黄土区水土保持林地的蓄水动态及雨水渗透深度
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摘要
为探讨黄土高原水土保持林地蓄水动态特征,分析水土保持林在造林时修建的水平阶成林后对雨水及径流的再分配效果,以及不同降雨条件下雨水的渗透深度,以晋西黄土区典型的人工水土保持林地侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)林地和油松(Pinus tabuliformis)林地为对象,利用Enviro SMART土壤水分定位监测系统,于2016全年在林地坡面和水平阶上以30 min 1次的频度测定0～200 cm土层的含水量,利用长期自记雨量计测定林外降水量,根据水量平衡原理分析水土保持林地蓄水量的动态变化特征、林地水分的积累速率和消退速率,根据湿润锋探讨降水量对雨水渗透深度的影响。研究结果表明:1)侧柏林地和油松林地200 cm土层的平均蓄水量分别为368. 99 mm和320. 58 mm。2)水平阶的平均蓄水量(408. 55 mm)>坡面的平均蓄水量(281. 01 mm),水平阶较坡面多蓄水127. 54mm。3)根据变异系数,水土保持林地蓄水量的年内变化可划分为稳定期(2—4月)、积累期(5—7月)、波动期(8—10月)、消退期(11—翌年1月)。4)积累期蓄水量的平均积累速度分别为:侧柏林地0. 68 mm/d,油松林地0. 64 mm/d;消退期蓄水量的平均消退速度分别为:侧柏林地0. 34 mm/d,油松林地0. 36 mm/d。5)侧柏林地雨水的渗透深度大于油松林地,水平阶上的雨水渗透深度大于坡面。暴雨条件下侧柏林地雨水的入渗深度为90 cm(坡面)～110 cm(水平阶),油松林地为60 cm(坡面)～70 cm(水平阶)。
[Background]In order to explore the dynamic characteristics of water storage in the soil and water conservation forests on the Loess Plateau,the redistribution effects of the level terraces on rainwater and runoff,and the depth of rainwater penetration under different rainfall conditions were analyzed.[Methods]In this study,artificial Platycladus orientalis forest and artificial Pinus tabuliformis forest in the Loess Plateau of western Shanxi province were selected as research objects,the soil moisture content of 0-200 cm soil profile and the precipitation were determined respectively,through the application of EnviroSMART soil moisture monitoring system and HOBO tipping rain gauge. Based on the theory of water balance,the dynamic characteristics of forestland water storage capacity,the rate of forestland water accumulation and the rate of extinction were analyzed,and the effect of precipitation on the depth of rainwater penetration was explored based on the wetting front. [Results]1) The soil water storage of P.orientalis forest( 368. 99 mm) was greater than that of P. tabuliformis forest( 320. 58 mm). 2) The average annual storage water of the level terrace( 408. 55 mm) > the average annual storage water of the slope( 281. 01 mm),On the level terraces,the storage is 127. 54 mm more on the slope. 3) According to the coefficient of variation of soil water storage capacity,a year could be divided into 4 periods,stabile period of soil moisture( February-April),accumulation period of soil moisture( May-July),fluctuation period of soil moisture( August-October),fading period of soil moisture( November-January of the next year). 4) The average accumulation rate of water storage during the accumulation period is 0. 68 mm/d in the P. orientalis forest,0. 64 mm/d in the P. tabuliformis forest,and the average speed of the water in the fading period is 0. 34 mm/d in the P. orientalis forest,0. 36 mm/d in the P. tabuliformis forest. 5)The penetration depth of the rainwater in the P. orientalis forest is greater than that in the P. tabuliformis forest. The depth soil water responding to rainfall of the level terrace is deeper than the slope. Under the heavy rain condition,the infiltration depth of the rainwater in the P. orientalis forest is 90 cm( slope)-110 cm( level terrace),and in the P. tabuliformis forest is 60 cm( slope)-70 cm( level terrace).[Conclusions]It is recommended to use level terrace and select P. orientalis when planting soil and water conservation forests on the Loess Plateau.
[Background]In order to explore the dynamic characteristics of water storage in the soil and water conservation forests on the Loess Plateau,the redistribution effects of the level terraces on rainwater and runoff,and the depth of rainwater penetration under different rainfall conditions were analyzed.[Methods]In this study,artificial Platycladus orientalis forest and artificial Pinus tabuliformis forest in the Loess Plateau of western Shanxi province were selected as research objects,the soil moisture content of 0-200 cm soil profile and the precipitation were determined respectively,through the application of EnviroSMART soil moisture monitoring system and HOBO tipping rain gauge. Based on the theory of water balance,the dynamic characteristics of forestland water storage capacity,the rate of forestland water accumulation and the rate of extinction were analyzed,and the effect of precipitation on the depth of rainwater penetration was explored based on the wetting front. [Results]1) The soil water storage of P.orientalis forest( 368. 99 mm) was greater than that of P. tabuliformis forest( 320. 58 mm). 2) The average annual storage water of the level terrace( 408. 55 mm) > the average annual storage water of the slope( 281. 01 mm),On the level terraces,the storage is 127. 54 mm more on the slope. 3) According to the coefficient of variation of soil water storage capacity,a year could be divided into 4 periods,stabile period of soil moisture( February-April),accumulation period of soil moisture( May-July),fluctuation period of soil moisture( August-October),fading period of soil moisture( November-January of the next year). 4) The average accumulation rate of water storage during the accumulation period is 0. 68 mm/d in the P. orientalis forest,0. 64 mm/d in the P. tabuliformis forest,and the average speed of the water in the fading period is 0. 34 mm/d in the P. orientalis forest,0. 36 mm/d in the P. tabuliformis forest. 5)The penetration depth of the rainwater in the P. orientalis forest is greater than that in the P. tabuliformis forest. The depth soil water responding to rainfall of the level terrace is deeper than the slope. Under the heavy rain condition,the infiltration depth of the rainwater in the P. orientalis forest is 90 cm( slope)-110 cm( level terrace),and in the P. tabuliformis forest is 60 cm( slope)-70 cm( level terrace).[Conclusions]It is recommended to use level terrace and select P. orientalis when planting soil and water conservation forests on the Loess Plateau.
引文
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[13]于洋,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区坡面整地和植被耦合下的土壤水分特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3441.YU Yang,WEI Wei,CHEN Liding et al.Coupling effects of different land preparation and vegetation on soil moisture characteristics in a semiarid loess hilly region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(11):3441.
[14]杨绍兵,王克勤,陈志中,等.坡耕地反坡水平阶对土壤水N、P垂直再分配的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):56.YANG Shaobing,WANG Keqin,CHEN Zhizhong,et al.Effect of horizontal stage on vertical redistribution of the soil water N and P on the slopping land[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(1):56.
[15]黄志刚,欧阳志云,李锋瑞,等.南方丘陵区不同坡地利用方式土壤水分动态[J].生态学报,2009,29(6):3136.HUANG Zhigang,OUYANG Zhiyun,LI Fengrui,et al.Spatial and temporal dynamics in soil water storage under different use types of sloping fields:A case study in a highland region of southern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(6):3136.
[16]王正安,邸利,王彦辉,等.六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松林土壤水分对降雨的响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(4):144.WANG Zheng'an,DI Li,WANG Yanhui,et al.Response of soil moisture to rainfalls in a semi-arid larch forest in Liupan Mountains[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2018,32(4):144.
[17]王永东,张宏武,徐新文,等.风沙土水分入渗与再分布过程中湿润锋运移试验研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(8):190.WANG Yongdong,ZHANG Hongwu,XU Xinwen,et al.Study on the wetting front of water in filtration and soil water redistribution in aeolian sandy soil[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(8):190.
[18]李萍,朱清科,谢静,等.半干旱黄土区水平阶整地人工油松林地土壤水分和养分状况[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(1):60.LI Ping,ZHU Qingke,XIE Jing,et al.Soil moisture and nutrient levels in artificial Pinus tabulaeformis forest by level terracing in semiarid Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,32(1):60.
[19]马履一,王华田,林平.北京地区几个造林树种耗水性比较研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(2):1.MA Lüyi,WANG Huatian,LIN Ping.Comparison of water consumption of some afforestation species in Beijing area[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2003,25(2):1.
[20]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝,刘国彬.黄土高原人工油松林枯枝落叶层的水土保持功能研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(1):168.ZHAO Hongyan,WU Qinxiao,LIU Guobin.Studies on soil and water conservation functions of litter in chinese pine stand on Loess Plateau[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2003,39(1):168.
[21]ARAYA A,STROOSNIJDER L.Effects of tied ridges and mulch on barley(Hordeum vulgare)rainwater use efficiency and production in northern Ethiopia[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(6):841.
[22]刘战东,高阳,刘祖贵,等.降雨特性和覆盖方式对麦田土壤水分的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(13):113.LIU Zhandong,GAO Yang,LIU Zugui,et al.Effects of rainfall characteristics and covering methods on soil moisture of winter wheat[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(13):113.
[23]ZHAO H,XIONG Y,LI F,et al.Plastic film mulch for half growing-season maximized WUE and yield of potato via moisture-temperature improvement in a semi-arid agroecosystem[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104:68.
[24]任柯蒙,卫伟,赵西宁,等.基于水蚀预报模型的黄土高原水平阶减流阻蚀效应模拟[J].生态学报,2018,38(14):1.REN Kemeng,WEI Wei,ZHAO Xining,et al.Simulation of the effects of level bench terraces on water erosion reduction in the Loess Plateau based on the WEPP model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(14):1.
[25]ZHU Q,NIE X,ZHOU X,et al.Soil moisture response to rainfall at different topographic positions along a mixed land-use hillslope[J].Catena,2014,119:61.
[2]李敏.水土保持对黄河输沙量的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(6):23.LI Min.Effect of soil and water conservation on sediment discharge in the Yellow River[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,12(6):23.
[3]闵庆文,余卫东.从降水资源看黄土高原地区的植被生态建设[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(3):109.MIN Qingwen,Yu Weidong.Vegetation eco-construction in Loess Plateau Region viewing from precipitation resource[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,9(3):109.
[4]黄肖勇,李生宝.半干旱黄土丘陵区土壤水分动态变化研究综述[J].农业科学研究,2009,30(3):69.HUANG Xiaoyong,LI Shengbao.Review of the soil moisture dynamic variation in semi-arid hilly loess region[J].Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2009,30(3):69.
[5]周晓红,赵景波.黄土高原气候变化与植被恢复[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(1):116.ZHOU Xiaohong,ZHAO Jingbo.Climatic change and vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau[J].Arid Zone Research,2005,22(1):116.
[6]JIN Z,GUO L,LIN H et al.Soil moisture response to rainfall on the Chinese Loess Plateau after a long-term vegetation rehabilitation[J].Hydrological Processes,2018,32(12):1738
[7]邝高明,朱清科,刘中奇,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区微地形对土壤水分及生物量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(3):74.KUANG Gaoming,ZHU Qingke,LIU Zhongqi,et al.Effect of microrelief on the soil water and vegetation arrangement in loess hilly and gully region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(3):74.
[8]YU B,LIU G,LIU Q,et al.Soil moisture variations at different topographic domains and land use types in the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2018,165:125.
[9]张建军,李慧敏,徐佳佳.黄土高原水土保持林对土壤水分的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(23):7056.ZHANG Jianjun,LI Huimin,XU Jiajia.Soil moisture dynamics of water and soil conservation forest on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(23):7056.
[10]常译方,毕华兴,许华森,等.晋西黄土区不同密度刺槐林对土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):227.CHANG Yifang,BI Huaxing,XU Huasen,et al.Influence of different densities of Robinia pseudoacacia forest on soil moisture in loess region of western Shanxi province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(6):227.
[11]刘宏伟,余钟波,崔广柏.湿润地区土壤水分对降雨的响应模式研究[J].水利学报,2009,40(7):822.LIU Hongwei,YU Zhongbo,CUI Guangbo.Pattern of soil moisture responding to precipitation in humid area[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,40(7):822.
[12]赵荣玮,张建军,李玉婷,等.晋西黄土区人工林地土壤水分特征及其对降雨的响应[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):178.ZHAO Rongwei,ZHANG Jianjun,LI Yuting,et al.Soil moisture characteristics and its response to rainfall in artificial forests in loess region of western Shanxi province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(1):178.
[13]于洋,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区坡面整地和植被耦合下的土壤水分特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3441.YU Yang,WEI Wei,CHEN Liding et al.Coupling effects of different land preparation and vegetation on soil moisture characteristics in a semiarid loess hilly region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(11):3441.
[14]杨绍兵,王克勤,陈志中,等.坡耕地反坡水平阶对土壤水N、P垂直再分配的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):56.YANG Shaobing,WANG Keqin,CHEN Zhizhong,et al.Effect of horizontal stage on vertical redistribution of the soil water N and P on the slopping land[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(1):56.
[15]黄志刚,欧阳志云,李锋瑞,等.南方丘陵区不同坡地利用方式土壤水分动态[J].生态学报,2009,29(6):3136.HUANG Zhigang,OUYANG Zhiyun,LI Fengrui,et al.Spatial and temporal dynamics in soil water storage under different use types of sloping fields:A case study in a highland region of southern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(6):3136.
[16]王正安,邸利,王彦辉,等.六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松林土壤水分对降雨的响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(4):144.WANG Zheng'an,DI Li,WANG Yanhui,et al.Response of soil moisture to rainfalls in a semi-arid larch forest in Liupan Mountains[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2018,32(4):144.
[17]王永东,张宏武,徐新文,等.风沙土水分入渗与再分布过程中湿润锋运移试验研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(8):190.WANG Yongdong,ZHANG Hongwu,XU Xinwen,et al.Study on the wetting front of water in filtration and soil water redistribution in aeolian sandy soil[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(8):190.
[18]李萍,朱清科,谢静,等.半干旱黄土区水平阶整地人工油松林地土壤水分和养分状况[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(1):60.LI Ping,ZHU Qingke,XIE Jing,et al.Soil moisture and nutrient levels in artificial Pinus tabulaeformis forest by level terracing in semiarid Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,32(1):60.
[19]马履一,王华田,林平.北京地区几个造林树种耗水性比较研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(2):1.MA Lüyi,WANG Huatian,LIN Ping.Comparison of water consumption of some afforestation species in Beijing area[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2003,25(2):1.
[20]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝,刘国彬.黄土高原人工油松林枯枝落叶层的水土保持功能研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(1):168.ZHAO Hongyan,WU Qinxiao,LIU Guobin.Studies on soil and water conservation functions of litter in chinese pine stand on Loess Plateau[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2003,39(1):168.
[21]ARAYA A,STROOSNIJDER L.Effects of tied ridges and mulch on barley(Hordeum vulgare)rainwater use efficiency and production in northern Ethiopia[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(6):841.
[22]刘战东,高阳,刘祖贵,等.降雨特性和覆盖方式对麦田土壤水分的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(13):113.LIU Zhandong,GAO Yang,LIU Zugui,et al.Effects of rainfall characteristics and covering methods on soil moisture of winter wheat[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(13):113.
[23]ZHAO H,XIONG Y,LI F,et al.Plastic film mulch for half growing-season maximized WUE and yield of potato via moisture-temperature improvement in a semi-arid agroecosystem[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104:68.
[24]任柯蒙,卫伟,赵西宁,等.基于水蚀预报模型的黄土高原水平阶减流阻蚀效应模拟[J].生态学报,2018,38(14):1.REN Kemeng,WEI Wei,ZHAO Xining,et al.Simulation of the effects of level bench terraces on water erosion reduction in the Loess Plateau based on the WEPP model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(14):1.
[25]ZHU Q,NIE X,ZHOU X,et al.Soil moisture response to rainfall at different topographic positions along a mixed land-use hillslope[J].Catena,2014,119:61.
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