松花江四种纤毛虫的形态学研究
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摘要
利用活体观察,氨银染色和蛋白银染色的方法,对采自松花江的4种广布种纤毛虫:贻贝棘尾虫Stylonychia mytilus (Müller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830、鬃异源棘尾虫Tetmemena pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner,1999、尾草履虫Paramecium caudatum (Ehret, 1963)和刚毛榴弹虫Coleps hirtus的形态学进行研究。依据新采集种群,对4个种活体形态和纤毛图式特征,以及鬃异源棘尾虫的发生学特征进行补足性描述。研究对贻贝棘尾虫做了重要重描述,可清晰观察到该种蛋白银染后6列背触毛的排列特征、左右缘棘毛数的具体统计,结果发现,贻贝棘尾虫哈尔滨种群与前人报道的种群相比,形态特征基本吻合,区别在于前者小膜数目多于后者。鬃异源棘尾虫哈尔滨种群与漠河种群相比,形态和纤毛图式方面十分相似,发生模式基本一致,细微区别在于前者左右缘棘毛数目普遍多于后者,前者虫体大小波动范围较小,小核数目多于后者。尾草履虫哈尔滨种群与其青岛种群相比,二者显著差异在于收集管数目前者比后者少。本文榴弹虫与前人报道的刚毛榴弹虫种群相比,盔板带的数目、排列方式、窗口类型等形态学基本一致,细微区别在于本文报道种群体型普遍较前人报道种群略大。
The morphology of four widely distributed ciliates(Stylonychia mytilus, Tetmemena pustulata, Paramecium caudatum, Coleps hirtus) from Songhua River were studied using living observation and silver staining methods to complementally descript the living and ciliary pattern characters of Harbin populations of these four species including the arrangement of six rows of dorsal kineties after protargol impregnation and the specific statistics of the numbers of left and right marginal rows of S. mytilus. The results showed that the morphological features of Harbin population S.mytilus were basically consistent with previous reports, except that small membranes of Harbin population were more than previous populations. Compared with the Mohe population, the Harbin population T. pustulata were similar in morphology, infraciliature and the occurrence pattern, and had slightly higher in the number of left and right marginal and more micronuleus. Compared with the Qingdao populations of P. caudatum, Harbin population had significantly less collecting canals. Compared with previous populations, Harbin population of C. hirtus had slightly larger body size.
The morphology of four widely distributed ciliates(Stylonychia mytilus, Tetmemena pustulata, Paramecium caudatum, Coleps hirtus) from Songhua River were studied using living observation and silver staining methods to complementally descript the living and ciliary pattern characters of Harbin populations of these four species including the arrangement of six rows of dorsal kineties after protargol impregnation and the specific statistics of the numbers of left and right marginal rows of S. mytilus. The results showed that the morphological features of Harbin population S.mytilus were basically consistent with previous reports, except that small membranes of Harbin population were more than previous populations. Compared with the Mohe population, the Harbin population T. pustulata were similar in morphology, infraciliature and the occurrence pattern, and had slightly higher in the number of left and right marginal and more micronuleus. Compared with the Qingdao populations of P. caudatum, Harbin population had significantly less collecting canals. Compared with previous populations, Harbin population of C. hirtus had slightly larger body size.
引文
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[12]Shi X B,Ammermann D.Stylonychia haerbinensis sp.n.,a new oxytrichid ciliate(Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)from the Heilongjiang Province,China[J].Protistology,2004,3:219-222
[13]Pan X,Zhu M,Ma H,et al.Morphology and small-subunit rRNA gene sequences of two new marine ciliates,Metanophrys orientalis spec.nov.and Uronemella sinensis spec.nov.(Protista,Ciliophora,Scuticociliatia),with an improved diagnosis of the genus Uronemella[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2013a,63:3513-3523
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[16]Shi X B.Stylonychia[J].Bulletin of Biology,2001,36(2):1-3[史新柏.棘尾虫.生物学通报,2001,36(2):1-3]
[17]Fan X,Chen X,Song W,et al.Two novel marine Frontonia species,Frontonia mengi spec.nov.and Frontonia magna spec.nov.(Protozoa;Ciliophora),with notes on their phylogeny based on small-subunit rRNA gene sequence data[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2011b,61:1476-1486
[18]Pan X,Gao F,Liu W,et al.Morphology and SSU rRNAgene sequences of three Frontonia species,including a description of F.subtropica spec.nov.(Ciliophora,Peniculida)[J].European Journal of Protistology,2013b,49:67-77
[19]Pan X,Liu W,Yi Z,et al.Studies on three diverse Frontonia species(Ciliophora,Peniculida),with brief notes on 14 marine or brackish congeners[J].Acta Protozoologica,2013c,52:35-49
[20]Shi X B.Paramecium[J].Bulletin of Biology,1982,4:14-17[史新柏.草履虫.生物学通报,1982,4:14-17]
[21]Song W B,Xu K D.Common methods for morphological studies of ciliated protozoa[J].Marine Sciences,1994,(6):6-9[宋微波,徐奎栋.纤毛虫原生动物形态学研究的常用方法.海洋科学,1994,(6):6-9]
[22]Song W B.New improvement of ammonia silver methoda new method for permanent production of marine ciliates[J].Marine Sciences,1992,(5):4-5[宋微波.氨银法的新改良--一种应用于海洋纤毛虫永久制片的新方法.海洋科学,1992,(5):4-5]
[23]Wilbert N.Eine Verbesserte technik der protargolimpr agnation für ciliaten[J].Mikrokosmos,1975,64:171-179
[24]Warren A,Song W B,Hu X Z,et al.Free-living ciliates in the Bohai and Yellow Seas,China[M].Beijing:Science Press.2009,475-488[沃伦,宋微波,胡晓钟,等.中国黄渤海的自由生纤毛虫.北京:科学出版社.2009,475-488]
[25]Corliss J.O.The Ciliated Protozoa.Characterization,Classification and Guide to the Literature[M].Second edition.Pergamon Press,Oxford.1979
[26]Shi X L,Song W B,Shi X B.Morphogenetics Modes of Hypotrichous Ciliates[M].In:Song W B,Xu K D,Shi XL,et al(Eds.),Progress in Protozoology.Qingdao:Qing- dao Ocean University Press.1999,189-210[施心路,宋微波,史新柏.腹毛目纤毛虫无性分裂期间的形态发生模式.宋微波,徐奎栋,施心路,等.原生动物学专论.青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社.1999,189-210]
[27]Zhu F Y,Yu Y H,Shen Y F.Molecular phylogenetic analysis of order Hypotrichida with redescription of the Stylonychia pustulata(Ciliophora:Hypotrichida:Oxytrichidae)[J].Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,2002,27(1):24-32[朱飞云,余育和,沈韫芬.下毛目分子系统进化研究和鬃棘尾虫再描述(纤毛动物门:下毛目:尖毛虫科).动物分类学报,2002,27(1):24-32]
[28]Shao C,Pan X M,Jiang J M,et al.A redescription of the oxytrichid Tetmemena pustulata(Müller,1786)Eigner,1999 and notes on morphogenesis in the marine urostylid Metaurostylopsis salina Lei et al.,2005(Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)[J].European Journal of Protistology,2013,49:272-282
[29]Luo X T,Li L Q,Ma H G,et al.Morphology and Ontogeny of Tetmemena pustulata(Müller,1786)Egner,1999from Mohe,China[J].Journal of Ocean University of China,2016,46(11):82-90[罗晓甜,李俐琼,马洪钢,等.鬃异源棘尾虫的形态学及细胞发生学研究.中国海洋大学学报,2016,46(11):82-90]
[30]Pan X M.Biodiversity and phylogeny of important groups in subclass scuticociliatia and peniculia[D].Ocean University of China.2014,124-128[潘旭明.盾纤亚纲与咽膜亚纲(原生动物,纤毛门)中重要类群的多样性与系统学研究.中国海洋大学.2014,124-128]
[31]Lemloh M,Hoos S,G?rtz H,et al.Isolation of alveolar plates from Coleps hirtus[J].European Journal of Protistology,2012,49:62-66
[32]Lemloh M,Marin F,Herbst F,et al.Genesis of amorphous calcium carbonate containing alveolar plates in the ciliate Coleps hirtus(Ciliophora,Prostomatea)[J].Journal of Structural Biology,2013,181:155-161
[33]Foissner W,Berger H,Schaumburg J.Identification and Ecology of Limnetic Plankton Ciliates[M].1999
[34]Smith J C.Notes on some new,or presumably new,infusoria.Am.Mon.Microsc[J].1897,28:141-148
[35]Bahatia,B.L.Protozoa:Ciliophora[M].In:Sewell R B S(Eds.),The Fauna of British India,including Ceylon and Burma[A].London:Taylor and Francis.1936,1-493
[36]Perty M.Zur Kenntniss kleinster Lebensformen nach Bau,Funktionen,Systematik,mit Specialverzeichniss der in der Schweiz beobachteten[M].Jent&Reinert,Bern.1852
[37]Ehrenberg C G.Beitr?ge zur Kenntni?der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung,besonders in Sibirien[M].Abh.preuss.Akad.Wiss.,Phys.math.Kl.1830,1-88
[2]Fenchel T.The ecology of marine microbenthos.Ⅳ.Structure and function of the benthic ecosystem,its chemical and physical factors and the microfauna communities with special reference to the ciliated protozoa[J].Ophelia,1969,6:1-182
[3]Carey P G.Marine Interstitial Ciliates.An Allustrated Key[M].Chapman.1992
[4]Foissner W.Soil protozoa:fundamental problems,ecological significance,adaptations in ciliates and testaceans,bioindicator and guide to the literature[J].Progress in Protistology,1987,2:69-212
[5]Griffiths B S.Soil Nutrient Flow[M].In:Darbyshire J F(Eds.),Soil protozoa,CAB,Oxford.1994,65-91
[6]Sun Y G,Zhan L.Experimental ecological studies of different glucose concentration on the growth of Stylonychia mytilus[J].Journal of Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University,2006,18(6):64-66[孙玉刚,战玲.葡萄糖对贻贝棘尾虫个体生长的影响.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2006,18(6):64-66]
[7]Lu Y S,Li Z P,Yun B C,et al.Preliminary study on aquatic organisms in the Songhua River Basin[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1988,12(1):82-84[卢晏生,李再培,云宝琛,等.松花江水系水生生物的初步研究.水生生物学报,1988,12(1):82-84]
[8]Xu L J,Chu J Y,Zhou Z H,et al.Analysis of water environmental quality features in Songhua River Basin[J].Water Resources Protection,2012,28(6):55-58[许琳娟,褚俊英,周祖昊,等.松花江水系水环境质量特征分析.水资源保护,2012,28(6):55-58]
[9]Berger H.Monophraph of the Oxytrichidae(Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)[J].Monographiae Biologicae,1999,78:1-1080
[10]Foissner W.Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates(Protozoa,Ciliophora)from Venezuela and Galápagos[J].Denisia,2016,35:1-914
[11]Gupta R,Kamra K,Arora S,et al.Stylonychia ammermanni sp.n.,a new oxytrichid(Ciliophora:Hypotrichida)ciliate from the river Yamuna,Delhi,India[J].Acta Protozoologica,2001,2:81-85
[12]Shi X B,Ammermann D.Stylonychia haerbinensis sp.n.,a new oxytrichid ciliate(Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)from the Heilongjiang Province,China[J].Protistology,2004,3:219-222
[13]Pan X,Zhu M,Ma H,et al.Morphology and small-subunit rRNA gene sequences of two new marine ciliates,Metanophrys orientalis spec.nov.and Uronemella sinensis spec.nov.(Protista,Ciliophora,Scuticociliatia),with an improved diagnosis of the genus Uronemella[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2013a,63:3513-3523
[14]Eigner P.Evolution of morphogenetic processes in the Orthoamphisiellidae n.fam.,Oxytrichidae,and Parakahliellidae n.fam.,and their depiction using a computer method(Ciliophora,Hypotrichida)[J].Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology,1997,44:553-573
[15]Eigner P.Comparison of divisional morphogenesis in four morphologically different clones of the genus Gonostomum and update of the natural hypotrich system(Ciliophora,Hypotrichida)[J].European Journal of Protistology,1999,35:34-48
[16]Shi X B.Stylonychia[J].Bulletin of Biology,2001,36(2):1-3[史新柏.棘尾虫.生物学通报,2001,36(2):1-3]
[17]Fan X,Chen X,Song W,et al.Two novel marine Frontonia species,Frontonia mengi spec.nov.and Frontonia magna spec.nov.(Protozoa;Ciliophora),with notes on their phylogeny based on small-subunit rRNA gene sequence data[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2011b,61:1476-1486
[18]Pan X,Gao F,Liu W,et al.Morphology and SSU rRNAgene sequences of three Frontonia species,including a description of F.subtropica spec.nov.(Ciliophora,Peniculida)[J].European Journal of Protistology,2013b,49:67-77
[19]Pan X,Liu W,Yi Z,et al.Studies on three diverse Frontonia species(Ciliophora,Peniculida),with brief notes on 14 marine or brackish congeners[J].Acta Protozoologica,2013c,52:35-49
[20]Shi X B.Paramecium[J].Bulletin of Biology,1982,4:14-17[史新柏.草履虫.生物学通报,1982,4:14-17]
[21]Song W B,Xu K D.Common methods for morphological studies of ciliated protozoa[J].Marine Sciences,1994,(6):6-9[宋微波,徐奎栋.纤毛虫原生动物形态学研究的常用方法.海洋科学,1994,(6):6-9]
[22]Song W B.New improvement of ammonia silver methoda new method for permanent production of marine ciliates[J].Marine Sciences,1992,(5):4-5[宋微波.氨银法的新改良--一种应用于海洋纤毛虫永久制片的新方法.海洋科学,1992,(5):4-5]
[23]Wilbert N.Eine Verbesserte technik der protargolimpr agnation für ciliaten[J].Mikrokosmos,1975,64:171-179
[24]Warren A,Song W B,Hu X Z,et al.Free-living ciliates in the Bohai and Yellow Seas,China[M].Beijing:Science Press.2009,475-488[沃伦,宋微波,胡晓钟,等.中国黄渤海的自由生纤毛虫.北京:科学出版社.2009,475-488]
[25]Corliss J.O.The Ciliated Protozoa.Characterization,Classification and Guide to the Literature[M].Second edition.Pergamon Press,Oxford.1979
[26]Shi X L,Song W B,Shi X B.Morphogenetics Modes of Hypotrichous Ciliates[M].In:Song W B,Xu K D,Shi XL,et al(Eds.),Progress in Protozoology.Qingdao:Qing- dao Ocean University Press.1999,189-210[施心路,宋微波,史新柏.腹毛目纤毛虫无性分裂期间的形态发生模式.宋微波,徐奎栋,施心路,等.原生动物学专论.青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社.1999,189-210]
[27]Zhu F Y,Yu Y H,Shen Y F.Molecular phylogenetic analysis of order Hypotrichida with redescription of the Stylonychia pustulata(Ciliophora:Hypotrichida:Oxytrichidae)[J].Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,2002,27(1):24-32[朱飞云,余育和,沈韫芬.下毛目分子系统进化研究和鬃棘尾虫再描述(纤毛动物门:下毛目:尖毛虫科).动物分类学报,2002,27(1):24-32]
[28]Shao C,Pan X M,Jiang J M,et al.A redescription of the oxytrichid Tetmemena pustulata(Müller,1786)Eigner,1999 and notes on morphogenesis in the marine urostylid Metaurostylopsis salina Lei et al.,2005(Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)[J].European Journal of Protistology,2013,49:272-282
[29]Luo X T,Li L Q,Ma H G,et al.Morphology and Ontogeny of Tetmemena pustulata(Müller,1786)Egner,1999from Mohe,China[J].Journal of Ocean University of China,2016,46(11):82-90[罗晓甜,李俐琼,马洪钢,等.鬃异源棘尾虫的形态学及细胞发生学研究.中国海洋大学学报,2016,46(11):82-90]
[30]Pan X M.Biodiversity and phylogeny of important groups in subclass scuticociliatia and peniculia[D].Ocean University of China.2014,124-128[潘旭明.盾纤亚纲与咽膜亚纲(原生动物,纤毛门)中重要类群的多样性与系统学研究.中国海洋大学.2014,124-128]
[31]Lemloh M,Hoos S,G?rtz H,et al.Isolation of alveolar plates from Coleps hirtus[J].European Journal of Protistology,2012,49:62-66
[32]Lemloh M,Marin F,Herbst F,et al.Genesis of amorphous calcium carbonate containing alveolar plates in the ciliate Coleps hirtus(Ciliophora,Prostomatea)[J].Journal of Structural Biology,2013,181:155-161
[33]Foissner W,Berger H,Schaumburg J.Identification and Ecology of Limnetic Plankton Ciliates[M].1999
[34]Smith J C.Notes on some new,or presumably new,infusoria.Am.Mon.Microsc[J].1897,28:141-148
[35]Bahatia,B.L.Protozoa:Ciliophora[M].In:Sewell R B S(Eds.),The Fauna of British India,including Ceylon and Burma[A].London:Taylor and Francis.1936,1-493
[36]Perty M.Zur Kenntniss kleinster Lebensformen nach Bau,Funktionen,Systematik,mit Specialverzeichniss der in der Schweiz beobachteten[M].Jent&Reinert,Bern.1852
[37]Ehrenberg C G.Beitr?ge zur Kenntni?der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung,besonders in Sibirien[M].Abh.preuss.Akad.Wiss.,Phys.math.Kl.1830,1-88
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