播种期水分胁迫及补水对玉米出苗率的影响
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摘要
为探究玉米播种期水分胁迫及补水对玉米出苗率的影响,利用盆栽方式在玉米播种—出苗期开展水分胁迫及复水控制对比试验,分析播种日土壤相对湿度、播种后补水时间和补水量对辽西地区玉米出苗的影响。结果表明:玉米出苗率随播种日土壤相对湿度的降低,干旱持续时间的增加和补水量的减少而减小。播种后无补水,当播种日土壤相对湿度w_(播种)为60%—70%时,出苗率达100%; w_(播种)为50%—55%时,出苗率达66. 7—77. 8%; w_(播种)为30%—45%时,出苗率为0。w_(播种)为35%—45%时,持续5—20 d干旱,补水20 mm,出苗率为66. 7%—100%,较补水10 mm的出苗率为0%—77. 8%。w_(播种)为35%—45%时,需在10—20 d内补水,所需补水量随补水时土壤相对湿度的减小而增加。研究结果可为春旱频发地区确定玉米播种后最迟补水时间和补水量下限提供有效的技术参考。
In order to investigate the effects of water stress and supplement during the period from sowing to seedling emergence on the emergence rates of maize,the amount and time of water supplying after sowing and soil relative water content on sowing date(w_(sowing)) were analyzed based on pot experiment under different water supplying schemes. The results show that the emergence rate decreases with decreases of the soil moisture,the duration of drought prolonging and the amount of water supplying reducing. Under the condition without water supplement after sowing,the emergence rates of maize are 100%,77. 8% to 66. 7% and 0% corresponding to soil moisture from 70% to 60%,55% to 50% and 45% to 30%,respectively. Whereas,when w_(sowing) ranges from 35% to 45%with water supplying of 20 mm for 5 to 20 days after drought,the emergence rates ranges from 66. 7% to 100%.But if the water supplying drops to 10 mm,the emergence rates drop to 0 to 77. 8%. When w_(sowing) ranges from35% to 45%,in order to ensure the ideal emergence rate,water supply must be conducted within 10-20 days and their amounts increase with soil moistures decreasing. The research can be used as references for determining the latest time and the minimal amount of water supplying in the areas where maize often suffer spring drought.
In order to investigate the effects of water stress and supplement during the period from sowing to seedling emergence on the emergence rates of maize,the amount and time of water supplying after sowing and soil relative water content on sowing date(w_(sowing)) were analyzed based on pot experiment under different water supplying schemes. The results show that the emergence rate decreases with decreases of the soil moisture,the duration of drought prolonging and the amount of water supplying reducing. Under the condition without water supplement after sowing,the emergence rates of maize are 100%,77. 8% to 66. 7% and 0% corresponding to soil moisture from 70% to 60%,55% to 50% and 45% to 30%,respectively. Whereas,when w_(sowing) ranges from 35% to 45%with water supplying of 20 mm for 5 to 20 days after drought,the emergence rates ranges from 66. 7% to 100%.But if the water supplying drops to 10 mm,the emergence rates drop to 0 to 77. 8%. When w_(sowing) ranges from35% to 45%,in order to ensure the ideal emergence rate,water supply must be conducted within 10-20 days and their amounts increase with soil moistures decreasing. The research can be used as references for determining the latest time and the minimal amount of water supplying in the areas where maize often suffer spring drought.
引文
[1]张玉书.东北粮食生产格局的气候变化影响与适应[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2016:71-80.
[2]张玉书,纪瑞鹏,陈鹏狮,等.辽宁省农业气候资源精细化模拟与专题区划[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2006:100-130.
[3]张淑杰,张玉书,孙龙彧,等.东北地区玉米生育期干旱分布特征及其成因分析[J].中国农业气象,2013,34(3):350-357.
[4]高晓容,王春乙,张继权,等.东北地区玉米主要气象灾害风险评价与区划[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(24):4805-4820.
[5]蔡福,张淑杰,纪瑞鹏,等.近30年辽宁玉米水分适宜度时空演变特征及农业干旱评估[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):233-240.
[6]赵先丽,李丽光,王宏博,等.1980-2010年辽西地区春玉米发育期变化及其对产量影响[J].气象与环境学报,2016,32(1):84-88.
[7]徐玉秀,蒋珊珊,周福然,等.1981-2010年锦州地区玉米生育期气象因子变化及其与气象产量的关系[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(5):82-90.
[8]徐英,李曼华,李辉,等.不同发育期的干旱对华北地区夏玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(1):108-112.s
[9]马树庆,王琪,陈凤涛,等.春旱背景下春玉米苗情对产量的影响及减产评估模式[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(S1):171-179.
[10]马树庆,王琪,张铁林,等.吉林省中部玉米出苗率和产量对播种-出苗期水分胁迫的反应及其气象评估[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):451-457.
[11]谢倩,陈冠英,陶洪斌,等.玉米播种期水分胁迫及补水对幼苗生长的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2015,20(6):16-24.
[12]单琨,刘布春,刘园,等.基于自然灾害系统理论的辽宁省玉米干旱风险分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(8):186-194.
[13]张玉书,米娜,陈鹏狮,等.土壤水分胁迫对玉米生长发育的影响研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(3):1-7.
[14]Ge T D,Sui F G,Bai L P,et al.Effects of water stress on growth,biomass partitioning,and water-use efficiency in summer maize(Zea mays L.)throughout the growth cycle[J].Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,2012,34(3):1043-1053.
[15]纪瑞鹏,车宇胜,朱永宁,等.干旱对东北春玉米生长发育和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(11):3021-3026.
[16]马树庆,王琪,吕厚荃,等.水分和温度对春玉米出苗速度和出苗率的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(11):3378-3385.
[17]马树庆,王琪,于海,等.东北地区玉米出苗速度与水热条件的关系及出苗期气象评估[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2049-2055.
[18]侯玉虹,尹光华,刘作新,等.土壤底墒与苗期灌溉量对玉米出苗和苗期生长发育的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(4):51-57.
[19]王健林.现代农业气象业务[M].北京:气象出版社,2010:122-123.
[20]赵先丽,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.辽宁春玉米出苗期水分胁迫试验初探[J].气象与环境学报,2010,26(4):35-39.
[21]赵先丽,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.辽宁苗期玉米根叶对水分胁迫的响应[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(30):21-26.
[22]马树庆,王琪,徐丽萍,等.吉林玉米带春季土壤水分变化对玉米幼苗生长状况的影响[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(1):55-61.
[23]汪扩军,刘寿东,黄利群,等.农业气象业务[M].北京:气象出版社,2013:208-239.
[24]李少昆,王振华,高增贵,等.北方春玉米田间种植手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011:56-78.
[25]米娜,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.基于作物模型与最佳季节法的锦州地区玉米最佳播种期分析[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(1):68-76.
[26]万志红,李荣平,周广胜,等.锦州地区玉米农田生态系统水汽通量变化特征及其调控机制[J].气象与环境学报,2016,32(6):155-159.
[27]张慧,史奎桥,常松,等.基于实际蒸散量辽西地区春玉米生物量及产量评价[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(3):88-94.
[28]Gaur P K,Sharma P.Approaches to plant stress and their management[M].New Delhi,India:Springer,2014:149-172.
[29]冯秀藻,陶炳炎.农业气象学原理[M].北京:气象出版社,1991:155-169.
[30]国家气象局.农业气象观测规范(上卷)[M].北京:气象出版社,1993:74-82.
[31]潘瑞炽.植物生理学(6版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008:218-240.
[32]Bradford K J.A water relations analysis of seed germination rates[J].Plant Physiology,1990,94(2):840-849.
[33]陈家宙,陈明亮,何圆球.红壤水分条件对花生萌发出苗及地上部生长动态的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2001(6):39-41
[2]张玉书,纪瑞鹏,陈鹏狮,等.辽宁省农业气候资源精细化模拟与专题区划[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2006:100-130.
[3]张淑杰,张玉书,孙龙彧,等.东北地区玉米生育期干旱分布特征及其成因分析[J].中国农业气象,2013,34(3):350-357.
[4]高晓容,王春乙,张继权,等.东北地区玉米主要气象灾害风险评价与区划[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(24):4805-4820.
[5]蔡福,张淑杰,纪瑞鹏,等.近30年辽宁玉米水分适宜度时空演变特征及农业干旱评估[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):233-240.
[6]赵先丽,李丽光,王宏博,等.1980-2010年辽西地区春玉米发育期变化及其对产量影响[J].气象与环境学报,2016,32(1):84-88.
[7]徐玉秀,蒋珊珊,周福然,等.1981-2010年锦州地区玉米生育期气象因子变化及其与气象产量的关系[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(5):82-90.
[8]徐英,李曼华,李辉,等.不同发育期的干旱对华北地区夏玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(1):108-112.s
[9]马树庆,王琪,陈凤涛,等.春旱背景下春玉米苗情对产量的影响及减产评估模式[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(S1):171-179.
[10]马树庆,王琪,张铁林,等.吉林省中部玉米出苗率和产量对播种-出苗期水分胁迫的反应及其气象评估[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):451-457.
[11]谢倩,陈冠英,陶洪斌,等.玉米播种期水分胁迫及补水对幼苗生长的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2015,20(6):16-24.
[12]单琨,刘布春,刘园,等.基于自然灾害系统理论的辽宁省玉米干旱风险分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(8):186-194.
[13]张玉书,米娜,陈鹏狮,等.土壤水分胁迫对玉米生长发育的影响研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(3):1-7.
[14]Ge T D,Sui F G,Bai L P,et al.Effects of water stress on growth,biomass partitioning,and water-use efficiency in summer maize(Zea mays L.)throughout the growth cycle[J].Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,2012,34(3):1043-1053.
[15]纪瑞鹏,车宇胜,朱永宁,等.干旱对东北春玉米生长发育和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(11):3021-3026.
[16]马树庆,王琪,吕厚荃,等.水分和温度对春玉米出苗速度和出苗率的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(11):3378-3385.
[17]马树庆,王琪,于海,等.东北地区玉米出苗速度与水热条件的关系及出苗期气象评估[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2049-2055.
[18]侯玉虹,尹光华,刘作新,等.土壤底墒与苗期灌溉量对玉米出苗和苗期生长发育的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(4):51-57.
[19]王健林.现代农业气象业务[M].北京:气象出版社,2010:122-123.
[20]赵先丽,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.辽宁春玉米出苗期水分胁迫试验初探[J].气象与环境学报,2010,26(4):35-39.
[21]赵先丽,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.辽宁苗期玉米根叶对水分胁迫的响应[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(30):21-26.
[22]马树庆,王琪,徐丽萍,等.吉林玉米带春季土壤水分变化对玉米幼苗生长状况的影响[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(1):55-61.
[23]汪扩军,刘寿东,黄利群,等.农业气象业务[M].北京:气象出版社,2013:208-239.
[24]李少昆,王振华,高增贵,等.北方春玉米田间种植手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011:56-78.
[25]米娜,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.基于作物模型与最佳季节法的锦州地区玉米最佳播种期分析[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(1):68-76.
[26]万志红,李荣平,周广胜,等.锦州地区玉米农田生态系统水汽通量变化特征及其调控机制[J].气象与环境学报,2016,32(6):155-159.
[27]张慧,史奎桥,常松,等.基于实际蒸散量辽西地区春玉米生物量及产量评价[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(3):88-94.
[28]Gaur P K,Sharma P.Approaches to plant stress and their management[M].New Delhi,India:Springer,2014:149-172.
[29]冯秀藻,陶炳炎.农业气象学原理[M].北京:气象出版社,1991:155-169.
[30]国家气象局.农业气象观测规范(上卷)[M].北京:气象出版社,1993:74-82.
[31]潘瑞炽.植物生理学(6版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008:218-240.
[32]Bradford K J.A water relations analysis of seed germination rates[J].Plant Physiology,1990,94(2):840-849.
[33]陈家宙,陈明亮,何圆球.红壤水分条件对花生萌发出苗及地上部生长动态的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2001(6):39-41