功能约束条件下的钱江源国家公园体制试点区游憩利用适宜性评价研究
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摘要
国家公园功能分区根据生态系统和文化资源的保护要求划定不同的区域,并通过对区域内活动开展的范围和强度进行管控,实现生态保护、游憩利用等目标。从功能约束条件出发,以钱江源国家公园体制试点区(简称"钱江源国家公园")为例,采用德尔菲法和层次分析法,选取自然游憩资源、景观美景度、人文游憩资源、游憩利用能力、生态环境承载力、社会条件等6个因子构建了国家公园游憩利用适宜性评价体系。运用GIS空间分析工具对其进行单因子分级评价和综合评价,定量评估了钱江源国家公园游憩利用的适宜性,并将其适宜性从低到高依次划分为I—IV的4个等级。结果表明,钱江源国家公园游憩利用适宜性4个等级的面积呈"橄榄"型分布格局。在游憩利用适宜性分析结果及国家公园功能分区管理要求的基础上,本文进一步将钱江源国家公园游憩利用划分为6大游憩利用类型,并提出不同游憩利用类型的主导服务功能与管理措施。研究结果可为国家公园功能分区管理和游憩利用提供规划与管理指导。
National park zoning is an integrated approach for classifying different areas according to their ecosystem and cultural resources protection requirements and controlling recreational use types and intensity. Qianjiangyuan National Park Pilot(hereinafter referred to as Qianjiangyuan National Park, QNP) was used as a case study to explore the recreation suitability assessment system under constraints of zoning. This paper proposed an evaluation index system that combined the use of Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) methods to determine the suitable recreation sites of QNP. Attributes selected to represent recreation suitability in the national park included natural recreation resources, scenic beauty, human recreation resources, recreation use aptitude, ecological environment carrying capacity, and social condition. All obtained data were evaluated and integrally overlapped in the Geographical Information Systems base. Thus, a recreation suitability map was created manually on a scale of I to IV, with I being "not suitable at all." Results suggested that recreation suitability levels in QNP tended to have an olive-like distribution. Based on the results of recreational use suitability assessment and management requirements of zonings in the national park, this study identified six types of recreational use and proposed dominant service functions and management measures for those recreation use areas. The results of this study will provide guidance regarding planning and management in national parks.
National park zoning is an integrated approach for classifying different areas according to their ecosystem and cultural resources protection requirements and controlling recreational use types and intensity. Qianjiangyuan National Park Pilot(hereinafter referred to as Qianjiangyuan National Park, QNP) was used as a case study to explore the recreation suitability assessment system under constraints of zoning. This paper proposed an evaluation index system that combined the use of Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) methods to determine the suitable recreation sites of QNP. Attributes selected to represent recreation suitability in the national park included natural recreation resources, scenic beauty, human recreation resources, recreation use aptitude, ecological environment carrying capacity, and social condition. All obtained data were evaluated and integrally overlapped in the Geographical Information Systems base. Thus, a recreation suitability map was created manually on a scale of I to IV, with I being "not suitable at all." Results suggested that recreation suitability levels in QNP tended to have an olive-like distribution. Based on the results of recreational use suitability assessment and management requirements of zonings in the national park, this study identified six types of recreational use and proposed dominant service functions and management measures for those recreation use areas. The results of this study will provide guidance regarding planning and management in national parks.
引文
[1] 钟林生, 肖练练. 中国国家公园体制试点建设路径选择与研究议题. 资源科学, 2017, 39(1): 1-10.
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[5] Nahuelhual L, Vergara X, Kusch A, Campos G, Droguett D. Mapping ecosystem services for marine spatial planning: recreation opportunities in Sub-Antarctic Chile. Marine Policy, 2017, 81: 211-218.
[6] Gül A, ?rücü M K, Karaca ?. An approach for recreation suitability analysis to recreation planning in g?lcük nature park. Environmental Management, 2006, 37(5): 606-625.
[7] 黄向, 保继刚, 沃尔·杰弗里. 中国生态旅游机会图谱(CECOS)的构建. 地理科学, 2006, 26(5): 629-634.
[8] Oishi Y. Toward the improvement of trail classification in national parks using the recreation opportunity spectrum approach. Environmental Management, 2013, 51(6): 1126-1136.
[9] 杨子江. 多目标约束下的梅里雪山国家公园功能分区方法及管理研究[D]. 昆明: 云南大学, 2009.
[10] 李俊英, 胡远满, 闫红伟, 唐强, 祝跃, 刘志华. 基于景观视觉敏感度的棋盘山生态旅游适宜性评价. 西北林学院学报, 2010, 25(5): 194-198.
[11] 薛兴华. 七曲山国家森林公园游憩适宜性的综合评价. 长江大学学报: 自然科学版, 2011, 8(11): 229-233, 260-260.
[12] 何东进, 洪伟, 胡海清, 吴承祯, 陈炳容, 余建安. 武夷山风景名胜区景观生态评价. 应用与环境生物学报, 2004, 10(6): 729-734.
[13] 钟林生, 唐承财, 郭华. 基于生态敏感性分析的金银滩草原景区旅游功能区划. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(7): 1813-1819.
[14] 张爱平, 钟林生, 徐勇, 周凤杰. 基于适宜性分析的黄河首曲地区生态旅游功能区划研究. 生态学报, 2015, 35(20): 6838-6847.
[15] 石垚, 张微, 任景明, 张建平. 生态敏感区旅游开发适宜性评价及生态制图方法. 生态学报, 2015, 35(23): 7887-7898.
[16] 庄优波, 杨锐, 赵智聪. 国家公园体制试点区试点实施方案初步分析. 中国园林, 2017, 33(8): 5-11.
[17] 虞虎, 陈田, 钟林生, 周睿. 钱江源国家公园体制试点区功能分区研究. 资源科学, 2017, 39(1): 20-29.
[18] 李益敏, 刘素红, 李小文. 基于GIS的怒江峡谷人居环境容量评价——以泸水县为例. 地理科学进展, 2010, 29(5): 572-578.
[19] 邬彬. 基于GIS的旅游地生态敏感性与生态适宜性评价研究[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2009.
[20] Gordon A, Simondson D, White M, Moilanen A, Bekessy S A. Integrating conservation planning and landuse planning in urban landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2009, 91(4): 183-194.
[21] Monz C A, Cole D N, Leung Y F, Marion J L. Sustaining visitor use in protected areas: future opportunities in recreation ecology research based on the USA experience. Environmental management, 2010, 45(3): 551-562.
[22] 袁久和, 祁春节. 基于熵值法的湖南省农业可持续发展能力动态评价. 长江流域资源与环境, 2013, 22(2): 152-157.
[23] 唐常春, 孙威. 长江流域国土空间开发适宜性综合评价. 地理学报, 2012, 67(12): 1587-1598.
[24] 周春玲, 张启翔, 孙迎坤. 居住区绿地的美景度评价. 中国园林, 2006, 22(4): 62-67.
[25] 杨翠霞, 曹福存, 林林. 大连滨海路海岸带美景度评价研究. 中国园林, 2017, 33(8): 59-62.
[26] 章志都, 徐程扬, 龚岚, 蔡宝军, 李翠翠, 黄广远, 李波. 基于SBE法的北京市郊野公园绿地结构质量评价技术. 林业科学, 2011, 47(8): 53-60.
[2] 哈米特, 科尔. 游憩生态学. 吴承照, 张娜, 译. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011: 97-99.
[3] Harshaw H W, Sheppard S R J. Using the recreation opportunity spectrum to evaluate the temporal impacts of timber harvesting on outdoor recreation settings. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 2013, 1-2: 40-50.
[4] 王忠君. 基于园林生态效益的圆明园公园游憩机会谱构建研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2013.
[5] Nahuelhual L, Vergara X, Kusch A, Campos G, Droguett D. Mapping ecosystem services for marine spatial planning: recreation opportunities in Sub-Antarctic Chile. Marine Policy, 2017, 81: 211-218.
[6] Gül A, ?rücü M K, Karaca ?. An approach for recreation suitability analysis to recreation planning in g?lcük nature park. Environmental Management, 2006, 37(5): 606-625.
[7] 黄向, 保继刚, 沃尔·杰弗里. 中国生态旅游机会图谱(CECOS)的构建. 地理科学, 2006, 26(5): 629-634.
[8] Oishi Y. Toward the improvement of trail classification in national parks using the recreation opportunity spectrum approach. Environmental Management, 2013, 51(6): 1126-1136.
[9] 杨子江. 多目标约束下的梅里雪山国家公园功能分区方法及管理研究[D]. 昆明: 云南大学, 2009.
[10] 李俊英, 胡远满, 闫红伟, 唐强, 祝跃, 刘志华. 基于景观视觉敏感度的棋盘山生态旅游适宜性评价. 西北林学院学报, 2010, 25(5): 194-198.
[11] 薛兴华. 七曲山国家森林公园游憩适宜性的综合评价. 长江大学学报: 自然科学版, 2011, 8(11): 229-233, 260-260.
[12] 何东进, 洪伟, 胡海清, 吴承祯, 陈炳容, 余建安. 武夷山风景名胜区景观生态评价. 应用与环境生物学报, 2004, 10(6): 729-734.
[13] 钟林生, 唐承财, 郭华. 基于生态敏感性分析的金银滩草原景区旅游功能区划. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(7): 1813-1819.
[14] 张爱平, 钟林生, 徐勇, 周凤杰. 基于适宜性分析的黄河首曲地区生态旅游功能区划研究. 生态学报, 2015, 35(20): 6838-6847.
[15] 石垚, 张微, 任景明, 张建平. 生态敏感区旅游开发适宜性评价及生态制图方法. 生态学报, 2015, 35(23): 7887-7898.
[16] 庄优波, 杨锐, 赵智聪. 国家公园体制试点区试点实施方案初步分析. 中国园林, 2017, 33(8): 5-11.
[17] 虞虎, 陈田, 钟林生, 周睿. 钱江源国家公园体制试点区功能分区研究. 资源科学, 2017, 39(1): 20-29.
[18] 李益敏, 刘素红, 李小文. 基于GIS的怒江峡谷人居环境容量评价——以泸水县为例. 地理科学进展, 2010, 29(5): 572-578.
[19] 邬彬. 基于GIS的旅游地生态敏感性与生态适宜性评价研究[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2009.
[20] Gordon A, Simondson D, White M, Moilanen A, Bekessy S A. Integrating conservation planning and landuse planning in urban landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2009, 91(4): 183-194.
[21] Monz C A, Cole D N, Leung Y F, Marion J L. Sustaining visitor use in protected areas: future opportunities in recreation ecology research based on the USA experience. Environmental management, 2010, 45(3): 551-562.
[22] 袁久和, 祁春节. 基于熵值法的湖南省农业可持续发展能力动态评价. 长江流域资源与环境, 2013, 22(2): 152-157.
[23] 唐常春, 孙威. 长江流域国土空间开发适宜性综合评价. 地理学报, 2012, 67(12): 1587-1598.
[24] 周春玲, 张启翔, 孙迎坤. 居住区绿地的美景度评价. 中国园林, 2006, 22(4): 62-67.
[25] 杨翠霞, 曹福存, 林林. 大连滨海路海岸带美景度评价研究. 中国园林, 2017, 33(8): 59-62.
[26] 章志都, 徐程扬, 龚岚, 蔡宝军, 李翠翠, 黄广远, 李波. 基于SBE法的北京市郊野公园绿地结构质量评价技术. 林业科学, 2011, 47(8): 53-60.