洱海流域山水林田湖草各要素特征、存在问题及生态保护修复措施
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摘要
洱海作为我国水质较好湖泊的代表,也是我国"新三湖"重点保护湖泊之一,山水林田湖草生态保护修复是洱海流域生态文明建设的重要内容,也是破解当前洱海保护治理难题的必然要求。系统阐述了流域山水林田湖草各要素特征,诊断了其存在的主要问题,按照"修山育林、净田治河、修复宜居、增容保水"的思路,以提升洱海水质为核心,坚持山水林田湖草综合施策、系统治理,明确生态保护修复总体目标和绩效指标,提出优化流域生态空间,强化山体林区生态修复,发展绿色生态农业,强化入湖河流小流域综合治理,实施洱海水生态调控与修复,提升流域环境监管能力等一系列任务措施,形成洱海流域山水林田湖草一体化保护修复方案,为流域山水林田湖草保护治理工作提供总纲和指导,同时也为洱海保护治理和流域可持续发展提供科学依据。
Lake Erhai, as a representative of lakes with good water quality in China, is one of the key protection lakes of the " new three lakes ". Ecological protection and restoration of mountain-river-forest-farmland-lakegrassland( MRFFLG) is an important content of ecological civilization construction in the basin, and also an inevitable requirement to solve the current problems in protection and management of Lake Erhai. The ecological environmental characteristics of MRFFLG elements of Lake Erhai were expounded systematically, and the main problems diagnosed. Following a general idea of " mountains restoration and afforestation, farmlands and rivers pollution control, ecological restoration and livable environment, and environment capacity increasing and water retention", with Lake Erhai water quality improvement as the core target, and insisting on comprehensive measures and systematic management of MRFFLG, the overall goal and performance indexes of protection and restoration were defined. A series of tasks and measures, including ecology spatial pattern optimization, mine treatment and forest ecosystem repair, green and ecological agriculture development, inlake small watershed systematic governance, aquatic ecosystem regulation and restoration, and environment supervision management enhancement,were put forward. The integrated protection and restoration programme of Lake Erhai Basin was thus formed, so as to provide a general outline and guidance for the protection and management of MRFFLG in Lake Erhai Basin and also provided a scientific basis for the protection and management and sustainable development of Lake Erhai Basin.
Lake Erhai, as a representative of lakes with good water quality in China, is one of the key protection lakes of the " new three lakes ". Ecological protection and restoration of mountain-river-forest-farmland-lakegrassland( MRFFLG) is an important content of ecological civilization construction in the basin, and also an inevitable requirement to solve the current problems in protection and management of Lake Erhai. The ecological environmental characteristics of MRFFLG elements of Lake Erhai were expounded systematically, and the main problems diagnosed. Following a general idea of " mountains restoration and afforestation, farmlands and rivers pollution control, ecological restoration and livable environment, and environment capacity increasing and water retention", with Lake Erhai water quality improvement as the core target, and insisting on comprehensive measures and systematic management of MRFFLG, the overall goal and performance indexes of protection and restoration were defined. A series of tasks and measures, including ecology spatial pattern optimization, mine treatment and forest ecosystem repair, green and ecological agriculture development, inlake small watershed systematic governance, aquatic ecosystem regulation and restoration, and environment supervision management enhancement,were put forward. The integrated protection and restoration programme of Lake Erhai Basin was thus formed, so as to provide a general outline and guidance for the protection and management of MRFFLG in Lake Erhai Basin and also provided a scientific basis for the protection and management and sustainable development of Lake Erhai Basin.
引文
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[2]中共中央国务院印发《生态文明体制改革总体方案》[A/OL].(2015-09-21)[2019-05-11). http://www. gov. cn/guowuyuan/2015-09/21/content_2936327. htm.
[3]财政部,国土资源部,环境保护部.关于推进山水林田湖生态保护修复工作的通知:财建〔2016〕725号[A/OL].(2016-09-30)[2019-07-10]. http://jjs. mof. gov. cn/zhengwuxinxi/zhengcefagui/201610/t2016 1008_2432147. html.
[4]习近平.决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利[N].人民日报,2017-10-28(1).
[5]李达净,张时煌,刘兵,等.山水林田湖草—人生命共同体的内涵、问题与创新[J].中国农业资源与区划,2018,39(11):1-5.LI D J,ZHANG S H,LIU B,et al. The connotation,problems and innovation of life community of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes,grasslands and human[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2018,39(11):1-5.
[6]环境保护部,中国科学院.关于印发《全国生态功能区划(修编版)》的公告[A/OL].(2015-11-23)[2019-07-10]. http://www. mee. gov. cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201511/t20151126_317777. htm.
[7]洱海生态环境保护基线调查报告[R].北京:中国环境科学研究院,2016.
[8]大理州洱海流域林业生态保护建设“十三五”专项规划[R].大理:大理白族自治州林业局,2015.
[9]云南省洱海流域水环境综合治理与可持续发展规划[R].北京:中国环境科学研究院,2017.
[10]邹长新,王燕,王文林,等.山水林田湖草系统原理与生态保护修复研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(11):961-967.ZOU C X,WANG Y,WANG W L,et al. Theory of mountainriver-forest-farmland-lake-grass system and ecological protection and restoration research[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(11):961-967.
[11]杨金涛,关锋,赵体超.大理苍山花甸坝生态开发与保护[J].中国农业信息,2015(3):110.
[12]茶枝义.云南洱海流域森林植被碳储量与碳密度估算[J].福建林业科技,2018,45(4):33-37.CHA Z Y. Estimation of forest vegetation carbon storage and density in Erhai Basin of Yunnan Province[J]. Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology,2018,45(4):33-37.
[13]李璇.水环境约束下洱海流域农业结构调整研究[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2012.
[14]王圣瑞,储昭升.洱海富营养化治理技术与应用设计[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:3-4.
[15]金相灿,胡小贞,储昭升,等.“绿色流域建设”的湖泊富营养化防治思路及其在洱海的应用[J].环境科学研究,2011,24(11):1203-1209.JIN X C,HU X Z,CHU Z S,et al. Green watershed construction strategy for prevention of lake eutrophication and its application in Lake Erhai[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2011,24(11):1203-1209.
[16]洱海保护治理与流域生态建设“十三五”规划[R].大理:大理白族自治州人民政府,2016.
[17]吴浓娣,吴强,刘定湘.系统治理:坚持山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体[J].河北水利,2019(1):14-18.