防城港人工礁区内5种恋礁鱼类的声学标志跟踪
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摘要
为了解人工鱼礁区鱼类的活动特点及使用超声波遥测方法进行人工鱼礁区鱼类研究的可行性, 2017年7月7日至9月8日于防城港人工鱼礁区利用Vemco定位系统(Vemco position system, VPS)对5种北部湾沿海常见的野生恋礁性鱼类共9尾[体长(21.7±3.8) cm,体重(314±186) g]进行超声波标志遥测跟踪。结果表明, 9尾鱼中的3尾定位效果较为理想(1749～9591个定位结果),活动范围较小,其中100%最小凸多边形(minimum convex polygon, MCPs)范围为12687.6～17123.2 m~2。而50%和95%核心利用分布(Kernelutilizationdistribution,KUDs)范围为5788.1～8708.9 m~2和10240.5～16463.7 m~2。另6尾鱼未取得理想的定位效果(0～14个定位结果),接收机接收回的定位数据可以被检测,表明鱼依然在礁区附近活动。在游离检测范围28～51 d后又有信号返回,说明样本鱼对人工鱼礁环境有一定的偏好性,研究期间样本鱼表现出一定的活动深度变化规律,在15:00～22:00时段活动深度相对较浅,主要集中于人工鱼礁礁体上方(距水底5 m以上)。研究表明,应用超声波遥测技术可以了解鱼类在自然生活状态下的活动特点,可作为鱼类研究的有效手段加以应用。
To understand the attractive effect of artificial reefs, the activity traits of fishes, and the feasibility of ultrasonic telemetry for fish research in artificial reef areas, 5 species of 9 common rock fishes(22.0 cm±3.5 cm; 314 g±186 g) in the Beibu Gulf were tagged and tracked within an artificial reef area between July 7 and September 8, 2017, using the Vemco position system(VPS). Eleven receivers(VR2Tx, Vemco, 69 kHz) were launched in the artificial reef area of Fangchenggang inshore and the transmitters(V9P-2x, Vemco, 69 kHz) were tied to the backs of fishes. Not all fishes had good position results, and only 3 fishes had data available for analysis of home range size using 95% minimum convex polygons(MCPs). Home ranges were between 12687.6 m2 and 17123.2 m2, and the MCPs showed the activity of fishes in the small ranges. The other 6 fishes had poor position results(between 0 and 14 locations), and although the signal could not be received by 3 or more receivers, the data still indicated that the fishes were moving near the reef area because the range of signal reception was only approximately 200 m in the artificial reef area. Three fishes with poor position results left the area during this study between 28 to 51 days and then retured. This indicated that the fishes preferred the environment of the artificial reef area. During the study, the activity of fishes showed certain depth change rules. The fish activity in the shallower layer was between 15:00-22:00, and fish activity occurred above the reefs during this time, and perhaps it is the optimum time frame to determine the quantity of resources of these fish species in this area. To ensure the accuracy of the results, we eliminated the effect of tide before the calculation of depth results. The method of ultrasonic biotelemetry has an intuitive feeling for fish activity, but the method is in an experimental stage in China. The high cost is one reason why it cannot be widely promoted; furthermore, in the current experiment it was difficult to achieve the desired effects. We hope to analyze effectiveness for fish attraction and daily activities of fishes to provide a reference for subsequent research, and accumulate experience for subsequent application of this method.
To understand the attractive effect of artificial reefs, the activity traits of fishes, and the feasibility of ultrasonic telemetry for fish research in artificial reef areas, 5 species of 9 common rock fishes(22.0 cm±3.5 cm; 314 g±186 g) in the Beibu Gulf were tagged and tracked within an artificial reef area between July 7 and September 8, 2017, using the Vemco position system(VPS). Eleven receivers(VR2Tx, Vemco, 69 kHz) were launched in the artificial reef area of Fangchenggang inshore and the transmitters(V9P-2x, Vemco, 69 kHz) were tied to the backs of fishes. Not all fishes had good position results, and only 3 fishes had data available for analysis of home range size using 95% minimum convex polygons(MCPs). Home ranges were between 12687.6 m2 and 17123.2 m2, and the MCPs showed the activity of fishes in the small ranges. The other 6 fishes had poor position results(between 0 and 14 locations), and although the signal could not be received by 3 or more receivers, the data still indicated that the fishes were moving near the reef area because the range of signal reception was only approximately 200 m in the artificial reef area. Three fishes with poor position results left the area during this study between 28 to 51 days and then retured. This indicated that the fishes preferred the environment of the artificial reef area. During the study, the activity of fishes showed certain depth change rules. The fish activity in the shallower layer was between 15:00-22:00, and fish activity occurred above the reefs during this time, and perhaps it is the optimum time frame to determine the quantity of resources of these fish species in this area. To ensure the accuracy of the results, we eliminated the effect of tide before the calculation of depth results. The method of ultrasonic biotelemetry has an intuitive feeling for fish activity, but the method is in an experimental stage in China. The high cost is one reason why it cannot be widely promoted; furthermore, in the current experiment it was difficult to achieve the desired effects. We hope to analyze effectiveness for fish attraction and daily activities of fishes to provide a reference for subsequent research, and accumulate experience for subsequent application of this method.
引文
[1]Trefethen P S.Sonic Equipment for Tracking Individual Fish[M].Washington DC:US Department of the Interior,Fish and Wildlife Service,1956:11.
[2]Espinoza M,Farrugia T J,Webber D M,et al.Testing a new acoustic telemetry technique to quantify long-term,fine-scale movements of aquatic animals[J].Fisheries Research,2011,108(2):364-371.
[3]Acolas M L,Anras M L B,Véron V,et al.An assessment of the upstream migration and reproductive behaviour of allis shad(Alosa alosa L.)using acoustic tracking[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2004,61(8):1291-1304.
[4]Taylor M D,Fairfax A V,Suthers I M.The race for space:Using acoustic telemetry to understand density-dependent emigration and habitat selection in a released predatory fish[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2013,21(3-4):276-285.
[5]Bacheler N M,Paramore L M,Burdick S M,et al.Variation in movement patterns of red drum(Sciaenops ocellatus)inferred from conventional tagging and ultrasonic telemetry[J].Fishery Bulletin,2009,107(4):405-419.
[6]Morriscorey J,Greenjohn M,Snelgrovepaul V R,et al.Temporal and spatial migration of Atlantic cod(Gadus morhua)inside and outside a marine protected area and evidence for the role of prior experience in homing[J].Journal Canadien Des Sciences et Aquatiques,2014,71(11):1704-1712.
[7]Kramer D L,Chapman M R.Implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,1999,55(1-2):65-79.
[8]Escalle L,Speed C W,Meekan M G.Restricted movements and mangrove dependency of the nervous shark Carcharhinus cautus in nearshore coastal waters[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2015,87(2):323-341.
[9]Zhou Y B,Cai W G,Chen H G,et al.The mechanism and research progress on fish attraction technique forartificial reefs[J].Marine Fisheries,2010,32(2):225-230.[周艳波,蔡文贵,陈海刚,等.人工鱼礁生态诱集技术的机理及研究进展[J].海洋渔业,2010,32(2):225-230.]
[10]He D R,Ding Y.Gathering effect of artificial reef model on garrupa(Epinephelus akaara)[J].Jounal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,1995,14(4):394-398.[何大仁,丁云.鱼礁模型对赤点石斑鱼的诱集效果[J].台湾海峡,1995,14(4):394-398.]
[11]Zhang S,Sun M C,Chen Y.The attractive effects of different structural artificial reef models on juvenile Schlegel’s rockfish Sebastes schlegeli and fat greenling Hexagrammos otakii[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2008,23(1):13-19.[张硕,孙满昌,陈勇.人工鱼礁模型对大泷六线鱼和许氏平鲉幼鱼个体的诱集效果[J].大连水产学院学报,2008,23(1):13-19.]
[12]He D R,Shi Y M.Attractive effect of artificial reef model on Black Porgy(Sparus macrocephalus)[J].Journal of Xianmen University(Natural Science),1995(4):653-658.[何大仁,施养明.鱼礁模型对黑鲷的诱集效果[J].厦门大学学报(自然版),1995(4):653-658.]
[13]Li N N,Chen G B,Yu J,et al.Assessment of biomass in artificial reef area of Yangmeikeng in Daya Bay using acoustic method[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(11):1640-1649.[李娜娜,陈国宝,于杰,等.大亚湾杨梅坑人工鱼礁水域生物资源量声学评估[J].水产学报,2011,35(11):1640-1649.]
[14]Yuan H R,Chen P M,Li X G.Preliminary evaluation on fish-aggregation effects of Jiangmen3 artificial reef in Jiangmen coast[J].Guangdong Agricultural Science,2011,38(6):129-133.[袁华荣,陈丕茂,黎小国.江门三号人工鱼礁集鱼效果初步评价[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(6):129-133.]
[15]Heupel M R,Semmens J M,Hobday A J.Automated acoustic tracking of aquatic animals:scales,design,and deployment of listening station arrays[J].Marine and Freshwater Research,2006,57(1):1-13.
[16]Clements S,Jepsen D,Karnowiski M,et al.Optimization of an automated telemetry array for detecting transmitter-implanted fish[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,2005,25(2):429-436.
[17]Worton B J.Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies[J].Ecology,1989,70(1):164-168.
[18]Anderson D J.The home range:A new nonparametric estimation technique[J].Ecology,1982,63(1):103-112.
[19]Collins A B,Heupel M R,Motta P J.Residence and movement patterns of cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus within a south-west Florida estuary[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2007,71(4):1159-1178.
[20]Bolden S K.Using Ultrasonic Telemetry to Determine Home Range of a Coral-Reef Fish[M]//Electronic Tagging and Tracking in Marine Fisheries.Netherlands:Springer,2001:167-188.
[21]Rodney D B.Characterizing daily movements,nomadic movements,and reproductive migrations of Panulirus argus around the Western Sambo Ecological Reserve(Florida,USA)using acoustic telemetry[J].Fisheries Research,2013,144:91-102.
[22]Mitamura H,Uchida K,Miyamoto Y,et al.Short-range homing in a site-specific fish:search and directed movements[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2012,215(16):2751-2759.
[23]Baras E,Lagardere J P.Fish telemetry in aquaculture:Review and perspectives[J].Aquaculture International,1995,3(2):77-102.
[24]Williams L J,Szedlmayer S T.Depth preferences and three-dimensional movements of red snapper,Lutjanus campechanus,on an artificial reef in the northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Fisheries Research,2017,190:61-70.
[25]Topping D T,Szedlmayer S T.Home range and movement patterns of red snapper(Lutjanus campechanus)on artificial reefs[J].Fisheries Research,2011,112(1-2):77-84.
[26]Zagars M,Kou I,Mitamura H,et al.Migration patterns of juvenile Lutjanus argentimaculatus in a mangrove estuary in Trang province,Thailand,as revealed by ultrasonic telemetry[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2012,94(2):377-388.
[27]Sreekanth G B,Lekshmi N M,Singh N P.Can artificial reefs really enhance the inshore fishery resources along Indian coast?A critical review[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,India Section B:Biological Sciences,2017,1:1-13.
[28]Fang L C,Chen P M,Chen G B,et al.Preliminary evaluation on resources enhancement of artificial reef in the east corner of Zhelang Shanwei[J].Asian Agricultural Research,2013,5(9):111-115.
[29]Dong T W,Huang L Y,Tang Y L,et al.Preliminary evaluation of artificial reef around RizhaoQiansan island on fishery resources[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2015,45(8):38-45.[董天威,黄六一,唐衍力,等.日照前三岛人工鱼礁对渔业资源影响的初步评价[J].中国海洋大学学报,2015,45(8):38-45.]
[30]Zheng H Y.Discussion on the function of the artificial reef in the setting of fishing gear[J].Journal of Kaohsiung Marine University,2013,27:27-45.[郑火元.落网类定置渔具人工栖所鱼礁功能之探讨[J].高雄海洋科技大学学报,2013,27:27-45.]
[31]?zgül A,L?k A,Ula?A,et al.Preliminary study on the use of the Vemco Positioning System to determine fish movements in artificial reef areas:a case study on Sciaena umbra Linnaeus,1758[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2015,31(Suppl 3):41-47.
[32]Lino P G,Bentes L,Oliveira M T,et al.The African hind’s(Cephalopholis taeniops,Serranidae)use of artificial reefs off sal island(Cape Verde):a preliminary study based on acoustic telemetry[J].Brazilian Journal of Oceanography,2011,59:69-76.
[33]Chen Y,Zheng X X,Zhu J B,et al.Assessing methods of fish and macroinvertebrate in artificial reef areas[J].Fisheries Science,2008,27(6):316-319.[陈勇,郑小贤,朱敬博,等.人工鱼礁区鱼类和大型无脊椎动物的调查方法[J].水产科学,2008,27(6):316-319.]
[34]Zhao J,Zhang S Y,Wang Z H,et al.Analysis on community structure and diversity of fish and macroinvertebrate in Shengsi artificial reef area[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2010,17(5):1045-1056.[赵静,张守宇,汪振华,等.嵊泗人工鱼礁海域鱼类和大型无脊椎动物群落结构特征[J].中国水产科学,2010,17(5):1045-1056.]
[35]Kim H Y,Hwang B K,Lee Y W,et al.Hydro-acoustic survey on fish distribution and aggregated fish at artificial reefs in marine ranching area[J].Bulletin of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology,2011,47(2):139-145.
[36]Yuan X W,Jiang Y Z,Lin N,et al.Using bioacoustics and conventional netting methods to assess the initial effectiveness of a newly deployed artificial reef on fish assemblages in Xiangshan Bay near Ningbo,Zhejiang Province,China[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2013,29(6):1430-1435.
[37]Chen Y,Yu C Q,Zhang G S,et al.The environmental function and fish gather effect of atificial reefs[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2002,17(1):64-69.[陈勇,于长清,张国胜,等.人工鱼礁的环境功能与集鱼效果[J].大连水产学院学报,2002,17(1):64-69.]
[2]Espinoza M,Farrugia T J,Webber D M,et al.Testing a new acoustic telemetry technique to quantify long-term,fine-scale movements of aquatic animals[J].Fisheries Research,2011,108(2):364-371.
[3]Acolas M L,Anras M L B,Véron V,et al.An assessment of the upstream migration and reproductive behaviour of allis shad(Alosa alosa L.)using acoustic tracking[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2004,61(8):1291-1304.
[4]Taylor M D,Fairfax A V,Suthers I M.The race for space:Using acoustic telemetry to understand density-dependent emigration and habitat selection in a released predatory fish[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2013,21(3-4):276-285.
[5]Bacheler N M,Paramore L M,Burdick S M,et al.Variation in movement patterns of red drum(Sciaenops ocellatus)inferred from conventional tagging and ultrasonic telemetry[J].Fishery Bulletin,2009,107(4):405-419.
[6]Morriscorey J,Greenjohn M,Snelgrovepaul V R,et al.Temporal and spatial migration of Atlantic cod(Gadus morhua)inside and outside a marine protected area and evidence for the role of prior experience in homing[J].Journal Canadien Des Sciences et Aquatiques,2014,71(11):1704-1712.
[7]Kramer D L,Chapman M R.Implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,1999,55(1-2):65-79.
[8]Escalle L,Speed C W,Meekan M G.Restricted movements and mangrove dependency of the nervous shark Carcharhinus cautus in nearshore coastal waters[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2015,87(2):323-341.
[9]Zhou Y B,Cai W G,Chen H G,et al.The mechanism and research progress on fish attraction technique forartificial reefs[J].Marine Fisheries,2010,32(2):225-230.[周艳波,蔡文贵,陈海刚,等.人工鱼礁生态诱集技术的机理及研究进展[J].海洋渔业,2010,32(2):225-230.]
[10]He D R,Ding Y.Gathering effect of artificial reef model on garrupa(Epinephelus akaara)[J].Jounal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,1995,14(4):394-398.[何大仁,丁云.鱼礁模型对赤点石斑鱼的诱集效果[J].台湾海峡,1995,14(4):394-398.]
[11]Zhang S,Sun M C,Chen Y.The attractive effects of different structural artificial reef models on juvenile Schlegel’s rockfish Sebastes schlegeli and fat greenling Hexagrammos otakii[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2008,23(1):13-19.[张硕,孙满昌,陈勇.人工鱼礁模型对大泷六线鱼和许氏平鲉幼鱼个体的诱集效果[J].大连水产学院学报,2008,23(1):13-19.]
[12]He D R,Shi Y M.Attractive effect of artificial reef model on Black Porgy(Sparus macrocephalus)[J].Journal of Xianmen University(Natural Science),1995(4):653-658.[何大仁,施养明.鱼礁模型对黑鲷的诱集效果[J].厦门大学学报(自然版),1995(4):653-658.]
[13]Li N N,Chen G B,Yu J,et al.Assessment of biomass in artificial reef area of Yangmeikeng in Daya Bay using acoustic method[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(11):1640-1649.[李娜娜,陈国宝,于杰,等.大亚湾杨梅坑人工鱼礁水域生物资源量声学评估[J].水产学报,2011,35(11):1640-1649.]
[14]Yuan H R,Chen P M,Li X G.Preliminary evaluation on fish-aggregation effects of Jiangmen3 artificial reef in Jiangmen coast[J].Guangdong Agricultural Science,2011,38(6):129-133.[袁华荣,陈丕茂,黎小国.江门三号人工鱼礁集鱼效果初步评价[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(6):129-133.]
[15]Heupel M R,Semmens J M,Hobday A J.Automated acoustic tracking of aquatic animals:scales,design,and deployment of listening station arrays[J].Marine and Freshwater Research,2006,57(1):1-13.
[16]Clements S,Jepsen D,Karnowiski M,et al.Optimization of an automated telemetry array for detecting transmitter-implanted fish[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,2005,25(2):429-436.
[17]Worton B J.Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies[J].Ecology,1989,70(1):164-168.
[18]Anderson D J.The home range:A new nonparametric estimation technique[J].Ecology,1982,63(1):103-112.
[19]Collins A B,Heupel M R,Motta P J.Residence and movement patterns of cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus within a south-west Florida estuary[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2007,71(4):1159-1178.
[20]Bolden S K.Using Ultrasonic Telemetry to Determine Home Range of a Coral-Reef Fish[M]//Electronic Tagging and Tracking in Marine Fisheries.Netherlands:Springer,2001:167-188.
[21]Rodney D B.Characterizing daily movements,nomadic movements,and reproductive migrations of Panulirus argus around the Western Sambo Ecological Reserve(Florida,USA)using acoustic telemetry[J].Fisheries Research,2013,144:91-102.
[22]Mitamura H,Uchida K,Miyamoto Y,et al.Short-range homing in a site-specific fish:search and directed movements[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2012,215(16):2751-2759.
[23]Baras E,Lagardere J P.Fish telemetry in aquaculture:Review and perspectives[J].Aquaculture International,1995,3(2):77-102.
[24]Williams L J,Szedlmayer S T.Depth preferences and three-dimensional movements of red snapper,Lutjanus campechanus,on an artificial reef in the northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Fisheries Research,2017,190:61-70.
[25]Topping D T,Szedlmayer S T.Home range and movement patterns of red snapper(Lutjanus campechanus)on artificial reefs[J].Fisheries Research,2011,112(1-2):77-84.
[26]Zagars M,Kou I,Mitamura H,et al.Migration patterns of juvenile Lutjanus argentimaculatus in a mangrove estuary in Trang province,Thailand,as revealed by ultrasonic telemetry[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2012,94(2):377-388.
[27]Sreekanth G B,Lekshmi N M,Singh N P.Can artificial reefs really enhance the inshore fishery resources along Indian coast?A critical review[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,India Section B:Biological Sciences,2017,1:1-13.
[28]Fang L C,Chen P M,Chen G B,et al.Preliminary evaluation on resources enhancement of artificial reef in the east corner of Zhelang Shanwei[J].Asian Agricultural Research,2013,5(9):111-115.
[29]Dong T W,Huang L Y,Tang Y L,et al.Preliminary evaluation of artificial reef around RizhaoQiansan island on fishery resources[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2015,45(8):38-45.[董天威,黄六一,唐衍力,等.日照前三岛人工鱼礁对渔业资源影响的初步评价[J].中国海洋大学学报,2015,45(8):38-45.]
[30]Zheng H Y.Discussion on the function of the artificial reef in the setting of fishing gear[J].Journal of Kaohsiung Marine University,2013,27:27-45.[郑火元.落网类定置渔具人工栖所鱼礁功能之探讨[J].高雄海洋科技大学学报,2013,27:27-45.]
[31]?zgül A,L?k A,Ula?A,et al.Preliminary study on the use of the Vemco Positioning System to determine fish movements in artificial reef areas:a case study on Sciaena umbra Linnaeus,1758[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2015,31(Suppl 3):41-47.
[32]Lino P G,Bentes L,Oliveira M T,et al.The African hind’s(Cephalopholis taeniops,Serranidae)use of artificial reefs off sal island(Cape Verde):a preliminary study based on acoustic telemetry[J].Brazilian Journal of Oceanography,2011,59:69-76.
[33]Chen Y,Zheng X X,Zhu J B,et al.Assessing methods of fish and macroinvertebrate in artificial reef areas[J].Fisheries Science,2008,27(6):316-319.[陈勇,郑小贤,朱敬博,等.人工鱼礁区鱼类和大型无脊椎动物的调查方法[J].水产科学,2008,27(6):316-319.]
[34]Zhao J,Zhang S Y,Wang Z H,et al.Analysis on community structure and diversity of fish and macroinvertebrate in Shengsi artificial reef area[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2010,17(5):1045-1056.[赵静,张守宇,汪振华,等.嵊泗人工鱼礁海域鱼类和大型无脊椎动物群落结构特征[J].中国水产科学,2010,17(5):1045-1056.]
[35]Kim H Y,Hwang B K,Lee Y W,et al.Hydro-acoustic survey on fish distribution and aggregated fish at artificial reefs in marine ranching area[J].Bulletin of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology,2011,47(2):139-145.
[36]Yuan X W,Jiang Y Z,Lin N,et al.Using bioacoustics and conventional netting methods to assess the initial effectiveness of a newly deployed artificial reef on fish assemblages in Xiangshan Bay near Ningbo,Zhejiang Province,China[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2013,29(6):1430-1435.
[37]Chen Y,Yu C Q,Zhang G S,et al.The environmental function and fish gather effect of atificial reefs[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2002,17(1):64-69.[陈勇,于长清,张国胜,等.人工鱼礁的环境功能与集鱼效果[J].大连水产学院学报,2002,17(1):64-69.]
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