基于小流域尺度的黔北喀斯特地区产流产沙特征
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摘要
目前,中国西南喀斯特地区流域尺度产流产沙长期定位观测试验报道较少,且其相关机制的探讨不足。该文基于小流域尺度,分析典型喀斯特小流域产流产沙特征,定性、定量探讨喀斯特小流域产流产沙的主要影响因子。选取位于贵州北部的典型喀斯特小流域—遵义浒洋水小流域为研究区,采用小流域控制站定位观测法,在4年连续观测的基础上,分析浒洋水小流域月际、年际产流产沙特征,并重点分析了降雨对小流域产流产沙的影响。结果表明:受喀斯特地区特殊的"二元"侵蚀环境等因素影响,浒洋水小流域产流、产沙高峰不同期,产流高峰出现在10月,多年月均值为63.9万m3,而产沙高峰为6月,116.21t。显著性检验则表明,浒洋水小流域月际产流无显著差异(P>0.05),但6月产沙则显著高于1、2、3及12月(P<0.05),其他月份间产沙无显著差异(P>0.05);受年度降雨的影响,2010-2013年,无论是产流还是产沙,2013年均显著高于其他年份(P<0.05)。研究期间,小流域多年平均输沙模数为215.32 t/(km2·a),这一结果与贵州省公布的贵州喀斯特区土壤侵蚀模数279.47t/(km2·a)接近;该小流域降雨对产流产沙影响显著,降雨强度(I60)同产流产沙在0.05水平上显著相关,而降雨量同产流产沙则在0.01水平上显著相关。结果可为喀斯特地区的水土流失治理提供参考。
So far there are few reports about sediment and runoff on long-term location observation on watershed scale in karst area of southwestern China,and the related mechanism is not enough.Characteristics of runoff and sediment in the small watershed of karst area were analyzed based on the scale of small watershed,and the main influencing factors of sediment and runoff in karst watershed were discussed qualitatively and quantitatively.Huyangshui,a typical karst small watershed located in Zunyi,northern Guizhou province was selected as the study area,and the control station of small watershed,a field position observation method for small watershed scale was used in this study.At the control station,data of water level was recorded continuously by automatic gauge for converting to runoff yield,and the sediment concentration was measured by using drying method,which mainly includes the steps of sampling,filtering,drying and so on.The characteristics of runoff and sediment in this small watershed of different months and different years,especially the influences of rainfall on the characteristics of runoff and sediment were analyzed based on the continuous observation from 2010 to 2013.The results showed that from January to December,the monthly mean runoff and sediment yield increased first and then decreased gradually.However,the maximum of runoff and sediment yield in the small watershed of Huyangshui appeared in different months,this could be because of special erosion environmental factors in karst area such as the subterranean soil and water leakage and others.The peak of runoff occurred in October,the value of which was 639 000 m3,and the maximum of sediment yield appeared in June,the value of which was 116.21 t.Significance tests showed that runoff yield was no significant difference among months(P>0.05).However,the sediment yield in June was significantly higher than that in January,February,March and December(P<0.05),and among other months,sediment yield was no significant difference(P>0.05).Affected by the severe drought in Southwest China in 2010-2011,both of the runoff and sediment yield of Huyangshui small watershed in 2013 were significantly higher than that in other years from 2010 to 2012(P<0.05).During the period of this study,the average sediment delivery modulus of Huyangshui small watershed was 215.32 t/(km2·a),that was close to the value of the soil erosion modulus in Guizhou karst area,279.47 t/(km2·a),which was published by Guizhou government.The precipitation of the small watershed had an obvious effects on the characteristics of runoff and sediment.There was a significant correlation between rainfall and sediment and runoff(P<0.01),and a significant correlation between I60 and sediment and runoff(P<0.05).In addition to the content of above,the differences of soil loss between scales of slope and small watershed were discussed,generally speaking,the results which were observed at the scale of slope were smaller than that obtained from the scale of small watershed in karst area.The results of the study can provide modified reference for the application of the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE),Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE),Chinese Soil Loss Equation(CSLE),and so on in karst area.This study are useful for basic data accumulation for the establishment of soil loss equation which is suitable for karst area in the future.
So far there are few reports about sediment and runoff on long-term location observation on watershed scale in karst area of southwestern China,and the related mechanism is not enough.Characteristics of runoff and sediment in the small watershed of karst area were analyzed based on the scale of small watershed,and the main influencing factors of sediment and runoff in karst watershed were discussed qualitatively and quantitatively.Huyangshui,a typical karst small watershed located in Zunyi,northern Guizhou province was selected as the study area,and the control station of small watershed,a field position observation method for small watershed scale was used in this study.At the control station,data of water level was recorded continuously by automatic gauge for converting to runoff yield,and the sediment concentration was measured by using drying method,which mainly includes the steps of sampling,filtering,drying and so on.The characteristics of runoff and sediment in this small watershed of different months and different years,especially the influences of rainfall on the characteristics of runoff and sediment were analyzed based on the continuous observation from 2010 to 2013.The results showed that from January to December,the monthly mean runoff and sediment yield increased first and then decreased gradually.However,the maximum of runoff and sediment yield in the small watershed of Huyangshui appeared in different months,this could be because of special erosion environmental factors in karst area such as the subterranean soil and water leakage and others.The peak of runoff occurred in October,the value of which was 639 000 m3,and the maximum of sediment yield appeared in June,the value of which was 116.21 t.Significance tests showed that runoff yield was no significant difference among months(P>0.05).However,the sediment yield in June was significantly higher than that in January,February,March and December(P<0.05),and among other months,sediment yield was no significant difference(P>0.05).Affected by the severe drought in Southwest China in 2010-2011,both of the runoff and sediment yield of Huyangshui small watershed in 2013 were significantly higher than that in other years from 2010 to 2012(P<0.05).During the period of this study,the average sediment delivery modulus of Huyangshui small watershed was 215.32 t/(km2·a),that was close to the value of the soil erosion modulus in Guizhou karst area,279.47 t/(km2·a),which was published by Guizhou government.The precipitation of the small watershed had an obvious effects on the characteristics of runoff and sediment.There was a significant correlation between rainfall and sediment and runoff(P<0.01),and a significant correlation between I60 and sediment and runoff(P<0.05).In addition to the content of above,the differences of soil loss between scales of slope and small watershed were discussed,generally speaking,the results which were observed at the scale of slope were smaller than that obtained from the scale of small watershed in karst area.The results of the study can provide modified reference for the application of the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE),Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE),Chinese Soil Loss Equation(CSLE),and so on in karst area.This study are useful for basic data accumulation for the establishment of soil loss equation which is suitable for karst area in the future.
引文
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[2]苏维词.中国西南岩溶山区石漠化的现状成因及治理的优化模式[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):29-32,79.Su Weici.Controlling model for rocky desertification of karst mountainous region and its preventing strategy in Southwest,China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(2):29-32,79.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]熊康宁,李晋,龙明忠.典型喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失特征与关键问题[J].地理学报,2012,67(7):878-888.Xiong Kangning,Li Jin,Long Mingzhong.Features of soil and water loss and key issues in demonstration areas for combating karst rocky desertification[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(7):878-888.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]李瑞,李勇,熊康宁,等.黔中喀斯特区典型土地利用方式及耕作措施的水土流失调控效应[J].水土保持通报,2017(6):136-140.Li Rui,Li Yong,Xiong Kangning,et al.Regulating effects on soil and water loss of typical slope land use patterns and tillage methods in karst area of central Guizhou Province[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017(6):136-140.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]李瑞,张弛,顾再柯,等.贵州喀斯特区典型小流域坡面土壤侵蚀与主要影响因子的响应[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(3):1-5.Li Rui,Zhang Chi,Gu Zaike,et al.Response of soil erosion to main influencing factors on hillslope of typical watersheds in Guizhou karst area[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(3):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]彭宏佳,吴起鑫,任斐鹏,等.喀斯特地区坡面不同土地利用方式水土流失及磷素输出对次降雨特征的响应[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(4):756-765.Peng Hongjia,Wu Qixin,Ren Feipeng,et al.Response of soil erosion and phosphorus losses to individual rainfall under different land uses at karst slopes[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(4):756-765.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]陈洪松,杨静,傅伟,等.桂西北喀斯特峰丛不同土地利用方式坡面产流产沙特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(16):121-126.Chen Hongsong,Yang Jing,Fu Wei,et al.Characteristics of slope runoff and sediment yield on karst hill-slope with different land-use types in northwest Guangxi[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(16):121-126.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]杨子生.滇东北山区坡耕地土壤流失方程研究[J].水土保持通报,1999,19(1):1-9.Yang Zisheng.Study on soil loss equation of cultivated slopeland in Northeast mountain region of Yunnan Province[J].Bulletin of Water and soil Conservation,1999,19(1):1-9.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]蒋荣,张兴奇,张科利,等.喀斯特地区不同林草植被的减流减沙作用[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(1):18-22.Jiang Rong,Zhang Xingqi,Zhang Keli,et al.Runoff and sediment reduction effects under different forest and grass vegetation in karst area[J].Bulletin of Water and Soil Conservation,2013,33(1):18-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]王恒松,熊康宁,张芳美.地形因子对喀斯特坡面水土流失影响的机理研究[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(4):1-7.Wang Hengsong,Xiong Kangning,Zhang Fangmei.Mechanism study on effects of terrain on soil erosion of karst slope[J].Bulletin of Water and soil Conservation,2015,35(4):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]何永彬,李豪,张信宝,等.贵州茂兰峰丛草地洼地小流域侵蚀产沙的137Cs法研究[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(2):181-188.He Yongbin,Li Hao,Zhang Xinbao,et al.137Cs method study on soil erosion and sediment yield in grass-covered peak cluster depression in Maolan,Guizhou[J].Carsologica Sinica,2009,28(2):181-188.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Bai X Y.Assessment of sediment and erosion rates by using the caesium-137 technique in a Chinese polygonal karst depression[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,64(8):2151-2158.
[13]郭新亚,张兴奇,顾礼彬,等.坡长对黔西北地区坡面产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(2):40-44.Guo Xinya,Zhang Xingqi,Gu Libin,et al.Impacts of slope length on runoff and sediment yield in Northwest Guizhou[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(2):40-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]张兴奇,顾礼彬,张科利,等.坡度对黔西北地区坡面产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(4):18-22,72.Zhang Xingqi,Gu Libin,Zhang Keli,et al.Impacts of slope gradient on runoff and sediment in northwest Guizhou[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(4):18-22,72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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