,姚云军,魏香琴,等.植被覆盖度遥感估算研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2013,28(7):774-782.[JIA Kun,YAO Yunjun,WEI Xiangqin,et al.A review on fractional vegetation cover estimation using remote sensing[J].Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(7):774-782.]
[6] 徐浩杰,杨太保.柴达木盆地植被生长时空变化特征及其对气候要素的响应[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(3):398-409.[XU Haojie,YANG Taibao.Spatial-temporal variations of vegetation activities and its responses to climatic factors in the Qaidam Basin[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(3):398-409.]
[7] 王顺利,王荣新,敬文茂,等.祁连山干旱山地草地生物量对水分条件的响应[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(4):772-779.[WANG Shunli,WANG Rongxin,JING Wenmao,et al.Biomass of grassland and response to soil moisture on arid mountain land in the Qilian Mountains[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(4):772-779.]
[8] 罗玲,王宗明,宋开山,等.1982—2003年中国东北地区不同类型植被NDVI与气候因子的关系研究[J].西北植物学报,2009,29(4):800-808.[LUO Ling,WANG Zongming,SONG Kaishan,et al.Research on the correlation between NDVI and climatic factors of different vegetation in the Northeast China[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2009,29(4):800-808.]
[9] 崔林丽,史军,杨引明,等.中国东部植被NDVI对温度和降水的旬响应特征[J].地理学报,2009,64(7):850-860.[CUI Linli,SHI Jun,YANG Yinming,et al.Ten-day response of vegetation NDVI to the variations of temperature and precipitation in Eastern China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(7):850-860.]
[10] 徐兴奎,陈红,LEVY J K.气候变暖背景下青藏高原植被覆盖特征的时空变化及其成因分析[J].科学通报,2008,53(4):456-462.[XU Xingkui,CHEN Hong,LEVY J K.Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under global climate change[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(6):915-922.]
[11] FU Y,CHEN H,NIU H H,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of vegetation phenology and its response to climate changes in Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2015[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2018,28(4):400-414.
[12] 杨元合,朴世龙.青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(1):1-8.[YANG Yuanhe,PIAO Shilong.Variations in grassland vegetation cover in relation to climatic factors on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(1):1-8.]
[13] 刘纪远,徐新良,邵全琴.近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征[J].地理学报,2008,18(4):364-376.[LIU Jiyuan,XU Xinliang,SHAO Quanqin.The spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the Three-River headwaters region in Qinghai Province[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(4):364-376.]
[14] 丁明军,张镱锂,刘林山,等.1982—2009年青藏高原草地覆盖度时空变化特征[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2114-2122.[DING Mingjun,ZHANG Yili,LIU Linshan,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland coverage change in Tibetan Plateau since 1982[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2114-2122.]
[15] 梁四海,陈江,金晓媚,等.近21年青藏高原植被覆盖变化规律[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(1):33-40.[LIANG Sihai,CHEN Jiang,JIN Xiaomei,et al.Regularity of vegetation coverage changes in the Tibetan Plateau over the last 21 years[J].Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(1):33-40.]
[16] JIAPAER G,CHEN X,BAO A M.A comparison of methods for estimating fractional vegetation cover in arid regions[J].Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2011,151(12):1698-1710.
[17] 刘园,王颖,杨晓光.华北平原参考作物蒸散量变化特征及气候影响因素[J].生态学报,2010,30(4):923-932.[LIU Yuan,WANG Ying,YANG Xiaoguang.Trends in reference crop evapotranspiration and possible climatic factors in the North China Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(4):923-932.]
[18] 高歌,陈德亮,任国玉,等.1956—2000年中国潜在蒸散量变化趋势[J].地理研究,2006,25(3):378-387.[GAO Ge,CHEN Deliang,REN Guoyu,et al.Trend of potential evapotranspiration over China during 1956 to 2000[J] Geographical Research,2006,25(3):378-387.]
[19] YIN Y H,WU S H,ZHENG D,et al.Radiation calibration of FAO56 Penman-Monteith model to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration in China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(1):77-84.
[20] ZHOU L M,TUCKER C J,KAUFMAN R K,et al.Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999 [J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2001,106(D17):20069-20084.
[21] FANG J Y,PIAO S L,HE J S,et al.Increasing terrestrial vegetation activity in China,1982—1999[J].Science in China Series C Life Sciences,2004,47(3):229-240.
[22] 高清竹,李玉娥,林而达,等.藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征[J].地理学报,2005,60(6):965-973.[GAO Qingzhu,LI Yu’e,LIN Er’da,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland degradation in Northern Tibet[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(6):965-973.]
[23] 朱文彬,吕爱锋,贾绍凤.基于NDVI的柴达木盆地植被空间分异规律及影响因素[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(5):691-698.[ZHU Wenbin,LYU Aifeng,JIA Shaofeng.Study on spatial distribution of vegetation coverage and its affecting factors in the Qaidam Basin based on NDVI[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(5):691-698.]
[24] 张学珍,戴君虎,葛全胜.1982—2006年中国东部春季植被变化的区域差异[J].地理学报,2012,67(1):53-61.[ZHANG Xuezhen,DAI Junhu,GE Quansheng.Spatial differences of changes in spring vegetation activities across Eastern China during 1982—2006[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(1):53-61.]
[2] 陈效逑,王恒.1982—2003年内蒙古植被带和植被覆盖度的时空变化[J].地理学报,2009,64(1):84-94.[CHEN Xiaoqiu,WANG Heng.Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation belts and vegetation cover degrees in Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 2003[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(1):84-94.]
[3] 朱会利,杨改河,韩磊.延安市退耕过程植被覆盖度变化及其影响因子分析[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):272-280.[ZHU Huili,YANG Gaihe,HAN Lei.Analysis of fractional vegetation coverage changes and its influence factors during farmland returned to forest period in Yan’an City[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(8):272-280.]
[4] 张戈丽,徐兴良,周才平,等.近30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2011,66(1):47-58.[ZHANG Geli,XU Xingliang,ZHOU Caiping,et al.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir Grassland in past 30 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(1):47-58.]
[5] 贾坤,姚云军,魏香琴,等.植被覆盖度遥感估算研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2013,28(7):774-782.[JIA Kun,YAO Yunjun,WEI Xiangqin,et al.A review on fractional vegetation cover estimation using remote sensing[J].Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(7):774-782.]
[6] 徐浩杰,杨太保.柴达木盆地植被生长时空变化特征及其对气候要素的响应[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(3):398-409.[XU Haojie,YANG Taibao.Spatial-temporal variations of vegetation activities and its responses to climatic factors in the Qaidam Basin[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(3):398-409.]
[7] 王顺利,王荣新,敬文茂,等.祁连山干旱山地草地生物量对水分条件的响应[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(4):772-779.[WANG Shunli,WANG Rongxin,JING Wenmao,et al.Biomass of grassland and response to soil moisture on arid mountain land in the Qilian Mountains[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(4):772-779.]
[8] 罗玲,王宗明,宋开山,等.1982—2003年中国东北地区不同类型植被NDVI与气候因子的关系研究[J].西北植物学报,2009,29(4):800-808.[LUO Ling,WANG Zongming,SONG Kaishan,et al.Research on the correlation between NDVI and climatic factors of different vegetation in the Northeast China[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2009,29(4):800-808.]
[9] 崔林丽,史军,杨引明,等.中国东部植被NDVI对温度和降水的旬响应特征[J].地理学报,2009,64(7):850-860.[CUI Linli,SHI Jun,YANG Yinming,et al.Ten-day response of vegetation NDVI to the variations of temperature and precipitation in Eastern China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(7):850-860.]
[10] 徐兴奎,陈红,LEVY J K.气候变暖背景下青藏高原植被覆盖特征的时空变化及其成因分析[J].科学通报,2008,53(4):456-462.[XU Xingkui,CHEN Hong,LEVY J K.Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under global climate change[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(6):915-922.]
[11] FU Y,CHEN H,NIU H H,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of vegetation phenology and its response to climate changes in Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2015[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2018,28(4):400-414.
[12] 杨元合,朴世龙.青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(1):1-8.[YANG Yuanhe,PIAO Shilong.Variations in grassland vegetation cover in relation to climatic factors on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(1):1-8.]
[13] 刘纪远,徐新良,邵全琴.近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征[J].地理学报,2008,18(4):364-376.[LIU Jiyuan,XU Xinliang,SHAO Quanqin.The spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the Three-River headwaters region in Qinghai Province[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(4):364-376.]
[14] 丁明军,张镱锂,刘林山,等.1982—2009年青藏高原草地覆盖度时空变化特征[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2114-2122.[DING Mingjun,ZHANG Yili,LIU Linshan,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland coverage change in Tibetan Plateau since 1982[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2114-2122.]
[15] 梁四海,陈江,金晓媚,等.近21年青藏高原植被覆盖变化规律[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(1):33-40.[LIANG Sihai,CHEN Jiang,JIN Xiaomei,et al.Regularity of vegetation coverage changes in the Tibetan Plateau over the last 21 years[J].Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(1):33-40.]
[16] JIAPAER G,CHEN X,BAO A M.A comparison of methods for estimating fractional vegetation cover in arid regions[J].Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2011,151(12):1698-1710.
[17] 刘园,王颖,杨晓光.华北平原参考作物蒸散量变化特征及气候影响因素[J].生态学报,2010,30(4):923-932.[LIU Yuan,WANG Ying,YANG Xiaoguang.Trends in reference crop evapotranspiration and possible climatic factors in the North China Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(4):923-932.]
[18] 高歌,陈德亮,任国玉,等.1956—2000年中国潜在蒸散量变化趋势[J].地理研究,2006,25(3):378-387.[GAO Ge,CHEN Deliang,REN Guoyu,et al.Trend of potential evapotranspiration over China during 1956 to 2000[J] Geographical Research,2006,25(3):378-387.]
[19] YIN Y H,WU S H,ZHENG D,et al.Radiation calibration of FAO56 Penman-Monteith model to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration in China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(1):77-84.
[20] ZHOU L M,TUCKER C J,KAUFMAN R K,et al.Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999 [J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2001,106(D17):20069-20084.
[21] FANG J Y,PIAO S L,HE J S,et al.Increasing terrestrial vegetation activity in China,1982—1999[J].Science in China Series C Life Sciences,2004,47(3):229-240.
[22] 高清竹,李玉娥,林而达,等.藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征[J].地理学报,2005,60(6):965-973.[GAO Qingzhu,LI Yu’e,LIN Er’da,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland degradation in Northern Tibet[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(6):965-973.]
[23] 朱文彬,吕爱锋,贾绍凤.基于NDVI的柴达木盆地植被空间分异规律及影响因素[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(5):691-698.[ZHU Wenbin,LYU Aifeng,JIA Shaofeng.Study on spatial distribution of vegetation coverage and its affecting factors in the Qaidam Basin based on NDVI[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(5):691-698.]
[24] 张学珍,戴君虎,葛全胜.1982—2006年中国东部春季植被变化的区域差异[J].地理学报,2012,67(1):53-61.[ZHANG Xuezhen,DAI Junhu,GE Quansheng.Spatial differences of changes in spring vegetation activities across Eastern China during 1982—2006[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(1):53-61.]
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