东方田鼠家族群对成员个体觅食行为的影响
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摘要
植食性哺乳动物在分享社群觅食带来好处的同时,是否因个体间的相互干扰而影响其摄入率。在新鲜马唐叶片构建的均质密集食物斑块上,测定东方田鼠家族群成员个体在食物斑块上的觅食行为序列过程及行为参数,检验家族群存在对成员个体觅食行为的影响。结果发现,东方田鼠家族群雌、雄成员个体的觅食行为参数均无显著差异。然而,与单只个体相比,家族群觅食尽管能显著地缩短成员个体的觅食决定时间,但却显著地降低了成员个体的摄入率。分析觅食行为参数觅食中断时间发现,相较于单只个体,家族群成员个体间因相互干扰而引起的觅食中断时间的增加,不但增大了收获每口食物的时间,而且导致其摄入率下降。检测家族群成员个体各警觉行为动作参数,发现,成员个体间的相互干扰能引致个体的一般扫视、盯视及嗅闻动作时间比例显著增大,尽管直立扫视和静听动作时间比例减少显著,但并未使个体的觅食中断时间减小。结果充分说明,东方田鼠家族群成员个体间的相互干扰能使个体觅食行为参数发生变异,导致觅食中断时间增加,摄入率降低。
Herbivorous mammals benefit from foraging in family groups through the sharing of vigilance information and the dilution of the individual risks of being preyed upon; however, interference competition may reduce their intake rates. To evaluate the effects of family foraging on the individual foraging behavior of reed voles(Microtus fortis), the behavioral sequences and parameters of the voles′ foraging on concentrated homogenous food patches consisting of fresh crabgrass leaves(Digitaria sanguinalis) were measured. The results showed that there is no significant difference in foraging behavior between female and male among family groups; however compared to a lone individual, individuals in family groups had significantly shortened foraging decision times, but markedly reduced intake rates. Analyses showed that, compared with the lone individual, the foraging interruption times of individuals increased significantly in family groups, but their intake rates declined significantly as a result of the greater amount of time spent on searching for adjacent food items. Analyses of the individual vigilance time showed that interference competition triggered by others individuals in family groups significantly increased the proportion of vigilance time spent on scanning, staring, and sniffing. While the proportion of vigilance time spent on upright scanning and listening decreased for individuals in family groups, the interruption times of individuals did not decrease significantly. These results revealed that the interference competition among individuals in family groups triggered variations in the parameters of the foraging behavior of the reed voles, increasing their foraging interruption times and decreasing their intake rates.
Herbivorous mammals benefit from foraging in family groups through the sharing of vigilance information and the dilution of the individual risks of being preyed upon; however, interference competition may reduce their intake rates. To evaluate the effects of family foraging on the individual foraging behavior of reed voles(Microtus fortis), the behavioral sequences and parameters of the voles′ foraging on concentrated homogenous food patches consisting of fresh crabgrass leaves(Digitaria sanguinalis) were measured. The results showed that there is no significant difference in foraging behavior between female and male among family groups; however compared to a lone individual, individuals in family groups had significantly shortened foraging decision times, but markedly reduced intake rates. Analyses showed that, compared with the lone individual, the foraging interruption times of individuals increased significantly in family groups, but their intake rates declined significantly as a result of the greater amount of time spent on searching for adjacent food items. Analyses of the individual vigilance time showed that interference competition triggered by others individuals in family groups significantly increased the proportion of vigilance time spent on scanning, staring, and sniffing. While the proportion of vigilance time spent on upright scanning and listening decreased for individuals in family groups, the interruption times of individuals did not decrease significantly. These results revealed that the interference competition among individuals in family groups triggered variations in the parameters of the foraging behavior of the reed voles, increasing their foraging interruption times and decreasing their intake rates.
引文
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[22] Wiszniewski J,Lusseau D,M?ller L M.Female bisexual kinship ties maintain social cohesion in a dolphin network.Animal Behaviour,2010,80(5):895- 904.
[23] Helms Cahan S.Cooperation and conflict in ant foundress associations:insights from geographical variation.Animal Behaviour,2001,61(4):819- 825.
[24] Sirot E.Social information,antipredatory vigilance and flight in bird flocks.Animal Behaviour,2006,72(2):373- 382.
[25] Beauchamp G.Sleeping gulls monitor the vigilance behaviour of their neighbours.Biology Letters,2009,5(1):9- 11.
[26] Gaynor K M,Cords M.Antipredator and social monitoring functions of vigilance behaviour in blue monkeys.Animal Behaviour,2012,84(3):531- 537.
[27] 陶双伦,杨锡福,邓凯东,张良军,李俊年,刘季科.东方田鼠警觉对其功能反应的作用格局.生态学报,2011,31(2):410- 420.
[28] Spalinger D E,Hobbs N T.Mechanisms of foraging in mammalian herbivores:new models of functional response.The American Naturalist,1992,140(2):325- 348.
[29] Hobbs N T,Gross J E,Shipley L A,Spalinger D E,Wunder B A.Herbivore functional response in heterogeneous environments:a contest among models.Ecology,2003,84(3):666- 681.
[30] 马静,陶双伦,杨锡福,姚小燕,王璐,李俊年.捕食风险对东方田鼠功能反应格局的作用.生态学报,2013,33(9):2734- 2743.
[31] 唐显江,陶双伦,马静,章力,吴帅玲,李俊年.视野受阻对东方田鼠觅食行为的影响.生态学报,2017,37(3):1035- 1042.
[32] 陶双伦,张伟华,李俊年,何岚,杨锡福.植食性哺乳动物能量收益增长减速机制的检验.生态学报,2010,30(18):4839- 4847.
[33] Winnie Jr J A,Cross P,Getz W.Habitat quality and heterogeneity influence distribution and behavior in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer).Ecology,2008,89(5):1457- 1468.
[34] Cunningham C,Anderson J,Mootnick A.A sex difference in effect of prior experience on object-mediated problem-solving in gibbons.Animal Cognition,2011,14(4):599- 605.
[35] 李亚衡,曼丽,洪立国,高利军,乌云其其格,青格力图,毕力格巴雅尔,王勇.大鵟对长爪沙鼠秋季的集群捕食策略.生态学报,2017,37(3):1021- 1026.
[36] Lima S L,Bednekoff P A.Back to the basics of antipredatory vigilance:can nonvigilant animals detect attack?Animal Behaviour,1999,58(3):537- 543.
[37] Suzuki T N.Semantic communication in birds:evidence from field research over the past two decades.Ecological Research,2016,31(3):307- 319.
[38] 曲家鹏,李克欣,杨敏,李文靖,张堰铭,Smith A T.高原鼠兔家群空间领域的季节性动态格局.兽类学报,2007,27(3):215- 220.
[39] Wang Z Y,Wang B,Yi X F,Yan C,Cao L,Zhang Z B.Scatter-hoarding rodents are better pilferers than larder-hoarders.Animal Behaviour,2018,141:151- 159.
[40] Sanchez-Andrade G,Kendrick K M.The main olfactory system and social learning in mammals.Behavioural Brain Research,2009,200(2):323- 335.
[41] Eisthen H L.Evolution of vertebrate olfactory systems.Brain,Behavior and Evolution,1997,50(4):222- 233.
[42] Plassmann W,Br?ndle K.A functional model of the auditory system in mammals and its evolutionary implications//Webster D B,Popper A N,Fay R R,eds.The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing.New York,NY:Springer,1992:637- 653.
[43] Carr C E,Soares D.Shared features of the auditory system of birds and mammals.Evolution of Nervous Systems,2007,2:443- 457.
[44] Charnov E L.Optimal foraging,the marginal value theorem.Theoretical Population Biology,1976,9(2):129- 136.
[45] Zhang H M,Gao H Y,Yang Z,Wang Z Z,Luo Y,Zhang Z B.Effects of interspecific competition on food hoarding and pilferage in two sympatric rodents.Behaviour,2014,151(11):1579- 1596.
[46] Zhang J X,Zhang Z B,Wang Z W.Seasonal changes in and effects of familiarity on agonistic behaviors of rat-like hamsters (Cricetulus triton).Ecological Research,2001,16(2):309- 317.
[2] Jolles J W,Boogert N J,Sridhar V H,Couzin I D,Manica A.Consistent individual differences drive collective behavior and group functioning of schooling fish.Current Biology,2017,27(18):2862- 2868.
[3] Monclús R,R?del H G.Different forms of vigilance in response to the presence of predators and conspecifics in a group-living mammal,the European rabbit.Ethology,2008,114(3):287- 297.
[4] Giardina I.Collective behavior in animal groups:theoretical models and empirical studies.HFSP Journal,2008,2(4):205- 219.
[5] 王振龙,王大伟,张知彬.雄性大仓鼠体重对其斗殴行为及社会等级的作用.兽类学报,2007,27(1):26- 32.
[6] Couzin I D.Collective cognition in animal groups.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2009,13(1):36- 43.
[7] Fernández-Juricic E,Siller S,Kacelnik A.Flock density,social foraging,and scanning:an experiment with starlings.Behavioral Ecology,2004,15(3):371- 379.
[8] Foster W A,Treherne J E.Evidence for the dilution effect in the selfish herd from fish predation on a marine insect.Nature,1981,293(5832):466- 467.
[9] Clutton-Brock T H,O′Riain M J,Brotherton P N M,Gaynor D,Kansky R,Griffin A S,Manser M.Selfish sentinels in cooperative mammals.Science,1999,284(5420):1640- 1644.
[10] West S A,Pen I,Griffin A S.Cooperation and competition between relatives.Science,2002,296(5565):72- 75.
[11] Sansom A,Cresswell W,Minderman J,Lind J.Vigilance benefits and competition costs in groups:do individual redshanks gain an overall foraging benefit?Animal Behaviour,2008,75(6):1869- 1875.
[12] Beauchamp G.Antipredator vigilance decreases with food density in staging flocks of Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla).Canadian Journal of Zoology,2014,92(9):785- 788.
[13] Ward A J W,Sumpter D J T,Couzin I D,Hart P J B,Krause J.Quorum decision-making facilitates information transfer in fish shoals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008,105(19):6948- 6953.
[14] Couzin I D,Krause J,Franks N R,Levin S A.Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move.Nature,2005,433(7025):513- 516.
[15] Sirot E,Touzalin F.Coordination and synchronization of vigilance in groups of prey:the role of collective detection and predators′ preference for stragglers.The American Naturalist,2009,173(1):47- 59.
[16] Lima S L,Zollner P A.Anti-predatory vigilance and the limits to collective detection:visual and spatial separation between foragers.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,1996,38(5):355- 363.
[17] Quinn J L,Cresswell W.Escape response delays in wintering redshank,Tringa totanus,flocks:perceptual limits and economic decisions.Animal Behaviour,2005,69(6):1285- 1292.
[18] Gyimesi A,Van Rooij E P,Nolet B A.Nonlinear effects of food aggregation on interference competition in mallards.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,2010,64(11):1897- 1904.
[19] Fernández-Juricic E,Beauchamp G,Bastain B.Group-size and distance-to-neighbour effects on feeding and vigilance in brown-headed cowbirds.Animal Behaviour,2007,73(5):771- 778.
[20] Tóth Z,Bókony V,Lendvai á Z,Szabó K,Pénzes Z,Liker A.Kinship and aggression:do house sparrows spare their relatives?.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,2009,63(8):1189- 1196.
[21] Smith J E.Hamilton′s legacy:kinship,cooperation and social tolerance in mammalian groups.Animal Behaviour,2014,92:291- 304.
[22] Wiszniewski J,Lusseau D,M?ller L M.Female bisexual kinship ties maintain social cohesion in a dolphin network.Animal Behaviour,2010,80(5):895- 904.
[23] Helms Cahan S.Cooperation and conflict in ant foundress associations:insights from geographical variation.Animal Behaviour,2001,61(4):819- 825.
[24] Sirot E.Social information,antipredatory vigilance and flight in bird flocks.Animal Behaviour,2006,72(2):373- 382.
[25] Beauchamp G.Sleeping gulls monitor the vigilance behaviour of their neighbours.Biology Letters,2009,5(1):9- 11.
[26] Gaynor K M,Cords M.Antipredator and social monitoring functions of vigilance behaviour in blue monkeys.Animal Behaviour,2012,84(3):531- 537.
[27] 陶双伦,杨锡福,邓凯东,张良军,李俊年,刘季科.东方田鼠警觉对其功能反应的作用格局.生态学报,2011,31(2):410- 420.
[28] Spalinger D E,Hobbs N T.Mechanisms of foraging in mammalian herbivores:new models of functional response.The American Naturalist,1992,140(2):325- 348.
[29] Hobbs N T,Gross J E,Shipley L A,Spalinger D E,Wunder B A.Herbivore functional response in heterogeneous environments:a contest among models.Ecology,2003,84(3):666- 681.
[30] 马静,陶双伦,杨锡福,姚小燕,王璐,李俊年.捕食风险对东方田鼠功能反应格局的作用.生态学报,2013,33(9):2734- 2743.
[31] 唐显江,陶双伦,马静,章力,吴帅玲,李俊年.视野受阻对东方田鼠觅食行为的影响.生态学报,2017,37(3):1035- 1042.
[32] 陶双伦,张伟华,李俊年,何岚,杨锡福.植食性哺乳动物能量收益增长减速机制的检验.生态学报,2010,30(18):4839- 4847.
[33] Winnie Jr J A,Cross P,Getz W.Habitat quality and heterogeneity influence distribution and behavior in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer).Ecology,2008,89(5):1457- 1468.
[34] Cunningham C,Anderson J,Mootnick A.A sex difference in effect of prior experience on object-mediated problem-solving in gibbons.Animal Cognition,2011,14(4):599- 605.
[35] 李亚衡,曼丽,洪立国,高利军,乌云其其格,青格力图,毕力格巴雅尔,王勇.大鵟对长爪沙鼠秋季的集群捕食策略.生态学报,2017,37(3):1021- 1026.
[36] Lima S L,Bednekoff P A.Back to the basics of antipredatory vigilance:can nonvigilant animals detect attack?Animal Behaviour,1999,58(3):537- 543.
[37] Suzuki T N.Semantic communication in birds:evidence from field research over the past two decades.Ecological Research,2016,31(3):307- 319.
[38] 曲家鹏,李克欣,杨敏,李文靖,张堰铭,Smith A T.高原鼠兔家群空间领域的季节性动态格局.兽类学报,2007,27(3):215- 220.
[39] Wang Z Y,Wang B,Yi X F,Yan C,Cao L,Zhang Z B.Scatter-hoarding rodents are better pilferers than larder-hoarders.Animal Behaviour,2018,141:151- 159.
[40] Sanchez-Andrade G,Kendrick K M.The main olfactory system and social learning in mammals.Behavioural Brain Research,2009,200(2):323- 335.
[41] Eisthen H L.Evolution of vertebrate olfactory systems.Brain,Behavior and Evolution,1997,50(4):222- 233.
[42] Plassmann W,Br?ndle K.A functional model of the auditory system in mammals and its evolutionary implications//Webster D B,Popper A N,Fay R R,eds.The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing.New York,NY:Springer,1992:637- 653.
[43] Carr C E,Soares D.Shared features of the auditory system of birds and mammals.Evolution of Nervous Systems,2007,2:443- 457.
[44] Charnov E L.Optimal foraging,the marginal value theorem.Theoretical Population Biology,1976,9(2):129- 136.
[45] Zhang H M,Gao H Y,Yang Z,Wang Z Z,Luo Y,Zhang Z B.Effects of interspecific competition on food hoarding and pilferage in two sympatric rodents.Behaviour,2014,151(11):1579- 1596.
[46] Zhang J X,Zhang Z B,Wang Z W.Seasonal changes in and effects of familiarity on agonistic behaviors of rat-like hamsters (Cricetulus triton).Ecological Research,2001,16(2):309- 317.
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