荥阳市春秋季观测期间颗粒物中重金属健康风险评价
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摘要
为研究荥阳市2017春秋两季观测期间颗粒物中重金属的浓度特征及其在不同暴露途径下对人体的健康风险,采集大气中的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),使用电感耦合等离子质谱仪ICP-MS对颗粒物中重金属浓度(Co、Cu、Zn、As、Cr、Pb)进行测定.结果表明,春、秋季的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的浓度均值分别为95.01μg·m~(-3)、149.03μg·m~(-3)和61.61μg·m~(-3)、108.61μg·m~(-3). PM_(2.5)浓度最高比《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)规定的一级浓度限值高5.71倍,PM_(10)比其一级浓度限值高6.42倍,比二级浓度限值高1.47倍.健康风险评价表明,在呼吸暴露途径下,PM_(10)中Cr元素在春季对成人有一定致癌风险,在秋季则对成人和儿童均存在致癌风险,且秋季As、Cr、Co的危险指数高达4.2,存在显著非致癌风险;皮肤接触途径下,PM_(10)中Cr元素在春季对儿童和成人均有致癌风险,秋季则主要是对成人存在致癌风险;口入途径下,秋季PM_(2.5)中As元素对儿童有潜在致癌风险,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中重金属元素整体在两个季节对儿童均有显著非致癌风险.
To investigate the concentration characteristics of heavy metals in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) and their health risks via different exposure pathways,PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) samples were collected in spring and autumn of 2017 in Xingyang City. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) was used to analyze the concentrations of heavy metals(Co, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Pb).The results showed that the mean concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) in spring and autumn were 95.01 μg·m~(-3),149.03 μg·m~(-3) and 61.61 μg·m~(-3),108.61 μg·m~(-3),respectively.The highest concentration of PM_(2.5) was 5.71 times higher than the Grade Ⅰ daily PM_(2.5) limit in the Environmental Air Quality Standard(GB 3095—2012),while the highest concentration of PM_(10) was 6.42 times higher than the Grade Ⅰ daily PM_(10) limit and 1.47 times higher than the Grade Ⅱ daily PM_(10) limit.Health risk assessment showed that via the inhalation pathway, Cr in PM_(10) posed carcinogenic risk to adults in spring and to both adults and children in autumn.The hazard index of As,Cr and Co in autumn was as high as 4.2,indicating significant non-carcinogenic risk.Through the dermal absorption, Cr in PM_(10) was carcinogenic to children and adults in spring,and carcinogenic to adults in autumn.Under the intake pathway, As in PM_(2.5) in autumn posed potential carcinogenic risk to children,while heavy metal in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) posed significant non-carcinogenic risks to children in both seasons.
To investigate the concentration characteristics of heavy metals in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) and their health risks via different exposure pathways,PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) samples were collected in spring and autumn of 2017 in Xingyang City. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) was used to analyze the concentrations of heavy metals(Co, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Pb).The results showed that the mean concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) in spring and autumn were 95.01 μg·m~(-3),149.03 μg·m~(-3) and 61.61 μg·m~(-3),108.61 μg·m~(-3),respectively.The highest concentration of PM_(2.5) was 5.71 times higher than the Grade Ⅰ daily PM_(2.5) limit in the Environmental Air Quality Standard(GB 3095—2012),while the highest concentration of PM_(10) was 6.42 times higher than the Grade Ⅰ daily PM_(10) limit and 1.47 times higher than the Grade Ⅱ daily PM_(10) limit.Health risk assessment showed that via the inhalation pathway, Cr in PM_(10) posed carcinogenic risk to adults in spring and to both adults and children in autumn.The hazard index of As,Cr and Co in autumn was as high as 4.2,indicating significant non-carcinogenic risk.Through the dermal absorption, Cr in PM_(10) was carcinogenic to children and adults in spring,and carcinogenic to adults in autumn.Under the intake pathway, As in PM_(2.5) in autumn posed potential carcinogenic risk to children,while heavy metal in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) posed significant non-carcinogenic risks to children in both seasons.
引文
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[2] JIANG N,YIN S S,GUO Y,et al.Characteristics of mass concentration,chemical composition,source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM10 and health risk assessment in the emerging megacity in China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2018,9,309-321.
[3] 王珊珊,于瑞莲,胡恭任,等.厦门市大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].地球与环境,2017,45(3):336-341.WANG S S,YU R L,HU G R,et al.Pollution characteristic and health risk of heavy metalsin PM2.5 of Xiamen City,China[J].Earth and Environment,2017,45(3):336-341(in Chinese).
[4] 庄马展.厦门大气PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35 (8):1723-1732.ZHUANG M Z.Characteristic of elements in PM2.5 and health risk assessment of heavy metals at Xiamen[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35 (8):1723-1732(in Chinese).
[5] US EPA,2011a.Risk assessment guidance for superfund.In:Part a:Human Health Evaluation Manual;Part E,Suppleme Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment;Part F,Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment,vol.[EB/OL].[2018-11-24].I.http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/human_health_exposure.htm.
[6] 张鑫,赵小曼,孟雪洁,等.北京、新乡夏季大气颗粒物中重金属的粒径分布及人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):997-1003.ZHANG X,ZHAO X M,MENG X J et al.Particle size distribution and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in atmospheric particles from Beijing and Xinxiang during Summer[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(3):997-1003(in Chinese).
[7] 程慧波,王乃昂,李晓红,等.兰州主城区大气颗粒物质量浓度及健康风险[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(1):348-360.CHENG H B,WANG N A,LI X H,et al.Mass concentration and health risk of atmospheric particulate matter in main urban district of Lanzhou[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(1):348-360(in Chinese).
[8] PENG X,SHI G,LIU G,et al.Source apportionment and heavy metal healthrisk (HMHR) quantification from sources in a southern city in China,using an ME2- HMHR model[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,221:335-342.
[9] SHEN F,GE X,HU J,et al.Air pollution characteristics and health risks in Henan Province,China[J].Environmental Research,2017,156:625-634.
[10] US EPA,2011c.User′s guide and background technical document for US EPA region 9′s Preliminary remediation goals (PRG) table.[EB/OL].[2018-11-24].http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration table/usersguide.htm.
[11] ROHRA H,TIWARI R,KHANDELWAL N,et al.Mass distribution and health risk assessment of size segregated particulate in varied indoor microenvironments of Agra,India - A case study[J].Urban Climate,2018,24:139-152.
[12] 任丽红,周志恩,赵雪艳,等.重庆主城区大气PM10及PM2.5来源解析[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(12):1387-1394.REN L H,ZHOU Z E,ZHAO X Y,et al.Source Apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in Urban Areas of Chongqing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(12):1387-1394(in Chinese).
[13] 覃国荣.保定市PM10和PM2.5污染特征研究[D].保定:河北大学,2014.QIN G R.Study on pollution characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 in urban Baoding[D].Baoding:Hebei University,2014(in Chinese).
[14] 王永晓,曹红英,邓雅佳,等.大气颗粒物及降尘中重金属的分布特征与人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3575-3584.WANG Y X,CAO H Y,DENG Y J,et al.Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matter and dust[J].Environment Science,2017,38(9):3575-3584(in Chinese).
[15] 李友平,刘慧芳,周洪,等.成都市PM2.5中有毒重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2225-2232.LI Y P,LIU H F,ZHOU H,et al.Contamination characteristics and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in PM2.5 in Chengdu[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(7):2225-2232(in Chinese).
[16] 李丽娟,温彦平,彭林,等.太原市采暖季PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4431-4438.LI L J,WEN Y P,PENG L,et al.Characteristic of elements in PM2.5 and health risk assessment of heavy metals during heating season in Taiyuan[J].Environment Science,2014,35(12):4431-4438(in Chinese).
[17] 赵委托,陈娟.胡渭平,等.电镀企业周边大气颗粒物PM2.5,PM10和TSP中重金属分布特征及健康风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(3):470-484.ZHAO W T,CHEN J,HU W P,et al.Distruhution characteristics of heavy metalsin PM2.5,PM10 and TSP around electroplating factories and the health risk assessment[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2017,12 (3):470-484(in Chinese).