不同滴灌模式对干热河谷甜玉米生物量分配、产量和水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
为了解滴灌模式对玉米生长的影响,以甜玉米(正甜68)为试验材料,采用大田试验研究不覆膜充分滴灌(T1)、膜下充分滴灌(T2)和膜下控墒滴灌(T3)3种模式对甜玉米生物量及分配、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:(1)不同滴灌模式对甜玉米生物量没有显著影响。T3处理甜玉米茎-植株和叶-植株异速生长指数均小于T1和T2处理;而T1处理根-植株异速生长指数小于T2和T3处理;(2)T2和T3处理甜玉米营养器官-生殖器官异速生长指数为1,呈等速生长关系,而T1处理营养器官-生殖器官异速生长指数小于1,呈异速生长关系;(3)T1处理甜玉米地下部分-地上部分异速生长指数小于T2和T3处理。这表明不同滴灌模式能改变甜玉米异速生长轨迹,覆膜滴灌可能促进甜玉米茎、叶、地上部分和生殖器官的生物量分配。与T1处理相比,在甜玉米产量差异不显著的前提下,T2和T3处理分别节水26%和44%,灌溉水利用效率分别提高0. 65和1. 43 kg·m~(-3)。可见,膜下控墒滴灌(土壤相对含水量下限为70%,上限为90%)是适用于元谋干热河谷甜玉米种植的高效节水灌溉模式。
To investigate the effects of irrigation modes on biomass,biomass allocation,corn yield and water use efficiency of sweet corn,a field experiment including full drip irrigation without plastic film(T1),full drip irrigation under plastic film(T2)and drip irrigation with limited soil moisture under plastic film(T3)was conducted. The results show that irrigation modes had no significant effects on the biomass of sweet corn,but affected the allometric scaling relationships between different organs. The scaling exponents of stem mass vs total plant mass and leaf mass vs total plant mass for T3 were lower than those for T2 and T1. The scaling exponents of root mass vs total plant mass for T1 were lower than those for T2 and T3. The vegetative organ were isometric with the reproductive organ for T2 and T3,indicating that the growth rate of reproductive organs was proportional to the growth rate of vegetative organs. The scaling exponents of vegetative organ vs. reproductive organ for T1 was lower than 1,indicating that the growth rate of reproductive organs scaled allometrically with the growth rate of vegetative organs. The scaling exponents of underground vs. aboveground biomass for T1 were lower than for T2 and T3. Drip irrigation under plastic film increased the allocation biomass toward stem,leaf,aboveground and reproductive organ compared to the other treatments. Under the equivalent production,T2 and T3 saved water by 26% and 44%,and improved water use efficiency by 0. 65 and 1. 43 kg·m~(-3) compared to T1,respectively. Drip irrigation with limited soil moisture under plastic film(the lower limit of relative soil water content is 70%,the upper limit is 90%)is a water-saving and efficient irrigation mode of sweet corn in Yuanmou dry hot valley.
To investigate the effects of irrigation modes on biomass,biomass allocation,corn yield and water use efficiency of sweet corn,a field experiment including full drip irrigation without plastic film(T1),full drip irrigation under plastic film(T2)and drip irrigation with limited soil moisture under plastic film(T3)was conducted. The results show that irrigation modes had no significant effects on the biomass of sweet corn,but affected the allometric scaling relationships between different organs. The scaling exponents of stem mass vs total plant mass and leaf mass vs total plant mass for T3 were lower than those for T2 and T1. The scaling exponents of root mass vs total plant mass for T1 were lower than those for T2 and T3. The vegetative organ were isometric with the reproductive organ for T2 and T3,indicating that the growth rate of reproductive organs was proportional to the growth rate of vegetative organs. The scaling exponents of vegetative organ vs. reproductive organ for T1 was lower than 1,indicating that the growth rate of reproductive organs scaled allometrically with the growth rate of vegetative organs. The scaling exponents of underground vs. aboveground biomass for T1 were lower than for T2 and T3. Drip irrigation under plastic film increased the allocation biomass toward stem,leaf,aboveground and reproductive organ compared to the other treatments. Under the equivalent production,T2 and T3 saved water by 26% and 44%,and improved water use efficiency by 0. 65 and 1. 43 kg·m~(-3) compared to T1,respectively. Drip irrigation with limited soil moisture under plastic film(the lower limit of relative soil water content is 70%,the upper limit is 90%)is a water-saving and efficient irrigation mode of sweet corn in Yuanmou dry hot valley.
引文
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[8]张蕾蕾,钟全林,程栋梁,等.刨花楠不同相对生长速率下林木叶片碳氮磷的适应特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(9):2607-2613.[ZHANG Lei-lei,ZHONG Quan-lin,CHENG Dongliang,et al. Biomass Relative Growth Rate of Machilus pauhoi in Relation to Leaf Carbon,Nitrogen,and Phosphorus Stoichiometry Properties[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(9):2607-2613.]
[9]史元春,赵成章,宋清华,等.兰州北山侧柏株高与冠幅、胸径异速生长关系的坡向差异性[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(7):1879-1885.[SHI Yuan-chun,ZHAO Cheng-zhang,SONG Qing-hua,et al. Allometric Relationship Between Height and Crown Width or Diameter of Platycladus orientalis on Different Slope Aspects of Lanzhou Northern Mountains[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(7):1879-1885.]
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[13]郭丙玉,高慧,唐诚,等.水肥互作对滴灌玉米氮素吸收、水氮利用效率及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(12):3679-3686.[GUO Bing-yu,GAO Hui,TANG Cheng,et al. Response of Water Coupling With N Supply on Maize Nitrogen Uptake,Water and N Use Efficiency,and Yield in Drip Irrigation Condition[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(12):3679-3686.]
[14]柯福来,马兴林,黄瑞冬,等.高产玉米品种的产量结构特点及形成机制[J].玉米科学,2010,18(2):65-69.[KE Fu-lai,MA Xing-lin,HUANG Rui-dong,et al. Characteristics of Yield Components and Formation Mechanism of High-yield Maize Hybrids[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences,2010,18(2):65-69.]]
[15]刘伟,张吉旺,吕鹏,等.种植密度对高产夏玉米登海661产量及干物质积累与分配的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(7):1301-1307.[LIU Wei,ZHANG Ji-wang,LüPeng,et al. Effect of Plant Density on Grain Yield Dry Matter Accumulation and Partitioning in Summer Maize Cultivar Denghai 661[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(7):1301-1307.]
[16]黄智鸿,王思远,包岩,等.超高产玉米品种干物质积累与分配特点的研究[J].玉米科学,2007,15(3):95-98.[HUANG Zhi-hong,WANG Si-yuan,BAO Yan,et al. Studies on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distributive Characteristic in Super HighYield Maize[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences,2007,15(3):95-98.]
[17]闫帮国,樊博,何光熊,等.干热河谷草本植物生物量分配及其对环境因子的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3173-3181.[YAN Bang-guo,FAN Bo,HE Guang-xiong,et al.Biomass Allocations and Their Response to Environmental Factors for Grass Species in an Aridhot Valley[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(10):3173-3181.]
[18] MIDGLEY J,BOND W. Leaf Size and Inflorescence Size May Be Allometrically Related Traits[J]. Oecologia,1989,78(3):427-429.
[19]范高华,张金伟,黄迎新,等.种群密度对大果虫实形态特征与异速生长的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(11):3931-3942.[FAN Gao-hua,ZHANG Jin-wei,HUANG Ying-xin,et al. Influence of Population Density on Morphological Traits and Allometric Growth of Corispermum macrocarpum[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(11):3931-3942.]
[20] MCCARTHY M C,ENQUIST B J. Consistency Between an Allometric Approach and Optimal Partitioning Theory in Global Patterns of Plant Biomass Allocation[J]. Functional Ecology,2007,21(4):713-720.
[21]徐飞,郭卫华,徐伟红,等.刺槐幼苗形态、生物量分配和光合特性对水分胁迫的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(1):24-30.[XU Fei,GUO Wei-hua,XU Wei-hong,et al. Effects of Water Stress on Morphology,Biomass Allocation and Photosynthesis in Robinia pseudoacacia Seedlings[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2010,32(1):24-30.]
[2] ALI S,XU Y Y,JIA Q M,et al. Cultivation Techniques Combined With Deficit Irrigation Improves Winter Wheat Photosynthetic Characteristics,Dry Matter Translocation and Water Use Efficiency Under Simulated Rainfall Conditions[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2018,201:207-218.
[3] PAGAY V. Effects of Irrigation Regime on Canopy Water Use and Dry Matter Production of‘Tempranillo’Grapevines in the Semi-Arid Climate of Southern Oregon,USA[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2016,178:271-280.
[4]赛力汗·赛,薛丽华,张永强,等.滴灌量对冬小麦干物质积累、灌浆和籽粒产量的影响及行间差异[J].麦类作物学报,2018,38(3):323-329.[SAI·Sailihan,XUE Li-hua,ZHANG Yong-qiang,et al. Effect of Drip Irrigation Amount on Dry Matter Accumulation,Grain Filling and Yield of Winter Wheat,and Their Differences Between Lines[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops,2018,38(3):323-329.]
[5]姬景红,李玉影,刘双全,等.覆膜滴灌对玉米光合特性、物质积累及水分利用效率的影响[J].玉米科学,2015,23(1):128-133.[JI Jing-hong,LI Yu-ying,LIU Shuang-quan,et al. Effect of Drip Irrigation Under Plastic Film Mulch on Photosynthetic,Dry Matter Accumulation and Water Use Efficiency[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences,2015,23(1):128-133.]
[6]龙会英,郑益兴,张燕平,等.元谋干热河谷辣木人工林地灌水后不同覆盖措施对土壤水分及辣木物候的影响[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(1):232-235.[LONG Hui-ying,ZHENG Yixing,ZHANG Yan-ping,et al. Effect of Different Cover After Irrigation on Soil Moisture and Growth Period of Moringa oleifera Lam in the Dry-Hot Valley of Yuanmou,Yunnan Province[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 18(1):232-235.]
[7]李贵华,张武,张永辉,等.干热河谷区葡萄不同灌溉模式需水量调查[J].中国热带农业,2013(3):43-44.
[8]张蕾蕾,钟全林,程栋梁,等.刨花楠不同相对生长速率下林木叶片碳氮磷的适应特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(9):2607-2613.[ZHANG Lei-lei,ZHONG Quan-lin,CHENG Dongliang,et al. Biomass Relative Growth Rate of Machilus pauhoi in Relation to Leaf Carbon,Nitrogen,and Phosphorus Stoichiometry Properties[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(9):2607-2613.]
[9]史元春,赵成章,宋清华,等.兰州北山侧柏株高与冠幅、胸径异速生长关系的坡向差异性[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(7):1879-1885.[SHI Yuan-chun,ZHAO Cheng-zhang,SONG Qing-hua,et al. Allometric Relationship Between Height and Crown Width or Diameter of Platycladus orientalis on Different Slope Aspects of Lanzhou Northern Mountains[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(7):1879-1885.]
[10]曹勋,郑新军,李彦,等.氮过量吸收对地肤暗呼吸速率及相对生长速率的影响[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2002-2007.[CAO Xun,ZHENG Xin-jun,LI Yan,et al. Effects of Excessive Nitrogen Absorption on the Dark Respiration Rate and Relative Growth Rate of Kochia scoparia[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(8):2002-2007.]
[11] HORN H S. Commentary on Brown et al.′s“Toward a Metabolic Theory of Ecology”[J]. Ecology,2004,85(7):1816-1818.
[12]张强.植物光合、呼吸速率与个体大小以及氮元素含量间异速生长规律研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2011.[ZHANG Qiang. A Study of the Allometric Scaling Law on the Plant Photosynthetic and Respiratory Rates,in Relation to Plant Body Size and Nitrogen Content[D]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2011.]
[13]郭丙玉,高慧,唐诚,等.水肥互作对滴灌玉米氮素吸收、水氮利用效率及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(12):3679-3686.[GUO Bing-yu,GAO Hui,TANG Cheng,et al. Response of Water Coupling With N Supply on Maize Nitrogen Uptake,Water and N Use Efficiency,and Yield in Drip Irrigation Condition[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(12):3679-3686.]
[14]柯福来,马兴林,黄瑞冬,等.高产玉米品种的产量结构特点及形成机制[J].玉米科学,2010,18(2):65-69.[KE Fu-lai,MA Xing-lin,HUANG Rui-dong,et al. Characteristics of Yield Components and Formation Mechanism of High-yield Maize Hybrids[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences,2010,18(2):65-69.]]
[15]刘伟,张吉旺,吕鹏,等.种植密度对高产夏玉米登海661产量及干物质积累与分配的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(7):1301-1307.[LIU Wei,ZHANG Ji-wang,LüPeng,et al. Effect of Plant Density on Grain Yield Dry Matter Accumulation and Partitioning in Summer Maize Cultivar Denghai 661[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(7):1301-1307.]
[16]黄智鸿,王思远,包岩,等.超高产玉米品种干物质积累与分配特点的研究[J].玉米科学,2007,15(3):95-98.[HUANG Zhi-hong,WANG Si-yuan,BAO Yan,et al. Studies on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distributive Characteristic in Super HighYield Maize[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences,2007,15(3):95-98.]
[17]闫帮国,樊博,何光熊,等.干热河谷草本植物生物量分配及其对环境因子的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3173-3181.[YAN Bang-guo,FAN Bo,HE Guang-xiong,et al.Biomass Allocations and Their Response to Environmental Factors for Grass Species in an Aridhot Valley[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(10):3173-3181.]
[18] MIDGLEY J,BOND W. Leaf Size and Inflorescence Size May Be Allometrically Related Traits[J]. Oecologia,1989,78(3):427-429.
[19]范高华,张金伟,黄迎新,等.种群密度对大果虫实形态特征与异速生长的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(11):3931-3942.[FAN Gao-hua,ZHANG Jin-wei,HUANG Ying-xin,et al. Influence of Population Density on Morphological Traits and Allometric Growth of Corispermum macrocarpum[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(11):3931-3942.]
[20] MCCARTHY M C,ENQUIST B J. Consistency Between an Allometric Approach and Optimal Partitioning Theory in Global Patterns of Plant Biomass Allocation[J]. Functional Ecology,2007,21(4):713-720.
[21]徐飞,郭卫华,徐伟红,等.刺槐幼苗形态、生物量分配和光合特性对水分胁迫的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(1):24-30.[XU Fei,GUO Wei-hua,XU Wei-hong,et al. Effects of Water Stress on Morphology,Biomass Allocation and Photosynthesis in Robinia pseudoacacia Seedlings[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2010,32(1):24-30.]