气候变化对鲑鱼丰富度和繁殖影响的研究进展
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摘要
鲑鱼是人类重要的食品来源之一,具有巨大的经济价值。同时,鲑鱼资源通过输送营养物质对维持溪流和陆地生态系统的结构、功能和过程等有重要作用。而鲑鱼是对温度极为敏感的冷水性鱼类,对气候变化的反应尤为明显。作者通过文献综述法梳理相关研究,从气候变化引起的温度变化、淡水和海洋环境的变化以及鱼病传播4个方面探讨对鲑鱼丰富度和繁殖的影响,并提出研究展望。研究显示:温度变化对鲑鱼的产卵和迁徙有较大影响;溪流和河流流量的改变会影响鲑鱼的迁徙和幼年鲑鱼的存活数量;温度和二氧化碳浓度的变化使海洋食物供应减少,鲑鱼丰富度降低;水温的升高使病原体增加,鲑鱼死亡率增加。本研究成果可为鲑鱼种群应对气候变化的研究及管理提供一定的理论支持。
Salmon is an important food source for humans and has enormous economic value. Salmon resources also play an important role in maintaining the structure, function, and processes of streams and terrestrial ecosystems by transporting nutrients. Salmon is a coldwater fish that is extremely sensitive to temperature, and it exhibits an evident response to climate change. This study explores relevant research through a literature review and discusses the effects of temperature changes due to climate change and the changes in freshwater and marine environments as well as pathogens on the abundance and reproduction of salmon; further, the study presents research prospects. It was found that temperature changes have a substantial impact on salmon spawning and migration. Changes in streamflow and river flows have an influence on the migratory behavior of salmon and the survival of juvenile salmon. Further, changes in temperature and carbon dioxide concentration reduce the supply of marine food and decrease salmon abundance; in particular, an increase in water temperature increases the amount of pathogens, resulting in an increase in salmon mortality. The data obtained in this study can provide theoretical support for further research and management of salmon population to cope with climate change.
Salmon is an important food source for humans and has enormous economic value. Salmon resources also play an important role in maintaining the structure, function, and processes of streams and terrestrial ecosystems by transporting nutrients. Salmon is a coldwater fish that is extremely sensitive to temperature, and it exhibits an evident response to climate change. This study explores relevant research through a literature review and discusses the effects of temperature changes due to climate change and the changes in freshwater and marine environments as well as pathogens on the abundance and reproduction of salmon; further, the study presents research prospects. It was found that temperature changes have a substantial impact on salmon spawning and migration. Changes in streamflow and river flows have an influence on the migratory behavior of salmon and the survival of juvenile salmon. Further, changes in temperature and carbon dioxide concentration reduce the supply of marine food and decrease salmon abundance; in particular, an increase in water temperature increases the amount of pathogens, resulting in an increase in salmon mortality. The data obtained in this study can provide theoretical support for further research and management of salmon population to cope with climate change.
引文
[1]李思忠.中国鲑科鱼类地理分布的探讨[J].动物学杂志, 1984, 1:34-37.Li Sizhong. A study on the geographical distribution of Salmon in China[J]. Journal of Zoology, 1984, 1:34-37.
[2]联合国粮食及农业组织. 2018年世界渔业和水产养殖状况—实现可持续发展目标[M].罗马:粮农组织渔业部, 2018.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in2018—achieving Sustainable Development goals[M].Rome:FAO Fisheries Department, 2018.
[3]张一新,向洪勇.跨越生境的资源补贴对生态系统的影响研究进展[J].应用生态学报, 2017, 28(2):699-711.Zhang Yixin, Xiang Hongyong. Research progress on the impacts of resource subsidies across habitats on ecosystems[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 28(2):699-711.
[4] Pete R. Salmon and climate change[EB/OL].(2009)[20180930]. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/species_and_climate_change_1.pdf
[5] Parmesan C. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change[J]. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution&Systematics, 2006, 37(1):637-669.
[6] P?rtner H O, Farrell A P. Ecology. Physiology and climate change[J]. Science, 2008, 322(5902):690-692.
[7] Brander K M. Global fish production and climate change[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, 104(50):19709-19714.
[8] Mueter F J, Pyper B J, Peterman R M. Relationships between Coastal Ocean Conditions and Survival Rates of Northeast Pacific Salmon at Multiple Lags[J]. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 2005,134(1):105-119.
[9] Beamish R, Mahnken C. Taking the next step in fisheries management[C]//Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries Management, Alaska:Alaska Sea Grant College Program, 1999:1-21.
[10] Whitney J E, Al-Chokhachy R, Bunnell D B, et al.Physiological basis of climate change impacts on North American Inland Fishes[J]. Fisheries, 2016, 41(7):332-345.
[11] Armour C L. Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish[M]. Washington:Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991.
[12] Lynch A J, Myers B J E, Chu C, et al. Climate change effects on North American Inland fish populations and assemblages[J]. Fisheries, 2016, 41(7):346-361.
[13] Isaak D J, Wenger S J, Young M K. Big biology meets microclimatology:defining thermal niches of ectotherms at landscape scales for conservation planning[J].Ecological Applications, 2017, 27(3):977-990.
[14] Beamish R J, Mcfarlane G A. Effects of ocean variability on recruitment and an evaluation of parameters used in stock assessment models[J]. Reviews in Fish Biology&Fisheries, 1992, 2(1):88-89.
[15] Pearcy W G. Ocean ecology of North Pacific salmonids[J].Books in Recruitment Fishery Oceanography, 1992,2(1):41-42.
[16] ISAB(Independent Scientific Advisory Board). Climate change impacts on Columbia River Basin fish and wildlife[M]. Columbia:Northwest Power and Conservation Council, 2007.
[17] Achord S, Zabel R W, Sandford B P. Migration timing,growth, and estimated parr to smolt survival rates of wild Snake river spring-summer chinook salmon from the Salmon River Basin, Idaho, to the Lower Snake River[J]. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2007, 136(1):142-154.
[18] Hare S R. Climate change and salmon production in the northeast Pacific Ocean[J]. Can Spec Publ Fish Aquat Sci, 1995, 121:357-372.
[19] Jonsson B, Jonsson N. A review of the likely effects of climate change on anadromous Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)and brown trout(Salmo trutta), with particular reference to water temperature and flow[J]. Journal of Fish Biology, 2009, 75(10):2381-2447.
[20]梁雄伟,于洪贤,刘伟.气候变化对鲑鳟鱼类栖息环境及相关生物学的影响[J].水产学杂志, 2011, 24(2):63-68.Liang Xiongwei, Yu Hongxian, Liu Wei. Effects of climate change on the habitat environment and related biology of salmon trout[J]. Journal of Aquatic Sciences,2011, 24(2):63-68.
[21] Crozier L G, Zabel R W, Hamlet A F. Predicting differential effects of climate change at the population level with life-cycle models of spring Chinook salmon[J].Global Change Biology, 2008, 14(2):236-249.
[22] Beckman B, Larsen D, BeedaLee-Pawlak, et al. Relation of fish size and growth rate to migration of spring Chinook salmon smolts[J]. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 1998, 18(3):537-546.
[23] Elliott J M, Elliott J A. Temperature requirements of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar), brown trout(Salmo trutta)and Arctic charr(Salvelinus alpinus):Predicting the effects of climate change[J]. Journal of Fish Biology,2010, 77(8):1793-1817.
[24] Mote P W, Parson E A, Hamlet A F, et al. Preparing for climatic change:the water, salmon, and forests of the Pacific Northwest[J]. Climatic Change, 2003, 61(1-2):45-88.
[25] Elliott J M. Tolerance and resistance to thermal stress in juvenile Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)[J]. Freshwater Biology, 1991, 25(1):61-70.
[26] Jonsson B, Forseth T, Jensen A J, et al. Thermal Performance of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon(Salmo salar L.)[J]. Functional Ecology, 2001, 15(6):701-711.
[27] Banks J L, Fowler L G, Elliott J W. Effects of rearing temperature on growth, body form, and hematology of fall chinook fingerlings[J]. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 1971, 33(33):20-26.
[28] Brett J R, Clarke W C, Shelbourn J E. Experiments on thermal requirements for growth and food conversion efficiency of juvenile chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)[J]. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences, 1982, 97(6):1-29.
[29] Brett J R. Temperature tolerance in young Pacific Salmon genus(Oncorhynchus)[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Research Board, 1952, 9(6):265-323.
[30] Edsall T A, Frank A M, Rottiers D V, et al. The effect of temperature and ration size on the growth, body composition, and energy content of juvenile coho salmon[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research, 1999, 25(2):355-362.
[31] Crozier L. Impacts of climate change on salmon of the Pacific northwest[D]. Washington:National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2015, 1-35.
[32] Naughton G P, Caudill C C, Keefer M L, et al. Lateseason mortality during migration of radio-tagged adult sockeyes[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences, 2005, 62(1):30-47.
[33] Quinn T P, Adams D J. Environmental changes affecting the migratory timing of American shad and sockeye salmon[J]. Ecology, 1996, 77(4):1151-1162.
[34] Isaak D J, Luce C H, Horan D L, et al. Global warming of salmon and trout rivers in the northwestern U.S.:Road to ruin or path through purgatory?[J]. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 2018.
[35] Crozier L G, Hendry A P, Lawson P W, et al. Potential responses to climate change in organisms with complex life histories:evolution and plasticity in Pacific salmon[J].Evolutionary Applications, 2008, 1(2):252-270.
[36] Beamish R J, Mahnken C. A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2001, 49(1):423-437.
[37] Honea J M, Mcclure M M, Jorgensen J C, et al. Assessing freshwater life-stage vulnerability of an endangered Chinook salmon population to climate change influences on stream habitat[J]. Climate Research, 2016,71(2).
[38] Walsh C L, Kilsby C G. Implications of climate change on flow regime affecting Atlantic salmon[J]. Hydrology&Earth System Sciences, 2007, 11(3):1125-1141.
[39] Mckenzie D. Restoring salmon habitat for a changing climate[J]. River Research&Applications, 2013, 29(8):939-960.
[40] Beaugrand G, Reid P C. Long-term changes in phytoplankton, zooplankton and salmon related to climate[J].Global Change Biology, 2010, 9(6):801-817.
[41] McCullough D A. A review and synthesis of effects of alterations to the water temperature regime on freshwater life stages of salmonids, with special reference to Chinook salmon[M]. Washington:Environmental Protection Agency, 1999.
[42] Marcogliese D J. Implications of climate change for parasitism of animals in the aquatic environment[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology, 2001, 79(8):1331-1352.
[43] Ordal E J, Pacha R E. Effects of temperature on disease in fish[C]//Proceedings of the twelfth Pacific department of environmental quality. Portland:Standard and Assessment Section, 1963:39-56.
[44] Coghlan S, Ringler N. Temperature-dependent effects of rainbow trout on growth of Atlantic salmon parr[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research, 2005, 31(4):386-396.
[2]联合国粮食及农业组织. 2018年世界渔业和水产养殖状况—实现可持续发展目标[M].罗马:粮农组织渔业部, 2018.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in2018—achieving Sustainable Development goals[M].Rome:FAO Fisheries Department, 2018.
[3]张一新,向洪勇.跨越生境的资源补贴对生态系统的影响研究进展[J].应用生态学报, 2017, 28(2):699-711.Zhang Yixin, Xiang Hongyong. Research progress on the impacts of resource subsidies across habitats on ecosystems[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 28(2):699-711.
[4] Pete R. Salmon and climate change[EB/OL].(2009)[20180930]. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/species_and_climate_change_1.pdf
[5] Parmesan C. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change[J]. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution&Systematics, 2006, 37(1):637-669.
[6] P?rtner H O, Farrell A P. Ecology. Physiology and climate change[J]. Science, 2008, 322(5902):690-692.
[7] Brander K M. Global fish production and climate change[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, 104(50):19709-19714.
[8] Mueter F J, Pyper B J, Peterman R M. Relationships between Coastal Ocean Conditions and Survival Rates of Northeast Pacific Salmon at Multiple Lags[J]. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 2005,134(1):105-119.
[9] Beamish R, Mahnken C. Taking the next step in fisheries management[C]//Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries Management, Alaska:Alaska Sea Grant College Program, 1999:1-21.
[10] Whitney J E, Al-Chokhachy R, Bunnell D B, et al.Physiological basis of climate change impacts on North American Inland Fishes[J]. Fisheries, 2016, 41(7):332-345.
[11] Armour C L. Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish[M]. Washington:Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991.
[12] Lynch A J, Myers B J E, Chu C, et al. Climate change effects on North American Inland fish populations and assemblages[J]. Fisheries, 2016, 41(7):346-361.
[13] Isaak D J, Wenger S J, Young M K. Big biology meets microclimatology:defining thermal niches of ectotherms at landscape scales for conservation planning[J].Ecological Applications, 2017, 27(3):977-990.
[14] Beamish R J, Mcfarlane G A. Effects of ocean variability on recruitment and an evaluation of parameters used in stock assessment models[J]. Reviews in Fish Biology&Fisheries, 1992, 2(1):88-89.
[15] Pearcy W G. Ocean ecology of North Pacific salmonids[J].Books in Recruitment Fishery Oceanography, 1992,2(1):41-42.
[16] ISAB(Independent Scientific Advisory Board). Climate change impacts on Columbia River Basin fish and wildlife[M]. Columbia:Northwest Power and Conservation Council, 2007.
[17] Achord S, Zabel R W, Sandford B P. Migration timing,growth, and estimated parr to smolt survival rates of wild Snake river spring-summer chinook salmon from the Salmon River Basin, Idaho, to the Lower Snake River[J]. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2007, 136(1):142-154.
[18] Hare S R. Climate change and salmon production in the northeast Pacific Ocean[J]. Can Spec Publ Fish Aquat Sci, 1995, 121:357-372.
[19] Jonsson B, Jonsson N. A review of the likely effects of climate change on anadromous Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)and brown trout(Salmo trutta), with particular reference to water temperature and flow[J]. Journal of Fish Biology, 2009, 75(10):2381-2447.
[20]梁雄伟,于洪贤,刘伟.气候变化对鲑鳟鱼类栖息环境及相关生物学的影响[J].水产学杂志, 2011, 24(2):63-68.Liang Xiongwei, Yu Hongxian, Liu Wei. Effects of climate change on the habitat environment and related biology of salmon trout[J]. Journal of Aquatic Sciences,2011, 24(2):63-68.
[21] Crozier L G, Zabel R W, Hamlet A F. Predicting differential effects of climate change at the population level with life-cycle models of spring Chinook salmon[J].Global Change Biology, 2008, 14(2):236-249.
[22] Beckman B, Larsen D, BeedaLee-Pawlak, et al. Relation of fish size and growth rate to migration of spring Chinook salmon smolts[J]. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 1998, 18(3):537-546.
[23] Elliott J M, Elliott J A. Temperature requirements of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar), brown trout(Salmo trutta)and Arctic charr(Salvelinus alpinus):Predicting the effects of climate change[J]. Journal of Fish Biology,2010, 77(8):1793-1817.
[24] Mote P W, Parson E A, Hamlet A F, et al. Preparing for climatic change:the water, salmon, and forests of the Pacific Northwest[J]. Climatic Change, 2003, 61(1-2):45-88.
[25] Elliott J M. Tolerance and resistance to thermal stress in juvenile Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)[J]. Freshwater Biology, 1991, 25(1):61-70.
[26] Jonsson B, Forseth T, Jensen A J, et al. Thermal Performance of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon(Salmo salar L.)[J]. Functional Ecology, 2001, 15(6):701-711.
[27] Banks J L, Fowler L G, Elliott J W. Effects of rearing temperature on growth, body form, and hematology of fall chinook fingerlings[J]. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 1971, 33(33):20-26.
[28] Brett J R, Clarke W C, Shelbourn J E. Experiments on thermal requirements for growth and food conversion efficiency of juvenile chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)[J]. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences, 1982, 97(6):1-29.
[29] Brett J R. Temperature tolerance in young Pacific Salmon genus(Oncorhynchus)[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Research Board, 1952, 9(6):265-323.
[30] Edsall T A, Frank A M, Rottiers D V, et al. The effect of temperature and ration size on the growth, body composition, and energy content of juvenile coho salmon[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research, 1999, 25(2):355-362.
[31] Crozier L. Impacts of climate change on salmon of the Pacific northwest[D]. Washington:National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2015, 1-35.
[32] Naughton G P, Caudill C C, Keefer M L, et al. Lateseason mortality during migration of radio-tagged adult sockeyes[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences, 2005, 62(1):30-47.
[33] Quinn T P, Adams D J. Environmental changes affecting the migratory timing of American shad and sockeye salmon[J]. Ecology, 1996, 77(4):1151-1162.
[34] Isaak D J, Luce C H, Horan D L, et al. Global warming of salmon and trout rivers in the northwestern U.S.:Road to ruin or path through purgatory?[J]. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 2018.
[35] Crozier L G, Hendry A P, Lawson P W, et al. Potential responses to climate change in organisms with complex life histories:evolution and plasticity in Pacific salmon[J].Evolutionary Applications, 2008, 1(2):252-270.
[36] Beamish R J, Mahnken C. A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2001, 49(1):423-437.
[37] Honea J M, Mcclure M M, Jorgensen J C, et al. Assessing freshwater life-stage vulnerability of an endangered Chinook salmon population to climate change influences on stream habitat[J]. Climate Research, 2016,71(2).
[38] Walsh C L, Kilsby C G. Implications of climate change on flow regime affecting Atlantic salmon[J]. Hydrology&Earth System Sciences, 2007, 11(3):1125-1141.
[39] Mckenzie D. Restoring salmon habitat for a changing climate[J]. River Research&Applications, 2013, 29(8):939-960.
[40] Beaugrand G, Reid P C. Long-term changes in phytoplankton, zooplankton and salmon related to climate[J].Global Change Biology, 2010, 9(6):801-817.
[41] McCullough D A. A review and synthesis of effects of alterations to the water temperature regime on freshwater life stages of salmonids, with special reference to Chinook salmon[M]. Washington:Environmental Protection Agency, 1999.
[42] Marcogliese D J. Implications of climate change for parasitism of animals in the aquatic environment[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology, 2001, 79(8):1331-1352.
[43] Ordal E J, Pacha R E. Effects of temperature on disease in fish[C]//Proceedings of the twelfth Pacific department of environmental quality. Portland:Standard and Assessment Section, 1963:39-56.
[44] Coghlan S, Ringler N. Temperature-dependent effects of rainbow trout on growth of Atlantic salmon parr[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research, 2005, 31(4):386-396.