无机碳和磷添加对两种沉水植物磷富集和灰分磷组成的影响
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摘要
研究不同沉水植物对水体磷的富集和生物沉积能力,为湖泊生态修复中沉水植物优势种的选择提供理论依据。研究的沉水植物为菹草(Potamogeton crispus)和粉绿狐尾藻[Myriophyllum aquaticum(Vell)Verdc],每个锥形瓶4～5株,鲜重约1 g;锥形瓶中装有含无机碳和磷的培养液200 mL。外加无机碳为NaHCO_3,添加浓度1.5 mmol/L;无机磷为K_2HPO_4,添加浓度0.1 mg/L。添加药品后溶液的pH值通过1 M的HCl和1 M的NaOH调整到8.2～8.3。试验时间为1周,培养结束后检测植物全磷、植株灰分磷及灰分磷的组成。结果表明:菹草培养12 h后,溶液pH显著上升,pH漂移值显著高于粉绿狐尾藻;无机碳含量低于粉绿狐尾藻培养液,无机碳浓度显著性影响了△pH和溶液最后的无机碳含量,但磷浓度对△pH和无机碳含量无显著影响。无机碳添加和磷水平均显著影响了菹草的灰分总磷,但无机碳的贡献百分比(55.34%)高于磷(26.73%);无机碳添加显著影响了粉绿狐尾藻灰分总磷,而磷水平显著影响植物干重全磷。无机碳和磷浓度均显著影响了2种沉水植物灰分磷中H_2O-P百分比,但无机碳的影响占比更高(菹草46.16%,粉绿狐尾藻75.78%)。在试验处理条件下,2种植物的钙磷均占比最高,能通过降低水体磷含量抑制浮游植物的生长。
Submerged aquatic vegetation can make a significant difference in the phosphorus concentration in shallow lakes. Quantitative evaluation of phosphorus fractioning and cycling during the decay of vegetation is an important consideration in the selection of species for re-establishing submerged vegetation in these lakes. In this investigation, two submerged plant species, Potamogeton crispus and Myriophyllum aquaticum(Vell) Verdc, were selected for study. The phosphorus accumulation and removal capacity of the two plants and the phosphorus content of plant ashes were analyzed to provide criteria for selecting the species of submerged vegetation for ecological restoration projects. Four or five plants of each species, with fresh weight of 1 g, were cultured in flasks with 200 mL of water with different concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon(HCO~-_3) and soluble phosphorous(SP, H_2PO~-_4/HPO■). Dissolved inorganic carbon concentration was adjusted with NaHCO_3, soluble phosphorous(SP) concentration with K_2HPO_4 and the pH was adjusted to 8.2-8.3 with 1 M HCl or 1 M NaOH. Four treatments groups were prepared: Group A was the control, no added HCO~-_3 or SP; Group B, no added HCO~-_3 and soluble phosphorus at 0.1 mg/L; Group C, HCO~-_3 at 1.5 mmol/L and no added SP; Group D, HCO~-_3 at 1.5 mmol/L and SP at 0.1 mg/L. After one week, the plants were harvested. The solution pH and HCO~-_3, plant phosphorus content(dry weight), and the phosphorus content and fractionation of plant ashes were determined. The solution pH of the P. crispus groups increased significantly after 12 h, and was significantly higher than that in the M. aquaticum groups, while the solution inorganic carbon content of P. crispus groups was lower than that of the M. aquaticum groups. Two-way ANOVA showed that the addition of inorganic carbon significantly affected the pH change and the final inorganic carbon content of the solution, but the addition of phosphorus had no significant effect. The addition of inorganic carbon and phosphorus both significantly affected the phosphorus contents of P. crispus ashes, and the carbon content was higher(55.34%) than the phosphorus content(26.73%). The addition of inorganic carbon significantly affected the total phosphorus of M. aquaticum ash, while the addition of phosphorus significantly affected the total phosphorus content of dried plants. The addition of inorganic carbon and phosphorus significantly affected the percentage of water-soluble phosphorus(H_2O-P) in the ash of both species, but the contribution percentage of inorganic carbon was higher, 46.16% in the P. crispus groups and 75.78% in the M. aquaticum groups. In the plant ash of both species, the highest proportion of P was Ca-bound, indicating that phytoplankton growth could be controlled by reducing the phosphorus content of water.
Submerged aquatic vegetation can make a significant difference in the phosphorus concentration in shallow lakes. Quantitative evaluation of phosphorus fractioning and cycling during the decay of vegetation is an important consideration in the selection of species for re-establishing submerged vegetation in these lakes. In this investigation, two submerged plant species, Potamogeton crispus and Myriophyllum aquaticum(Vell) Verdc, were selected for study. The phosphorus accumulation and removal capacity of the two plants and the phosphorus content of plant ashes were analyzed to provide criteria for selecting the species of submerged vegetation for ecological restoration projects. Four or five plants of each species, with fresh weight of 1 g, were cultured in flasks with 200 mL of water with different concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon(HCO~-_3) and soluble phosphorous(SP, H_2PO~-_4/HPO■). Dissolved inorganic carbon concentration was adjusted with NaHCO_3, soluble phosphorous(SP) concentration with K_2HPO_4 and the pH was adjusted to 8.2-8.3 with 1 M HCl or 1 M NaOH. Four treatments groups were prepared: Group A was the control, no added HCO~-_3 or SP; Group B, no added HCO~-_3 and soluble phosphorus at 0.1 mg/L; Group C, HCO~-_3 at 1.5 mmol/L and no added SP; Group D, HCO~-_3 at 1.5 mmol/L and SP at 0.1 mg/L. After one week, the plants were harvested. The solution pH and HCO~-_3, plant phosphorus content(dry weight), and the phosphorus content and fractionation of plant ashes were determined. The solution pH of the P. crispus groups increased significantly after 12 h, and was significantly higher than that in the M. aquaticum groups, while the solution inorganic carbon content of P. crispus groups was lower than that of the M. aquaticum groups. Two-way ANOVA showed that the addition of inorganic carbon significantly affected the pH change and the final inorganic carbon content of the solution, but the addition of phosphorus had no significant effect. The addition of inorganic carbon and phosphorus both significantly affected the phosphorus contents of P. crispus ashes, and the carbon content was higher(55.34%) than the phosphorus content(26.73%). The addition of inorganic carbon significantly affected the total phosphorus of M. aquaticum ash, while the addition of phosphorus significantly affected the total phosphorus content of dried plants. The addition of inorganic carbon and phosphorus significantly affected the percentage of water-soluble phosphorus(H_2O-P) in the ash of both species, but the contribution percentage of inorganic carbon was higher, 46.16% in the P. crispus groups and 75.78% in the M. aquaticum groups. In the plant ash of both species, the highest proportion of P was Ca-bound, indicating that phytoplankton growth could be controlled by reducing the phosphorus content of water.
引文
陈修文,于丹,刘春花,2016.秋季水位波动频率对喜旱莲子草、粉绿狐尾藻和水龙的影响[J].植物生态学报,40(5):493-501.
董明,1996.陆生生物群落调查观察与分析[M].北京:中国标准出版社:264-266.
樊恒亮,谢丽强,宋晓梅,等,2017.沉水植物对水体营养的响应及氮磷积累特征[J].环境科学与技术,40(3):42-48.
葛绪广,王国祥,王立志,等,2014.苦草生长对沉积物中磷迁移转化的影响[J].生态学报,34(20):5802-5811.
黄亮,吴乃成,唐涛,等,2010.水生植物对富营养化水系统中氮、磷的富集与转移[J].中国环境科学 ,30(S1):1-6.
金送笛,李永函,王永利,1991.几种生态因子对菹草光合作用的影响[J].水生生物学报,(4):295-302.
蒋鑫焱,翟建平,黄蕾,等,2006.不同水生植物富集氮磷能力的试验研究[J].环境保护科学,2006,32(6):13-16.
李文朝,陈开宁,吴庆龙,等,2001.东太湖水生植物生物质腐烂分解试验[J].湖泊科学,13(4):331-336.
李燕,2008.7种沉水植物的氮磷营养动力学研究[D].上海:上海海洋大学.
潘慧云,徐小花,高士祥,2008.沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放过程及规律[J].环境科学研究,21(1):64-68.
任文君,胡晓波,谢建治,等,2011.白洋淀菹草对富营养化水体总磷的净化[J].应用生态学报,22(4):1053-1058.
吴振斌,邱东茹,贺锋,等,2003.沉水植物重建对富营养水体氮磷营养水平的影响[J].应用生态学报,14(8):1351-1353.
吴振斌,2011.水生植物与水体生态修复[M].北京:科学出版社:1-27.
王立志,王国祥,俞振飞,等,2012.沉水植物生长期对沉积物和上覆水之间磷迁移的影响[J].环境科学,33(2) :385-392.
肖月娥,2006.主要环境因子对太湖三种大型沉水植物光合作用的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学.
杨文斌,高顺峰,万锐,等,2018.两种沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响 [J].环境科学,(5):1-12.
张聪,2012.杭州西湖湖西区沉水植物群落结构优化研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学.
张菊,邓焕广,吴爱琴,等,2013.东平湖菹草腐烂分解及其对水环境的影响[J].环境科学学报,33(09):2590-2596.
Allen ED,Spence DHN,1981.The differential ability of aquatic plants to utilize the inorganic carbon supply in freshwaters[J].New Phytologist,87(2):269-283.
Anderson MR,Kalff J,2010.Submerged aquatic macrophyte biomass in relation to sediment characteristics in ten temperate Lakes[J].Freshwater Biology,19 (1):115-121.
Dou Z ,Toth JD ,Galligan DT,et al,2000.Laboratory procedures for characterizing manure phosphorus[J].Journal of Environmental quality ,29(2):508-514.
James WF,Barko JW,Field SJ,1996.Phosphorus mobilization from littoral sediments of an inlet region in Lake Delavan,Wisconsin[J] .Archetecture Hydrobiolgia ,138(2):245-257.
Kufel L ,Kufel I,2002.Chara beds acting as nutrient sinks in shallow lakes-a review[J] .Aquatic Botany,72(3):249-260.
Kahara SN,Vermaat JE,2003.The effect of alkalinity on photosynthesis-light curves and inorganic carbon extraction capacity of freshwater macrophytes[J].Aquatic Botany ,75(3):217-227.Kufel L,Biardzka E,Strzalek M,2013.Calcium carbonate incrustation and phosphorus fractions in five charophyte species[J].Aquatic Botany,109(8):54-57.
Kufel L,Strzalek M ,Biardzka E,2016.Site-and species-specific contribution of charophytes to calcium and phosphorus cycling in lakes[J].Hydrobiologia ,767(1):1-11.
Madsen TV,Sand Jensen K,1991.Photosynthetic carbon assimilation in aquatic macrophytes[J].Aquatic Botany,41(1/2/3):5-40.
Moss B,Stansfield J,Irvine K,et al,1996.Progressive Restoration of a Shallow Lake:A 12-year Experiment in Isolation ,Sediment Removal and Biomanipulation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,33(1):71-86.
Pagano AM,Titus JE,2004.Submersed macrophyte growth at low pH:contrasting responses of three species to dissolved inorganic carbon enrichment and sediment type[J].Aquatic Botany,79(1):65-74.
Pagano AM,Titus JE,2007.Submersed macrophyte growth at low pH:carbon source influences response to dissolved inorganic carbon enrichment[J].Freshwater Biology,52(12):2412-2420.
Pelechaty M,Pukacz A,Apolinarska K,et al,2013.The significance of Chara vegetation in the precipitation of lacustrine calcium carbonate[J].Sedimentology ,60(4):1017-1035.
Pierini SA,Thomaz SM,2004 .Effects of inorganic carbon source on photosynthetic rates of Egeria najas Planchon and Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) [J].Aquatic botany ,78(2):135-146.
Siong K,Asaeda T,2006.Does calcite encrustation in Chara provide a phosphorus nutrient sink?[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,35(2):490-494.
Shilla D,Dativa J,2008.Biomass dynamics of charophyte-dominated submerged macrophyte communities in Myall Lake,NSW,Australia[J].Chemistry and Ecology,24(5):367-377.
Sndergaard M,Phillips G,Hellsten S,et al,2013.Maximum growing depth of submerged macrophytes in European lakes[J].Hydrobiologia,704(1):165-177.
Wetzel RG,1960.Marl Encrustation on Hydrophytes in Several Michigan Lakes[J].Oikos ,11(2):223-236.
Wetzel RG,2001.Limnology:lake and river ecosystems[J].Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union ,21(2):1-9 .
董明,1996.陆生生物群落调查观察与分析[M].北京:中国标准出版社:264-266.
樊恒亮,谢丽强,宋晓梅,等,2017.沉水植物对水体营养的响应及氮磷积累特征[J].环境科学与技术,40(3):42-48.
葛绪广,王国祥,王立志,等,2014.苦草生长对沉积物中磷迁移转化的影响[J].生态学报,34(20):5802-5811.
黄亮,吴乃成,唐涛,等,2010.水生植物对富营养化水系统中氮、磷的富集与转移[J].中国环境科学 ,30(S1):1-6.
金送笛,李永函,王永利,1991.几种生态因子对菹草光合作用的影响[J].水生生物学报,(4):295-302.
蒋鑫焱,翟建平,黄蕾,等,2006.不同水生植物富集氮磷能力的试验研究[J].环境保护科学,2006,32(6):13-16.
李文朝,陈开宁,吴庆龙,等,2001.东太湖水生植物生物质腐烂分解试验[J].湖泊科学,13(4):331-336.
李燕,2008.7种沉水植物的氮磷营养动力学研究[D].上海:上海海洋大学.
潘慧云,徐小花,高士祥,2008.沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放过程及规律[J].环境科学研究,21(1):64-68.
任文君,胡晓波,谢建治,等,2011.白洋淀菹草对富营养化水体总磷的净化[J].应用生态学报,22(4):1053-1058.
吴振斌,邱东茹,贺锋,等,2003.沉水植物重建对富营养水体氮磷营养水平的影响[J].应用生态学报,14(8):1351-1353.
吴振斌,2011.水生植物与水体生态修复[M].北京:科学出版社:1-27.
王立志,王国祥,俞振飞,等,2012.沉水植物生长期对沉积物和上覆水之间磷迁移的影响[J].环境科学,33(2) :385-392.
肖月娥,2006.主要环境因子对太湖三种大型沉水植物光合作用的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学.
杨文斌,高顺峰,万锐,等,2018.两种沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响 [J].环境科学,(5):1-12.
张聪,2012.杭州西湖湖西区沉水植物群落结构优化研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学.
张菊,邓焕广,吴爱琴,等,2013.东平湖菹草腐烂分解及其对水环境的影响[J].环境科学学报,33(09):2590-2596.
Allen ED,Spence DHN,1981.The differential ability of aquatic plants to utilize the inorganic carbon supply in freshwaters[J].New Phytologist,87(2):269-283.
Anderson MR,Kalff J,2010.Submerged aquatic macrophyte biomass in relation to sediment characteristics in ten temperate Lakes[J].Freshwater Biology,19 (1):115-121.
Dou Z ,Toth JD ,Galligan DT,et al,2000.Laboratory procedures for characterizing manure phosphorus[J].Journal of Environmental quality ,29(2):508-514.
James WF,Barko JW,Field SJ,1996.Phosphorus mobilization from littoral sediments of an inlet region in Lake Delavan,Wisconsin[J] .Archetecture Hydrobiolgia ,138(2):245-257.
Kufel L ,Kufel I,2002.Chara beds acting as nutrient sinks in shallow lakes-a review[J] .Aquatic Botany,72(3):249-260.
Kahara SN,Vermaat JE,2003.The effect of alkalinity on photosynthesis-light curves and inorganic carbon extraction capacity of freshwater macrophytes[J].Aquatic Botany ,75(3):217-227.Kufel L,Biardzka E,Strzalek M,2013.Calcium carbonate incrustation and phosphorus fractions in five charophyte species[J].Aquatic Botany,109(8):54-57.
Kufel L,Strzalek M ,Biardzka E,2016.Site-and species-specific contribution of charophytes to calcium and phosphorus cycling in lakes[J].Hydrobiologia ,767(1):1-11.
Madsen TV,Sand Jensen K,1991.Photosynthetic carbon assimilation in aquatic macrophytes[J].Aquatic Botany,41(1/2/3):5-40.
Moss B,Stansfield J,Irvine K,et al,1996.Progressive Restoration of a Shallow Lake:A 12-year Experiment in Isolation ,Sediment Removal and Biomanipulation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,33(1):71-86.
Pagano AM,Titus JE,2004.Submersed macrophyte growth at low pH:contrasting responses of three species to dissolved inorganic carbon enrichment and sediment type[J].Aquatic Botany,79(1):65-74.
Pagano AM,Titus JE,2007.Submersed macrophyte growth at low pH:carbon source influences response to dissolved inorganic carbon enrichment[J].Freshwater Biology,52(12):2412-2420.
Pelechaty M,Pukacz A,Apolinarska K,et al,2013.The significance of Chara vegetation in the precipitation of lacustrine calcium carbonate[J].Sedimentology ,60(4):1017-1035.
Pierini SA,Thomaz SM,2004 .Effects of inorganic carbon source on photosynthetic rates of Egeria najas Planchon and Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) [J].Aquatic botany ,78(2):135-146.
Siong K,Asaeda T,2006.Does calcite encrustation in Chara provide a phosphorus nutrient sink?[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,35(2):490-494.
Shilla D,Dativa J,2008.Biomass dynamics of charophyte-dominated submerged macrophyte communities in Myall Lake,NSW,Australia[J].Chemistry and Ecology,24(5):367-377.
Sndergaard M,Phillips G,Hellsten S,et al,2013.Maximum growing depth of submerged macrophytes in European lakes[J].Hydrobiologia,704(1):165-177.
Wetzel RG,1960.Marl Encrustation on Hydrophytes in Several Michigan Lakes[J].Oikos ,11(2):223-236.
Wetzel RG,2001.Limnology:lake and river ecosystems[J].Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union ,21(2):1-9 .
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