山东半岛九天洞洞穴环境变化特征与影响因素
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摘要
选取旅游洞穴九天洞为研究对象,对洞穴环境变化特征及影响因素进行分析,探讨旅游活动和外界环境变化对洞穴环境变化的影响,以期能够为旅游洞穴的保护与合理开发提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)九天洞受外界气温变化的影响呈夏季高冬季低的特征,且洞穴温度略高于当地平均温度,这与洞穴通风、旅游活动、监测时间等因素有关;(2)洞内相对湿度与洞内空气温度呈较好的负相关关系,洞内相对湿度的变化主要受控于温度,呈夏季低冬季高的变化特征;(3)九天洞CO_2浓度的季节变化特征为夏秋季高冬季低,与气候变化导致的植被和微生物活动以及滴水速率的变化有关;(4)距洞口越远的监测点空气温度、相对湿度的变化幅度越小,CO_2浓度越高,说明距洞口越远受洞外气候变化以及洞穴通风的影响越小;(5)九天洞各监测点pH值和电导率主要与外界气候变化有关,对气候变化响应敏感,在降水偏少的干旱年,监测点pH值偏高,电导率偏低。
In this paper, we chooses Jiutian cave as the research object, to analyzes the characteristics and influencing factors of cave environment changes, and to discusses the influence of tourism activities and changes of external environment on the changes of cave environment in order to provide a scientific basis for the protection of tourism caves. The cave air temperature, Relative Humidity(RH) and CO_2 concentration had been continuously monitored for a period of three years(from December 2011 to December 2014). The pH and Electroconductivity(EC) of the water drop point were measured for two years. The results were as follows,(1) The air temperature of Jiutian cave is slightly higher than the local average temperature. The reason is related to the tourism activities and monitoring time. The temperature in the cave shows the characteristic of low in summer and high in winter, which is related to the change of temperature outside the cave and cave ventilation. In addition, the farther away from the entrance,the smaller the temperature inside the cave is affected by the changes of the outside air temperature.(2) The relative humidity and air temperature in the cave shows negative correlation,indicating that the main influencing factor of the relative humidity in the cave is the temperature. The seasonal variation is characterized by low in winter and high in summer.(3) The CO_2 concentration value of Jiutian cave is relatively high, showing the characteristics of high in summer and autumn and low in winter, which is mainly related to the change of vegetation and microbial activity and drip rate caused by climate change. The peak of CO_2 concentration is mainly due to the increase in the number of tourists.(4) The pH value and electroconductivity of each monitoring point in Jiutian cave are mainly related to climate change and are sensitive to climate change. In drought years with less precipitation, monitoring point has higher pH value and lower electroconductivity value.
In this paper, we chooses Jiutian cave as the research object, to analyzes the characteristics and influencing factors of cave environment changes, and to discusses the influence of tourism activities and changes of external environment on the changes of cave environment in order to provide a scientific basis for the protection of tourism caves. The cave air temperature, Relative Humidity(RH) and CO_2 concentration had been continuously monitored for a period of three years(from December 2011 to December 2014). The pH and Electroconductivity(EC) of the water drop point were measured for two years. The results were as follows,(1) The air temperature of Jiutian cave is slightly higher than the local average temperature. The reason is related to the tourism activities and monitoring time. The temperature in the cave shows the characteristic of low in summer and high in winter, which is related to the change of temperature outside the cave and cave ventilation. In addition, the farther away from the entrance,the smaller the temperature inside the cave is affected by the changes of the outside air temperature.(2) The relative humidity and air temperature in the cave shows negative correlation,indicating that the main influencing factor of the relative humidity in the cave is the temperature. The seasonal variation is characterized by low in winter and high in summer.(3) The CO_2 concentration value of Jiutian cave is relatively high, showing the characteristics of high in summer and autumn and low in winter, which is mainly related to the change of vegetation and microbial activity and drip rate caused by climate change. The peak of CO_2 concentration is mainly due to the increase in the number of tourists.(4) The pH value and electroconductivity of each monitoring point in Jiutian cave are mainly related to climate change and are sensitive to climate change. In drought years with less precipitation, monitoring point has higher pH value and lower electroconductivity value.
引文
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[10] 贺海波,汤静,刘淑华,等.川东北楼房洞洞穴环境时空变化与影响因素[J].热带地理,2014,34(5):696-703.
[11] 何璐瑶,胡超涌,曹振华,等.湖北清江和尚洞洞穴温度对气候变化的响应[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(3):273-277.
[12] 王晓青,周长春,孙小银,等.山东沂源九天洞洞穴环境变化监测分析[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(1):91-96.
[13] 周长春,王晓青,孙小银,等.旅游洞穴环境变化监测分析及其影响因素研究:以山东沂源九天洞为例[J].旅游学刊,2009,24(2):81-86.
[14] 张萍,杨琰,孙喆,等.河南鸡冠洞CO2季节和昼夜变化特征及影响因子比较[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):60-69.
[15] 张蔷,赵淑艳,赵习方.北京石花洞内CO2的监测与评价[J].中国岩溶,1997,16(4):325-331.
[16] 班凤梅,蔡炳贵.北京石花洞空气环境主要因子季节性变化特征研究[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(2):132-137.
[17] 朱学稳,韩道山.流入型洞穴:山东沂源九天洞初步研究[J].中国岩溶,2007,26(3):189-195.
[18] 袁道先.现代岩溶学[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[19] Domínguez-Villar D,Fairchild I J,Baker A,et al.Reconstruction of cave air temperature based on surface atmosphere temperature and vegetation changes:Implications for speleothem palaeoclimate records[J].Earth & Planetary Science Letters,2013,369-370(3):158-168.
[20] Wigley T M,Lbrown M C.The physics of caves[J].The Science of Speleology,1976,3(3):329-347.
[21] Breitenbach S F M,Lechleitner F A,Meyer H,et al.Cave ventilation and rainfall signals in dripwater in a monsoonal setting-a monitoring study from NE India[J].Chemical Geology,2015,402:111-124.
[22] Tremaine D M,Froelich P N.Speleothem trace element signatures:A hydrologic geochemical study of modren cave dripwaters and farmed calcite[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2013,121(6):522-545.
[23] Riechelmann S,Schr?der-Ritzrau A,Sp?tl C,et al.Sensitivity of Bunker Cave to climatic forcings highlighted through multi-annual monitoring of rain,soil,and dripwaters[J].Chemical Geology,2017,449:194-205.
[24] 陈琳,黄嘉仪,刘淑华,等.广东英德宝晶宫洞穴微环境时空变化特征及其主要影响因素探究[J].地球与环境,2017,45(2):164-170.
[25] Baldini J U L,Mcdermott F,Hoffmann D L,et al.Very high-frequency and seasonal cave atmosphere PCO2,variability:Implications for stalagmite growth and oxygen isotope-based paleoclimate records[J].Earth & Planetary Science Letters,2008,272(1-2):118-129.
[26] 蔡炳贵,沈凛梅,郑伟,等.本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度与温、湿度的空间分布和昼夜变化特征[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(4):348-354.
[27] 朱文孝,李坡,潘高潮.织金洞的气候环境及空气中二氧化碳[J].中国岩溶,1993,12(4):407-417.
[28] Casteel R C,Banner J L.Temperature-driven seasonal calcite growth and drip water trace element variations in a well-ventilated Texas cave:Implications for speleothem paleoclimate studies[J].Chemical Geology,2015,392:43-58.
[29] Hartland A,Fairchild I J,Lead J R,et al.Fluorescent properties of organic carbon in cave dripwaters:effects of filtration,temperature and pH[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(23):5940.
[30] Mcdonald J,Drysdale R,Hill D,et al.The hydrochemical response of cave drip waters to sub-annual and inter-annual climate variability,Wombeyan Caves,SE Australia[J].Chemical Geology,2007,244(3-4):605-623.
[2] 张美良,朱晓燕,吴夏,等.旅游活动对巴马水晶宫洞穴环境及碳酸钙沉积物景观的影响[J].中国岩溶,2017,36(1):119-130.
[3] Riechelmann D F C,Schr?der-Ritzrau A,Scholz D,et al.Monitoring bunker cave (NW Germany):A prerequisite to interpret geochemical proxy data of speleothems from this site[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,409(3-4):682-695.
[4] Novas N,Gázquez J A,Maclennan J,et al.A real-time underground environment monitoring system for sustainable tourism of caves[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,142:2707-2721.
[5] Fernández-Cortés A,Calaforra J M,Jiménez-Espinosa R,et al.Geostatistical spatiotemporal analysis of air temperature as an aid to delineating thermal stability zones in a potential show cave:Implications for environmental management[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2006,81(4):371-383.
[6] ?ebela S,Turk J.Natural and anthropogenic influences on the year-round temperature dynamics of air and water in Postojna show cave,Slovenia[J].Tourism Management,2014,40(2):233-243.
[7] Lang M,Faimon J,Pracny P,et al.A show cave management:Anthropogenic CO2,in atmosphere of Vypustek Cave (Moravian Karst,Czech Republic)[J].Journal for Nature Conservation,2017,35:40-52.
[8] 童晓宁,周厚云,黄颖,等.广东英德宝晶宫CO2浓度的时空变化特征[J].热带地理,2013,33(4):439-443.
[9] 陈伟海,邓亚东,韩道山,等.桂林市芦笛岩、大岩洞穴环境特征[J].中国岩溶,2004,23(2):113-119.
[10] 贺海波,汤静,刘淑华,等.川东北楼房洞洞穴环境时空变化与影响因素[J].热带地理,2014,34(5):696-703.
[11] 何璐瑶,胡超涌,曹振华,等.湖北清江和尚洞洞穴温度对气候变化的响应[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(3):273-277.
[12] 王晓青,周长春,孙小银,等.山东沂源九天洞洞穴环境变化监测分析[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(1):91-96.
[13] 周长春,王晓青,孙小银,等.旅游洞穴环境变化监测分析及其影响因素研究:以山东沂源九天洞为例[J].旅游学刊,2009,24(2):81-86.
[14] 张萍,杨琰,孙喆,等.河南鸡冠洞CO2季节和昼夜变化特征及影响因子比较[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):60-69.
[15] 张蔷,赵淑艳,赵习方.北京石花洞内CO2的监测与评价[J].中国岩溶,1997,16(4):325-331.
[16] 班凤梅,蔡炳贵.北京石花洞空气环境主要因子季节性变化特征研究[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(2):132-137.
[17] 朱学稳,韩道山.流入型洞穴:山东沂源九天洞初步研究[J].中国岩溶,2007,26(3):189-195.
[18] 袁道先.现代岩溶学[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[19] Domínguez-Villar D,Fairchild I J,Baker A,et al.Reconstruction of cave air temperature based on surface atmosphere temperature and vegetation changes:Implications for speleothem palaeoclimate records[J].Earth & Planetary Science Letters,2013,369-370(3):158-168.
[20] Wigley T M,Lbrown M C.The physics of caves[J].The Science of Speleology,1976,3(3):329-347.
[21] Breitenbach S F M,Lechleitner F A,Meyer H,et al.Cave ventilation and rainfall signals in dripwater in a monsoonal setting-a monitoring study from NE India[J].Chemical Geology,2015,402:111-124.
[22] Tremaine D M,Froelich P N.Speleothem trace element signatures:A hydrologic geochemical study of modren cave dripwaters and farmed calcite[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2013,121(6):522-545.
[23] Riechelmann S,Schr?der-Ritzrau A,Sp?tl C,et al.Sensitivity of Bunker Cave to climatic forcings highlighted through multi-annual monitoring of rain,soil,and dripwaters[J].Chemical Geology,2017,449:194-205.
[24] 陈琳,黄嘉仪,刘淑华,等.广东英德宝晶宫洞穴微环境时空变化特征及其主要影响因素探究[J].地球与环境,2017,45(2):164-170.
[25] Baldini J U L,Mcdermott F,Hoffmann D L,et al.Very high-frequency and seasonal cave atmosphere PCO2,variability:Implications for stalagmite growth and oxygen isotope-based paleoclimate records[J].Earth & Planetary Science Letters,2008,272(1-2):118-129.
[26] 蔡炳贵,沈凛梅,郑伟,等.本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度与温、湿度的空间分布和昼夜变化特征[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(4):348-354.
[27] 朱文孝,李坡,潘高潮.织金洞的气候环境及空气中二氧化碳[J].中国岩溶,1993,12(4):407-417.
[28] Casteel R C,Banner J L.Temperature-driven seasonal calcite growth and drip water trace element variations in a well-ventilated Texas cave:Implications for speleothem paleoclimate studies[J].Chemical Geology,2015,392:43-58.
[29] Hartland A,Fairchild I J,Lead J R,et al.Fluorescent properties of organic carbon in cave dripwaters:effects of filtration,temperature and pH[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(23):5940.
[30] Mcdonald J,Drysdale R,Hill D,et al.The hydrochemical response of cave drip waters to sub-annual and inter-annual climate variability,Wombeyan Caves,SE Australia[J].Chemical Geology,2007,244(3-4):605-623.
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