模拟降雨条件下开挖面土壤侵蚀测算模型研究
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摘要
为科学治理工程开挖坡面水土流失问题,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验,设计了5种雨强(30,60,90,120,150 mm/h)和3种坡度(10°,20°,30°),系统分析了不同情景下雨强、坡度、径流率、径流流速、水流剪切力及水流功率同坡面剥蚀率之间的关系。结果表明:工程开挖坡面剥蚀率Di与坡度S相关性不显著(p> 0.05),与雨强I、坡度和雨强的交互作用(I×S)呈极显著相关(p <0.01);采用3种常用的细沟间侵蚀模型来计算工程开挖坡面土壤剥蚀率,就拟合效果而言,幂函数型坡度因子指标更适用于工程开挖坡面土壤剥蚀率的计算;采用径流流速、水流剪切力和水流功率为代表的水动力学参数来计算土壤剥蚀率,就拟合效果而言,水流功率是描述其细沟间侵蚀动力过程的最理想水力参数。研究成果可为建立工程开挖坡面水土流失量预测模型提供技术参数和依据。
In order to control soil and water loss on excavated slope in a scientific manner,we conducted artificial simulated rainfall field experiment by setting up five rainfall intensity levels( 30,60,90,120,150 mm/h) and three slope gradients( 10°,20°,30°). We systematically investigated the relationship between excavated soil slope erosion rate and rainfall intensity,slope gradient,runoff rate,flow velocity,shear stress and stream power under different scenarios. The results show that there is no significant correlation between excavated soil slope erosion rate and slope gradient with 95% confidence interval; however excavated soil slope erosion rate is strongly correlated with rainfall intensity,and the combination effects of slope gradient and rainfall intensity( I x S) with 99% confidence interval. The excavated soil slope erosion rate is calculated using three common inter-rill erosion models,and power function slope factor is more applicable in terms of the simulation effects. Hydrodynamic parameters used in calculation include runoff velocity,shear stress and stream power,and stream power appears to be the ideal parameter for describing dynamic process of inter-rill erosion.
In order to control soil and water loss on excavated slope in a scientific manner,we conducted artificial simulated rainfall field experiment by setting up five rainfall intensity levels( 30,60,90,120,150 mm/h) and three slope gradients( 10°,20°,30°). We systematically investigated the relationship between excavated soil slope erosion rate and rainfall intensity,slope gradient,runoff rate,flow velocity,shear stress and stream power under different scenarios. The results show that there is no significant correlation between excavated soil slope erosion rate and slope gradient with 95% confidence interval; however excavated soil slope erosion rate is strongly correlated with rainfall intensity,and the combination effects of slope gradient and rainfall intensity( I x S) with 99% confidence interval. The excavated soil slope erosion rate is calculated using three common inter-rill erosion models,and power function slope factor is more applicable in terms of the simulation effects. Hydrodynamic parameters used in calculation include runoff velocity,shear stress and stream power,and stream power appears to be the ideal parameter for describing dynamic process of inter-rill erosion.
引文
[1]张平仓,程冬兵,李亚龙,等.工程开挖面特征及土壤流失量快速监测方法探讨[J].长江科学院院报,2013,30(4):24-28.
[2] Lal R.Soil erosion research methods[M].Florida:St. Lucie Press,1994.
[3] Nyssen J,Poesen J,Moeyersons J,et al.Impact of road building on gully erosion risk:a case study from the northern Ethiopian highlands[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2002,27(12):1267-1283.
[4]王治国,白中科,赵景逵,等.黄土区大型露天矿排土场岩土侵蚀及其控制技术的研究[J].水土保持学报,1994,8(2):10-17.
[5]孙虎,唐克丽.城镇建设中人为弃土降雨侵蚀实验研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2):29-35.
[6] Nearing M A,Foster G R,Lane L J,et al.A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project technology[J].Trans.ASAE,1989(32):1587-1593.
[7] Morgan R P C,Quinton J N,Simth R E,et al. The European soil erosion model(EUROSEM):a dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments[J]. Earth Surf. PROC.Land,1998,23(6),527-544.
[8] Beasley D B,Huggins L F.ANSWERS user’s manual[M].Indiana:Dep.of Agric. Eng.Purdue Univ.West Lafayette,1980.
[9] Cao L,Zhang K,Dai H,et al.Modeling Interrill Erosion on Unpaved Roads in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2015,26(8):825-832.
[10]程冬兵,张平仓,张长伟,等.工程开挖面土壤侵蚀模型的构建[J].农业工程学报,2014(10):106-112.
[11] Fox D M,Bryan R B.The relationship of soil loss by interrill erosion to slope gradient[J].Catena,2000,38(3):211-222.
[12] Wu B,Wang Z,Zhang Q,et al. Modelling sheet erosion on steep slopes in the loess region of China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2017(553):549-558.
[13] Fan J C,Wu M F.Effects of Soil Strength,Texture,Slope Steepness and Rainfall Intensity on Interrill Erosion of Some Soils in Taiwan[C]∥In:10th International Soil Conservation Organization meeting,Purdue University,USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory,1999.
[14] Huang C.Empirical Analysis of Slope and Runoff For Sediment Delivery from Interrill Areas[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1995,59(4):982-990.
[15]贺康宁,王治国,赵永军.开发建设项目水土保持[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2009.
[16] Li G,Abrahams A D,Atkinson J F. Correction factors in the determination of mean velocity of overland flow[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2015,21(6):509-515.
[17] Nearing M A,Bradford J M,Parker S C.Soil Detachment by Shallow Flow at Low Slopes[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1991,55(2):351-357.
[18] Bagnold R A.An Approach to the Sediment Transport Problem from General Physics[R].US Geol.surv.prof.paper,1966.
[19] Flanagan D C,Nearing M A.USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project:hillslope profile and watershed model documentation[M]. Indiana:West Lafayette,National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory,USDA ARS,1995.
[20] Kinnell PIA. Runoff as a factor influencing experimentally determined interrill erodibilities[J]. Soil Research,1993,31(3):333-342.
[21] Bulygin S Y,Nearing M A,Achasov A B.Parameters of interrill erodibility in the WEPP model[J]. Eurasian Soil Science C/C of Pochvovedenie,2002,35(11):1237-1242.
[22]杨明义,刘普灵,田均良.黄土高原农耕地坡面侵蚀过程的^7Be示踪试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(3):28-30.
[23] Cao L,Liang Y,Wang Y,et al.Runoff and soil loss from Pinus massoniana forest in southern China after simulated rainfall[J]. Catena,2015(129):1-8.
[24]王雪松,陈曦,马洪超,等.赣北红土区工程堆积体坡面水动力特性[J].水科学进展,2016,27(3):412-422.
[25] Zhang X C,Nearing M A,Norton L D,et al.Modeling interrill sediment delivery[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1998,62(2):438-444.
[26] Parson A J,Abrahams A D.Field investigations of sediment removal in interrill overland flow[M].California:UCL Press,1993.
[27]吴普特.动力水蚀实验研究[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1997.
[28] Horton R E.Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins; hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1945,56(3):275-370.
[29] Kinnell P I A.The influence of flow discharge on sediment concentrations in raindrop induced flow transport[J]. Soil Research,1988,26(4):575-582.
[2] Lal R.Soil erosion research methods[M].Florida:St. Lucie Press,1994.
[3] Nyssen J,Poesen J,Moeyersons J,et al.Impact of road building on gully erosion risk:a case study from the northern Ethiopian highlands[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2002,27(12):1267-1283.
[4]王治国,白中科,赵景逵,等.黄土区大型露天矿排土场岩土侵蚀及其控制技术的研究[J].水土保持学报,1994,8(2):10-17.
[5]孙虎,唐克丽.城镇建设中人为弃土降雨侵蚀实验研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2):29-35.
[6] Nearing M A,Foster G R,Lane L J,et al.A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project technology[J].Trans.ASAE,1989(32):1587-1593.
[7] Morgan R P C,Quinton J N,Simth R E,et al. The European soil erosion model(EUROSEM):a dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments[J]. Earth Surf. PROC.Land,1998,23(6),527-544.
[8] Beasley D B,Huggins L F.ANSWERS user’s manual[M].Indiana:Dep.of Agric. Eng.Purdue Univ.West Lafayette,1980.
[9] Cao L,Zhang K,Dai H,et al.Modeling Interrill Erosion on Unpaved Roads in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2015,26(8):825-832.
[10]程冬兵,张平仓,张长伟,等.工程开挖面土壤侵蚀模型的构建[J].农业工程学报,2014(10):106-112.
[11] Fox D M,Bryan R B.The relationship of soil loss by interrill erosion to slope gradient[J].Catena,2000,38(3):211-222.
[12] Wu B,Wang Z,Zhang Q,et al. Modelling sheet erosion on steep slopes in the loess region of China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2017(553):549-558.
[13] Fan J C,Wu M F.Effects of Soil Strength,Texture,Slope Steepness and Rainfall Intensity on Interrill Erosion of Some Soils in Taiwan[C]∥In:10th International Soil Conservation Organization meeting,Purdue University,USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory,1999.
[14] Huang C.Empirical Analysis of Slope and Runoff For Sediment Delivery from Interrill Areas[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1995,59(4):982-990.
[15]贺康宁,王治国,赵永军.开发建设项目水土保持[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2009.
[16] Li G,Abrahams A D,Atkinson J F. Correction factors in the determination of mean velocity of overland flow[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2015,21(6):509-515.
[17] Nearing M A,Bradford J M,Parker S C.Soil Detachment by Shallow Flow at Low Slopes[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1991,55(2):351-357.
[18] Bagnold R A.An Approach to the Sediment Transport Problem from General Physics[R].US Geol.surv.prof.paper,1966.
[19] Flanagan D C,Nearing M A.USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project:hillslope profile and watershed model documentation[M]. Indiana:West Lafayette,National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory,USDA ARS,1995.
[20] Kinnell PIA. Runoff as a factor influencing experimentally determined interrill erodibilities[J]. Soil Research,1993,31(3):333-342.
[21] Bulygin S Y,Nearing M A,Achasov A B.Parameters of interrill erodibility in the WEPP model[J]. Eurasian Soil Science C/C of Pochvovedenie,2002,35(11):1237-1242.
[22]杨明义,刘普灵,田均良.黄土高原农耕地坡面侵蚀过程的^7Be示踪试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(3):28-30.
[23] Cao L,Liang Y,Wang Y,et al.Runoff and soil loss from Pinus massoniana forest in southern China after simulated rainfall[J]. Catena,2015(129):1-8.
[24]王雪松,陈曦,马洪超,等.赣北红土区工程堆积体坡面水动力特性[J].水科学进展,2016,27(3):412-422.
[25] Zhang X C,Nearing M A,Norton L D,et al.Modeling interrill sediment delivery[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1998,62(2):438-444.
[26] Parson A J,Abrahams A D.Field investigations of sediment removal in interrill overland flow[M].California:UCL Press,1993.
[27]吴普特.动力水蚀实验研究[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1997.
[28] Horton R E.Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins; hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1945,56(3):275-370.
[29] Kinnell P I A.The influence of flow discharge on sediment concentrations in raindrop induced flow transport[J]. Soil Research,1988,26(4):575-582.